Hydrometeorological Hazards

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
Points to cover:
• Distinguish between different hydrometteoroligal hazards
• Recognize the signs of impending hydromet hazards
• Appropriate measures before, during and after hydromet hazards
• Tools for monitoring hydromet hazards
What is Typhoon?
A severe weather disturbance characterized by strong wind and heavy rains,
which revolved around a central low-pressure area.
Philippines is one of the most visited country by tropical cyclone, averaging 24
typhoon inter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and 6-9 made landfall. Areas
frequently hit by typhoon in the country are Northern and Central Luzon, Visayas and
Southern Mindanao.
The term Typhoon is the regional name in the Northwest Pacific for a severe
tropical cyclone, whereas Hurricane is the regional term in the Northeast Pacific and
Northern Atlantic, Elsewhere this is called Cyclone or Severe Cyclonic Storm.
Additional Information:
Tropical cyclones typically form from large, disorganized areas of disturbed
weather in tropical regions. As more thunderstorms form and gather, the storm
develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center. As the storm gains
strength, a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational
center of the developing storm. Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark
areas of stronger updrafts, the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop, and air
begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone. This results in the formation of an
upper level anticyclone, or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense
overcast. Consequently, most of this built up airflows outward anticyclonically above the
tropical cyclone. Outside the forming eye, the anticyclone at the upper levels of the
atmosphere enhances the flow towards the center of the cyclone, pushing air towards the
eyewall and causing a positive feedback loop.
However, a small portion of the built-up air, instead of flowing outward, flows
inward towards the center of the storm. This causes air pressure to build even further, to
the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center
of the storm. Air begins to descend in the center of the storm, creating a mostly rain-free
area—a newly formed eye.
Type of Tropical Cyclone
• Tropical Depression (wind speed up to 62 kph)
• Tropical Storm (wind speed ranging from 63-118 kph)
• Typhoon (wind speed greater than 118 kph)
• Super typhoon (wind sped exceeding 220 kph)
Part of a Tropical Cyclone
• Eye – is the area of the lowest atmospheric pressure in the structure, with
diameter which span 20-65 km wide, the wind is weak, the temperature is warm
and the sky is clear
• Eye Wall – the region immediately surrounding the center brings the strongest,
heavy rain and turbulence shortly after passage of the eye.
• Rain Bands – spiraling strips of clouds which is associated with rain fall
Anatomy of Tropical Cyclone
Cyclones are among the most dangerous and most destructive natural disasters
that can occur. They have been responsible for about 1.9 million deaths worldwide over
the last two centuries, and it is estimated that 10,000 people are killed each year by
these storms. Cyclones tend to do the most damage in coastal areas, where they have
been known to alter the landscape and remove forest canopy.
Effect of Tropical Cyclone
• Strong Winds – covers a much larger area during tropical cyclone, because the
most obvious damages, wind is stronger at the eye wall.
• Storm Surge – localized, unusual increase of seawater above predicted tidal
level due to intense wind and lower atmospheric pressure.
• Heavy Rains – flooding due to heavy rains is usually worst during tropical
depression and tropical storms.
Public Storm Warning Signals
Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) are raised to warn the public of incoming
weather disturbance. Once a storm warning is raised, condition are not yet necessarily
felt in the given area. As the disturbances moves through the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR), Public Storm Warning Signal may be upgraded or downgraded.
An area’s given signal is based on the intensity, size of circulation of the forecast
direction, and the speed of the tropical storm or typhoon when the PSWS is raised;
changes in intensity, size of circulation or movement also determined the changes in
PSWS in a given area.
Effective Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS)
• PSWS #1 – wind of 30-60 kph, expected within the next 36 hours
• PSWS #5 – wins of more than 220 kph and expected within the 12 hours
PSWS # 1
Meteorological Condition
A tropical cyclone with wind speed
of 30-60 kph may be expected to
affect the community in at least 36
hours. Intermittent rain may also
expected within 36 hours
PSWS # 1
Impact of winds Precaution measures
Cause minimal or no damage. It is highly advice to listen to latest

Typically, wind may result in breakage updates from PAGASA every six hours. A #1
of twigs or collapsed of banana plant, typhoon may be upgrade to #2 as it moves
partial unroofing of house made of closer to. Disaster preparedness unit are
very light materials and damage to activated to alert status. Those living in
rice crops. coastal area should be aware of large wave
may develop
PSWS # 2
A moderate tropical cyclone with
wind speed of 60-100 kph may be
expected to affect the community in
at least 24 hours

Wind of signal # 2 may cause It is dangerous to small sea craft
light to moderate damage. Wind may to sail. Should listen to latest update,
result in tilting and breakage of direction, and movement of cyclone. The
coconut trees, collapsed of banana public, especially those travelling by sea
plants, uprooting of some big trees, and air are advice to refrain from
damages to rice and corn crop, partial unnecessary risk. Secure properties
or total unroofing of houses made of before signal becomes upgraded.
nipa and cogon and removal of some
galvanized iron roofs.
PSWS # 3
A strong tropical cyclone with
wind speed of 100-185 kph may be
expected to affect the community in
at least 18 hours

May cause moderate to Travel through air and sea is
heavy damages particularly to very risky, stay at the sturdy house or
agricultural and industrial sector. building, look for evacuation center.
Wind may result in breakage or total Get out of the coastal areas vulnerable
destruction of coconut trees, to storm surge. Classes at all level
collapsed of major banana plants, should be suspended. Disaster
uprooting of many tress, response team is responding to actual
widespread losses of corn and rice emergency
crops, unroofing of majority nipa
houses, widespread of power
disruption
PSWS # 4
A very intense tropical
cyclone with the wind speed of
more than 185 kph may be
expected to affect the community
in at least 12 hours
PSWS # 4
Wind may cause heavy Postponement of all travel and

damages, may result in extensive outdoor activities, evacuation should
damage of coconut trees, uprooting already be completed. Disaster
of many large tress, severe loses in coordinating council concerned and
rice and corn crops, severe damage other disaster response unit should
to most residential areas of mix now be responding to actual
construction and disruption of emergency and should be ready to
electrical power and communication immediately response to possible
service calamity
PSWS # 5
Weather Forecasting and Monitoring
Effective forecasting and monitoring give ample time to:

▪ Prepare
▪ Secure property
▪ Seek refuge
Agency responsible:
▪ PAGASA – operating a national network for forecasting and monitoring

tropical cyclone with in Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
▪ Tokyo-Typhoon Center of Japan Meteorological Agency – one of the six
worldwide tropical cyclone in charge of issuing official warning for the entire
western pacific ocean region
▪ Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Japan – the entity
responsible for detecting tropical cyclones and providing basic information
about the system present and the forecast position, movement, and intensity.
RSMC is also responsible for naming typhoon (the international name) base on
animals, flowers, astrological signs and people name and it’s arrange into five
columns and it is contributed by all member countries

Hydrometeorological Hazards

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HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS

Anatomy of Tropical Cyclone

Impact of winds Precaution measures

Cause minimal or no damage. It is highly advice to listen to latest

Impact of winds Precaution measures

Impact of winds Precaution measures

Impact of winds Precaution measures

Wind may cause heavy Postponement of all travel and

Effective forecasting and monitoring give ample time to:

▪ PAGASA – operating a national network for forecasting and monitoring

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