POWER ELECTRONICS_Lecture 4

POWER ELECTRONICS
Y2 ELT & ETT
Lecturer: Francois KARANGUZA

Tel:0788530605
POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

LU2: APPLY POWER CONVERSION TECHNIQUES
▪ CHOPPERS

Introduction
• Choppers are DC-DC converters that are used for transferring electrical energy from a DC
source into another DC source, which may be a passive load.
• These converters are widely used in regulated switching power supplies and DC motor drive
applications.
• DC-DC converters are one-quadrant, two-quadrant, and four-quadrant choppers.
• Step-down (buck) converter and step-up (boost) converters are basic one-quadrant converter
topologies.
• The two-quadrant chopper, which, in fact, is a current reversible converter, is the combination
of the two basic topologies.
• The full-bridge converter is derived from the step-down converter.
Devices used in Chopper
• Low power application: GTO, IGBT, Power BJT, Power MOSFET etc. High power application:
Thyristor or SCR. These devices are represented as a switch in a dotted box for simplicity. When
it is closed current can flow in the direction of arrow only.

Types of Chopper
4.2.1.Step down Chopper(buck converter)

In this method, which is called pulse-width modulation (PWM), the switch duty ratio dis defined
as the ratio of the on-duration to the switching time period.

Step Down Chopper with Resistive Load
• D is duty cycle = TON/T

Step Down Chopper with Inductive Load


• EXAMPLE. A step down dc chopper has a resistive load of R=15Ω and input voltage of
Edc=Vs=200V, when the chopper remains ON, its voltage drop is 2.5V. The chopper
frequency is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle is 50%, determine: i) Average output voltage ii)
RMS output voltage.

Step up choppers or boost converter

Step up choppers or boost converter

Continuous and discontinuous Conduction Modes
Continuous-Conduction Mode
• The continuous-conduction mode of operation occurs when the current through the
inductor in the circuit is continuous with the inductor current always greater than zero..
Discontinuous-Conduction Mode
The discontinuous mode of operation occurs when the value of the load current is less
than or equal to zero at the end of a given switching period.

Buck–Boost Converters

10/24/2023 POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT
• EXAMPLE. A Buck/Boost converter is operated in the following condition/parameter:
Vin=48V, Vo=24V.Determine the duty cycle of a converter.

▪ INVERTERS

Introduction
▪ Inverters are static circuits (that is, they have no moving parts) that convert DC power
into AC power at a desired output voltage or current and frequency.
▪ The output voltage of an inverter has a periodic waveform that is not sinusoidal but
can be made to closely approximate this desired waveform.
▪ The dc power input to the inverter is obtained from an existing power supply network
or from a rotating alternator through a rectifier or a battery, fuel cell, photovoltaic
array or magneto hydrodynamic generator.
▪ The filter capacitor across the input terminals of the inverter provides a constant dc
link voltage.

The switching devices mainly used are: SCRs, power BJTs, power MOSFETs, IGBTs, GTO,
etc…

Introduction
Applications of inverters
In general, inverters are utilized in applications requiring direct conversion of electrical
energy from DC to AC. Dc to AC conversion is useful for many fields, including power
conditioning, harmonic compensation, motor drives, and renewable energy grid-
integration.
Other applications of inverters including: speed control of induction and synchronous
motors, induction heating, Machine Tools, aircraft power supplies, uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS), and high voltage DC transmission.

Types of inverters
There are many types of inverters, and they are classified according to
• The types of load or number of phase(the single-phase inverter and three-phase
inverters).
• Source of inverters(voltage source inverters (VSI) and current source
inverters (CSI).
POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT &21ETT

Inverters operations
Single phase half bridge inverter (H-bridge inverter)

Single phase half bridge inverter
When states 1 and 3 are repeated alternately, a square-wave voltage is generated across
the load, as shown in figure (a). If states 2 and 4, which make the load voltage zero, are
used, the step-wave or quasi-square-wave waveform of Figure (b) is obtained

• The frequency of the alternating voltage is determined by the switching rate, if the
switching period is T seconds, the frequency / is: f= 1/T (Hz)
• The rectangular AC output voltage of the inverter is adequate for some applications.
• However, the sine-wave output voltage is the ideal waveform for many applications.
• One method can be used to make the output closer to a sinusoid which is to use a
filter circuit on the output side of the inverter.

Inverters operations

THREE PHASE INVERTER VSI

▪ AC-AC CONVERTERS

1. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER (AC
CHOPPERS)
• The ac voltage controller is a power electronics converter topology that controls

the rms value of an ac voltage applied to an electrical load.
• AC Voltage Controller is a thyristor based device which converts alternating voltage
directly to variable alternating voltage without a change in frequency.
• The RMS value of alternating voltage applied to a load circuit is controlled by
controlling the triggering angle of the Thyristors in the AC Voltage Controller
circuits.
• Due to various advantages of ac voltage controllers, such as high efficiency,
simplicity, low cost and ability to control large amount of power they efficiently
control the speed of ac motors, light dimming and industrial heating, etc.

Type of ac voltage controllers
The ac voltage controllers are classified into two types based on the type of input ac
supply applied to the circuit.
1. Single Phase AC Controllers
2. Three Phase AC Controller
The working principle of AC Voltage Controller is based on either of two methods: Phase
Control or Integral Cycle Control.
➢In Phase Control method, the phase relationship between the start of load current and
the input supply voltage is controlled by controlling the firing angle of the thyristor.
➢In Integral Cycle Control, the AC input supply is switched ON for some integral cycles
and turned OFF for further number of integral cycles.

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER or UNIDIRECTIONAL AC
VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

• In ON-OFF control or Integral Cycle Control

By varying the number of n-ON and m-OFF cycles, the power delivered can be regulated
𝑉𝑚 𝑛
• 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2 𝑛+𝑚

SINGLE PHASE FULL AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
or BIDIRECTIONAL AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

• EXERCISES:
1.A single phase voltage controller has input voltage of 230V,50HZ and a load of
R=15ohms.For 6 cycles on and 4 cycles off, determine (a) rms output voltage and (b)
power delivered to load.
2.A single phase half wave ac voltage controller has a resistance load of R=5Ω and
input voltage Vs=120V, 60Hz. The delay angle of thyristor is α=π/3. Calculate:
a) The RMS value of output voltage Vo
b) The average input current

3. A single phase full wave AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=10Ω. The
input is Vs=120V(rms), 60Hz. The delay angle of thyristor T1 and T2 are equal to
α1= α2=π/2. Calculate:
i) The RMS output voltage
ii) Average current through thyristors IA
iii) Rms current of thyristors
iv) The input PF

4. A voltage source Vs=100sin377t supplies a resistive load of 100Ω through a pair
of back to back connected thyristors (ac regulator). Calculate the average power
in the load, if the thyristor’s firing angle is fixed at 45o with respect to supply
voltage

Three Phase AC Voltage Controller

Cycloconverter
Traditionally, ac-ac conversion using semiconductor switches is done in two different

ways:
1- in two stages (ac-dc and then dc-ac) as in dc link converters or
2- in one stage (ac-ac) cycloconverters .Cycloconverters are used in high power
applications driving induction and synchronous motors. They are usually phase-controlled
and they traditionally use thyristors due to their ease of phase commutation

Types of Cycloconverters
Based on the output frequency and number of phase in the input AC power
source the Cycloconverters can be classified as below
1. Step-Up Cycloconverters
2. Ste-Down Cycloconverters
I. Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter

II. Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter
III. Three-Phase to Three-Phase Cycloconverter

Applications of cycloconverters
• Cement mill drives

• Ship propulsion drives

• Rolling mill drives

Cycloconverter

Cycloconverter
Single-phase to Single-phase (1f-1f) Cycloconverter:

To understand the operation principles of cycloconverters, the single-phase to
single-phase cycloconverter (Fig. 2) should be studied first. This converter consists
of back-to-back connection of two full-wave rectifier circuits. Fig 3 shows the
operating waveforms for this converter with a resistive load.

Cycloconverter
Three-Phase to Single-Phase (3f-1f) Cycloconverter:
There are two kinds of three-phase to single-phase (3f-1f) cycloconverters: 3f-1f half-wave
cycloconverter (Fig. 4) and 3f-1f bridge cycloconverter (Fig. 5).

Three-Phase to three-Phase (3f-3f) Cycloconverter

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Y2 ELT & ETT

Lecturer: Francois KARANGUZA

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

4.2.1.Step down Chopper(buck converter)

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POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

• D is duty cycle = TON/T

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POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

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POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

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• The ac voltage controller is a power electronics converter topology that controls

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT &32ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

Traditionally, ac-ac conversion using semiconductor switches is done in two different

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

I. Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

• Ship propulsion drives

POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

• Rolling mill drives

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POWER ELECTRONICS MODULE _Y2 ELT & ETT

Single-phase to Single-phase (1f-1f) Cycloconverter:

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