GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Chapter 2
Periodic table
 Arrangement of the Periodic
Table
• The Periodic Table is used to organize the 114 elements
in a meaningful way.
• As a consequence of this organization, there are periodic
properties associated with the periodic table.
 Arrangement of the Periodic
Table
• The Periodic Table is used to organize the 114 elements
in a meaningful way.
• As a consequence of this organization, there are periodic
properties associated with the periodic table.
• Periodic Law states: When elements are arranged in order
of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition
of their physical and chemical properties
 IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A
1 1 2
1 H H He
1.008 1.008 4.0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.183
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.312 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.064 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.102 40.08 44.956 47.89 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.932 58.71 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.922 78.96 79.909 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 * 98 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.9 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.61 126.9 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba **La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.29 204.38 207.2 208.98 * 209 * 210 * 222
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
7 Fr Ra ***Ac Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
* 223 226.03 227.03 * 261 * 262 * 263 * 262 * 265 * 268 * 269 * 272 * 277 *284 *285 *288 *292
Based on symbols used by ACS S.M.Condren 2003
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
* Designates that **Lanthanum Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
all isotopes are Series 140.12 140.91 144.24 * 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.51 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
radioactive 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
*** Actinium Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Series 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 * 244 * 243 * 247 * 247 * 251 * 252 * 257 * 258 * 259 * 260
The Periodic Table
 Reading the Periodic Table
• Columns in the periodic table are called groups
(numbered from 1A to 8A or 1 to 18).
• Elements in each column have the same number of
valence electrons
• Elements in each group have similar but not identical
properties.
• Rows in the periodic table are called periods.
• Periods reflect the periodic recurrence of similar
properties
 Reading the Periodic Table
• Metals are located on the left hand side of the periodic
table (most of the elements are metals).
• Non-metals are located in the top right hand side of the
periodic table.
• Elements with properties similar to both metals and non-
metals are called metalloids and are located at the
interface between the metals and non-metals.
Group A (representative elements)

• Group IA – ns1 Alkali Metals (except Hydrogen)

• Group IIA – ns2 Alkaline Earth Metals
• Group IIIA – ns2np1 Aluminum Group/Boron Family
• Group IVA – ns2np2 Carbon Family
• Group VA – ns2np3 Nitrogen Family
• Group VIA – ns2np4 Oxygen Family/Chalcogens
• Group VIIA – ns2np5 Halogens
• Group VIIIA – ns2np6 Noble/Inert Gases
 Group B (transition elements)

• Transition metals: group IIIB – IIB: referred to as the d-

block
• Inner transition elements (lanthanides and actinides) are
found at the bottom of the table and referred to as the f-
block
Group B (transition elements)
Position and electron
configuration
 Trends in the
Periodic Table
• atomic radius
• ionic radius
• ionization energy
• electron affinity

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Atomic Radius
• decrease left to right across a period
– as nuclear charge increases, number of
electrons increase; however, the nucleus acts as
a unit charge while the electrons act
independently, pulling electrons towards the
nucleus, decreasing size

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Atomic Radius
• increase top to bottom down a group
– each additional electron “shell” shields the
outer electrons from the nuclear charge

Zeff = Z - S
where Zeff => effective nuclear charge
Z => nuclear charge, atomic number
S => shielding constant
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Atomic Radius
• increases from upper right corner to the
lower left corner

Dr. S. M. Condren
Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

Dr. S. M. Condren
Atomic Radius

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ionic Radius
• same trends as for atomic radius
• positive ions smaller than atom
• negative ions larger than atom

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ionic Radius
Isoelectronic Series
• series of negative ions, noble gas atom, and
positive ions with the same electronic
confiuration
• size decreases as “positive charge” of the
nucleus increases

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ionization Energy
• energy necessary to remove an electron to
form a positive ion
• low value for metals, electrons easily
removed
• high value for non-metals, electrons
difficult to remove
• increases from lower left corner of periodic
table to the upper right corner
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ionization Energies
first ionization energy
• energy to remove first electron from an
atom
second ionization energy
• energy to remove second electron from a +1
ion
etc.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Ionization Energy vs. Atomic Number

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Electron Affinity
• energy released when an electron is added
to an atom
• same trends as ionization energy, increases
from lower left corner to the upper right
corner
• metals have low “EA”
• nonmetals have high “EA”

Dr. S. M. Condren
Trends in Electron Affinity
 Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract the sharing electron in bonding
 Magnetism
• Result of the spin of electrons
• diamagnetism - no unpaired electrons
• paramagnetism - one or more unpaired
electrons
• ferromagentism - case of paramagnetism
where the substance retains its magnetism

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Magnetism

Without applied field Without applied field

With applied field With applied field

Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism

Dr. S. M. Condren