Unit #10 - Graphs of Antiderivatives, Substitution Integrals

Some problems and solutions selected or adapted from Hughes-Hallett Calculus.

Graphs of Antiderivatives
In Questions 1 to 4, sketch two functions F such that 6. Given the values of the derivative f 0 (x) in the table
F 0 = f . In one case, let F (0) = 0, and in the other let and that f (0) = 100, use the TRAP rule to estimate
F (0) = 1. f (x) for x = 2, 4, 6.

1.

x 0 2 4 6
f 0 (x) 10 18 23 25

In Questions 7 to 10, sketch two functions F such that

F 0 = f . In one case, let F (0) = 0, and in the other let
F (0) = 1.
2. Mark the points x1 , x2 , and x3 on the x-axis of your
graph. Identify local maxima, minima and inflection
points of F (x).

7.

3.

8.
4.

5. Using the graph below, and the fact that P = 2 when

t = 0 to find values of P when t = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
9.
dP
dt
1

0 t
1 2 3 4 5

10.
−1

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 14. Using the graph of g(t) below, sketch a graph of an
11. A particle moves back and forth along the x-axis. The antiderivative G(t) of g(t) satisfying G(0) = 5. Label
graph below approximates the velocity of the parti- each critical point of G(t) with its coordinates.
cle as a function of time. Positive velocities represent
movement to the right and negative velocities represent
movement to the left. The particle starts at the point
x = 5. Graph the distance of the particle from the
origin, with distance measured in kilometers and time
in hours.

15. Using the graph of g 0 shown below, and the fact that
g(0) = 50, sketch the graph of g(x). Give the coordi-
nates of all critical points and inflection points of g.

12. Assume f 0 is given by the graph shown below. Suppose

f is continuous and that f (3) = 0.

(a) Sketch a graph of f .

(b) Find f (0) and f (7).

Z 7
(c) Find f (x) dx in two different ways. 16. The Quabbin Reservoir in the western part of Mas-
0 sachusetts provides most of Boston’s water. The graph
below represents the flow of water in and out of the
Quabbin Reservoir throughout 2007.

(a) Sketch a graph of the quantity of water in the reser-

voir, as a function of time.
13. Use the graph of F 0 (x) below and the fact that F (2) =
3 to sketch the graph of F (x). Label the values of at (b) When, in the course of 2007, was the quantity of
least four points. water in the reservoir largest? Smallest? Mark and

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 label these points on the graph you drew in part
(a).

(c) When was the quantity of water increasing most

rapidly? Decreasing most rapidly? Mark and label
these times on both graphs.

(d) By July 2008 the quantity of water in the reser-

voir was about the same as in January 2007. Draw
plausible graphs for the flow into and the flow out
of the reservoir for the first half of 2008.
(a) Find a continuous function F such that F 0 = f
and F (1) = 1. Hint: F (x) will be a piecewise
17. Consider the function function.

−x + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (b) Use geometry to calculate the area under the
f (x) = graph of f and above the x−axis between x = 0
x−1 for 1 < x ≤ 2 .
and x = 2 and show that it equals F (2) − F (0).
(c) Use parts (a) and (b) to verify the Fundamental
The graph of this function is shown here: Theorem of Calculus for this example.

Substitution Integrals
To practice computing integrals using substitutions, do as many of the problems from this section as you feel you need.
The problems trend from simple to the more complex.
Note: In the solutions to these problems, we always show the substitution used. On a test, if you can compute the
antiderivative in your head, you do not need to go through all the steps shown here. They are included in these solutions
as a learning and comprehension aid.
Z Z
2
18. tet dt 28. t2 (t3 − 3)10 dt
Z Z
19. e 3x
dx 29. x2 (1 + 2x3 )2 dx
Z
x(x2 + 3)2 dx
Z
30.
20. e−x dx
Z
Z 31. x(x2 − 4)7/2 dx
21. 25e−0.2t dt
Z
Z 32. y 2 (1 + y)2 dy
22. t cos(t2 ) dt Z
Z 33. (2t − 7)73 dt
23. sin(2x) dx Z
1
34. dy
Z y+5
24. sin(3 − t) dt Z
1
35. √ dx
Z 4−x
2
xe−x dx
Z
25.
36. (x2 + 3)2 dx
Z Z
26. (r + 1)3 dr 37. x2 ex
3
+1
dx
Z Z
2 8
27. y(y + 5) dy 38. sin(θ)(cos(θ) + 5)7 dθ

3
 Z p Z 4 √
39. cos(3t) sin(3t) dt cos x
62. √ dx
1 x
Z
6 Z 2
40. sin (θ) cos(θ) dθ x
63. dx
Z 0 (1 + x2 )2
41. sin3 (α) cos(α)dα 64. If appropriate, evaluate the following integrals by sub-
Z stitution. If substitution is not appropriate, say so, and
42. sin6 (5θ) cos(5θ) dθ do not evaluate.
Z
Z (a) x sin(x2 ) dx
43. tan(2x) dx Z
(b) x2 sin(x) dx
(ln z)2
Z
44. dz
z Z
x2
(c) dx
et + 1 1 + x2
Z
45. dt Z
et + t x
(d) dx
Z
y (1 + x2 )2
46. dy Z
y2 + 4 (e)
2
x3 ex dx
Z √
cos( x)
47. √ dx
Z
sin(x)
x (f) dx
Z √y 2 + cos(x)
e
48. √ dy 65. Find the exact area under the graph of f (x) = xex
2
y
between x = 0 and x = 2.
1 + ex
Z
49. √ dx 1
x + ex 66. Find the exact area under the graph of f (x) =
x+1
ex
Z
between x = 0 and x = 2.
50. dx
2 + ex Z
Z 67. Find 4x(x2 + 1) dx using two methods:
x+1
51. dx
x2 + 2x + 19 (a) Do the multiplication first, and then antidifferenti-
Z
t ate.
52. dt
1 + 3t2 (b) Use the substitution w = x2 + 1.
e − e−x
Z x
(c) Explain how the expressions from parts (a) and (b)
53. dx
ex + e−x are different. Are they both correct?
(t + 1)2
Z Z
54. dt 68. (a) Find sin θ cos θ dθ
t2
Z
x cos(x2 ) (b) You probably solved part (a) by making the sub-
55. dx stitution w = sin θ or w = cos θ.
Z (If not, go back
p
sin(x2 )
Z π and do it that way.) Now find sin θ cos θ dθ by
56. cos(x + π) dx making the other substitution.
0
Z 1/2 (c) There is yet another way of finding this integral
57. cos(πx) dx which involves the trigonometric identities:
0
Z π/2 sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ
− cos(θ)
58. e sin(θ) dθ cos(2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ.
0
2
Z Z
x2 Find sin θ cos θ dθ using one of these identities
59. 2xe dx
1
√
3 x
and then the substitution w = 2θ.
Z 8
e (d) You should now have three different expressions for
60. √
3
dx
x2
Z
1
the indefinite integral sin θ cos θ dθ. Are they re-
Z e−2
1
61. dt ally different? Are they all correct? Explain.
−1 t+2

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 Substitution Integrals - Applications
69. Let f (t) be the rate of flow, in cubic meters per hour, 73. After a spill of radioactive iodine, measurements at
of a flooding river at time t in hours. Give an integral t = 0 showed the ambient radiation levels at the site
for the total flow of the river: of the spill to be four times the maximum acceptable
limit. The level of radiation from an iodine source de-
(a) Over the 3-day period, 0 ≤ t ≤ 72 (since t is mea-
creases according to the formula
sured in hours).
(b) In terms of time T in days over the same 3-day R(t) = R0 e−0.004t
period.
70. Oil is leaking out of a ruptured tanker at the rate of where R is the radiation level (in millirems/ hour) at
r(t) = 50e−0.02t thousand liters per minute. time t in hours and R0 is the initial radiation level (at
t =0).
(a) At what rate, in liters per minute, is oil leaking out
at t = 0? At t = 60? (a) How long will it take for the site to reach an ac-
(b) How many liters leak out during the first hour? ceptable level of radiation?

71. If we assume that wind resistance is proportional to (b) Engineers look up the safe limit of radiation and
velocity, then the downward velocity, v, of a body of find it to be 0.6 millirems/hour. How much total
mass m falling vertically is given by radiation (in millirems) will have been emitted by
mg the time found in part (a)?
v= (1 − e−kt/m )
k
74. David is learning about catalysts in his Chemistry
where g is the acceleration due to gravity and k is a course. He has read the definition:
constant. Find the height of the body, h, above the
surface of the earth as a function of time. Assume the
Catalyst: A substance that helps a reaction
body starts at height h0 .
to go faster without being used up in the re-
72. The rate at which water is flowing into a tank is r(t) action.
gallons/minute, with t in minutes.
(a) Write an expression approximating the amount of In today’s Chemistry lab exercise, he has to add a cat-
water entering the tank during the interval from alyst to a chemical mixture that produces carbon diox-
time t to time t + ∆t, where ∆t is small. ide. When there is no catalyst, the carbon dioxide is
produced at a rate of 8.37 × 10−9 moles per second.
(b) Write a Riemann sum approximating the total
When C moles of the catalyst are present, the carbon
amount of water entering the tank between t = 0
dioxide is produced at a rate of (6.15 × 10−8 )C + 8.37 ×
and t = 5. Then write an exact expression for this
10−9 moles per second.
amount.
(c) By how much has the amount of water in the tank The reaction begins at exactly 10:00 a.m. One minute
changed between t = 0 and t = 5 if r(t) = 20e0.02t ? later, at 10:01 sharp, David starts to add the catalyst
at a constant rate of 0.5 moles per second.
(d) If r(t) is as in part ( c), and if the tank contains
3000 gallons initially, find a formula for Q(t), the How much carbon dioxide is produced between 10:00
amount of water in the tank at time t. (sharp) and 10:05?