6. Venturimeter

MIT Academy of Engineering Alandi
Experiment No. 6
Title: Determination of hydraulic coefficients of Venturimeter
Aim:- 1. To determine Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) for Venturimeter.
2. To calibrate the Venturimeter for measurement of flow.
INTRODUCTION:
If a constriction is placed in a closed channel carrying a stream of fluid, there will be increase in
velocity, and hence increase in Kinetic Energy, at the constriction, from an energy balance, as
given by Bernoulli’s Theorem, there must be a corresponding reduction in pressure.
Rate of discharge from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this pressure reduction, the
area available for flow at the constriction, the density of fluid, and the Coefficient of discharge.
The coefficient of discharge is defined as the ratio of actual flow to the theoretical flow and
makes allowance for stream contraction and frictional effects.
THEORY:
Principle of operation:
The Venturimeter was invented by the Italian Giovanni Venturi in 1797. In a Venturimeter there
is first a converging section in which the cross sectional area for flow is reduced. Then there is a
short section at the reduced diameter, known as the throat of the meter. Then there is a diverging
section in which the cross sectional area for flow is gradually increased to the original diameter.
The velocity entering the converging section is where the pressure is P1. In the converging
section the velocity increases and the pressure decreases. The maximum velocity is at the throat
of the meter where the minimum pressure P2 is reached. The velocity decreases and the pressure
increases in the diverging section. There is a considerable recovery of pressure in the diverging
section. However, because of frictional effects in the fluid, the pressure leaving the diverging
section is always less than P1, the pressure entering the meter.
Fig. Venturimeter
School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering Experiment No. 6

DESCRIPTION:
Venturimeter is a device consisting of a short length of gradual convergence and a long length of
gradual divergence. Pressure tapping is provided at the location before the convergence
commences and another pressure tapping is provided at the throat section of a Venturimeter. The
Difference in pressure head between the two tapping is measured by means of a U-tube
manometer. On applying the continuity equation & Bernoulli’s equation between the two
sections, the following relationship is obtained in terms of governing variables. Discharge is
measured with the help of measuring tank & Stop Watch.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the apparatus and make All Tanks free from Dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill Sump tank ¾ with Clean Water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4. Close all Flow Control Valves given on the water line and open By-Pass Valve.
5. Check the level of Hg in manometer tube.
6. Close all Pressure Taps of Manometer connected to Venturimeter.
7. Ensure that On/Off Switch given on the Panel is at OFF position.
8. Now switch on the Main Power Supply (220 Volts AC, 50 Hz).
9. Switch on the Pump.
10. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the Test Section.
11. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of Test section very slowly, to avoid the blow of
water on manometer fluid.
12. Now open the Air release Valve provided on the Manometer, slowly to release the air in
manometer.
13. When there is no air in the manometer, close the Air release valves.
14. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of Control Valve.
15. Record the Manometer reading.

16. Measure the amount of water discharged through test section using Stop Watch and
measuring Tank.
17. Repeat Steps 10 to 16 for different flow rates of water, operating Control Valve and by-pass
valve.
Fig: Experimental setup to determine Coefficient of Discharge ( Cd ) for Venturimeter
FORMULAE:
Theoretical Discharge (Qth):
a1 a2 √𝟐𝒈𝒉
Qth = ----------------
(a12-a22)1/2

h = x [(Sm / Sw) – 1]
Actual Discharge (Qact):
AxR
Qact = ---------
t
Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd):
Qact
Cd = ------
Qth
OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:
A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1 m2

Sw = Specific gravity of water =1
Sm = Specific gravity of Hg = 13.6
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 x 102 cm/s2
d1 = Dia. at inlet of the Venturimeter = 2.8 cm
d2 = Dia. at throat of the Venturimeter = 1.4 cm
a1 = Area at inlet of Venturimeter = 6.157 cm2
a2 = Area at throat of Venturimeter = 1.539 cm2
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge.
g = Acceleration due to Gravity
h = Head of Venturimeter (m).
x = Pressure difference in cm of Hg.
R = Rise of Water level in Measuring Tank, cm
t = Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank, sec
OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATIONS & RESULT TABLE:
CONCLUSION:
The coefficient of discharge of the Venturimeter (Cd) =… from calculations.
QUESTIONS:
1. Derive the equation to calculate the discharge through the venturimeter.

2. A venturimeter is fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter inclined at 40° to the horizontal to
measure the flow rate of petrol having a specific gravity of 0.8. The ratio of areas of main
pipe and throat is 5 and the throat is at 1 m from the inlet along its length. The difference
in manometer head is 40 mm of mercury. Assuming the coefficient of discharge as 0.96.
Calculate the discharge through the venturimeter and the pressure difference between the
throat and the entry point of the venturimeter.

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MIT Academy of Engineering Alandi

Title: Determination of hydraulic coefficients of Venturimeter

Aim:- 1. To determine Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) for Venturimeter.

2. To calibrate the Venturimeter for measurement of flow.

School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering Experiment No. 6

2. Close the drain valves provided.

5. Check the level of Hg in manometer tube.

6. Close all Pressure Taps of Manometer connected to Venturimeter.

7. Ensure that On/Off Switch given on the Panel is at OFF position.

9. Switch on the Pump.

15. Record the Manometer reading.

School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering Experiment No. 6

Fig: Experimental setup to determine Coefficient of Discharge ( Cd ) for Venturimeter

Theoretical Discharge (Qth):

School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering Experiment No. 6

Actual Discharge (Qact):

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1 m2

School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering Experiment No. 6

The coefficient of discharge of the Venturimeter (Cd) =… from calculations.

1. Derive the equation to calculate the discharge through the venturimeter.

School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering Experiment No. 6

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