ME2208 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Lab Manual

EINSTEIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sir.C.V.Raman Nagar, Tirunelveli-12
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME38-Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Laboratory
Name Reg No Branch Year & Semester
: : : :
Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Name of the expt. S.no. Date Performance test on venturimeter Performance test on orificemeter Performance test on Kaplan turbine Flow through pipe Performance test on gear pump Performance test on rotometer Performance test on centrifugal pump Performance test on francis turbine Performance test on Pelton wheel turbine Performance test on reciprocating pump Performance test on submersible pump No. Marks initial Staff Remarks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Page 1 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering
Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab
Ex.No.1 Date: AIM:
FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER
To determine the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter. APPARATUS REQUIRED: A venturimeter, Differential U-Tube manometer, collecting tank fitted with piezometer and control valve, stop watch and meter scale. THEORY: A venturimeter is one of the most important practical applications of Bernoullis theorem. It is an instrument used to measure the rate of discharge in a pipe line and is often fixed permanently at different sections of the pipe line to know the discharges there. A venturimeter has been named after the 18th century Italian ENGINEER VENTURI. FORMULA USED: 1. Coefficient of discharge C d = Qa Qt Where
Qa actual discharge and Qt theoretical discharge 2. Theoretical discharge Qt = a1 a 2 2 gh a a

2 1 2 2
in m3/sec
Where, a1 is the area of inlet in m2

a 2 is the area of outlet in m2
h is the differential head in meter of water
g is the acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
a1 = a2 =
d12 , where d 1 = diameter of the inlet (m)

2 d2 , where d 2 = diameter of outlet (m)
Differential head h = (h1 h2 )
(S m S l ) in m Sl

( S m S l ) 13.6 1 = = 12.6 Sl 13.6
S m = specific gravity of the manometric liquid S l = specific gravity of the flowing liquid 3. Actual discharge Qa =
AH t
(m s )
3
A = area of the collecting tank (m) H = rise of water in the capillary tube (m) t = time taken for H meter rise of water in the capillary tube (s)
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the inlet and outlet are recorded and the dimensions of the collecting tank are measured 2. Priming is done 3. The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads on both the h1, h2 are noted. 4. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for H m rise of water in the collecting tank is observed. 5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 6. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter was computed OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of pipe = 40mm, 24mm Diameter of throat = 25mm, 15mm Area of the collecting tank= 0.5m0.5m

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION: For 40mm pipe dia and 25 mm throat dia venturimeter Time for 0.1m rise of water in the capillary tube t sec
Manometer reading S. No.
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Coefficient of discharge
h1 cm
h2 cm
hm cm
h m
Qa
Qt
Cd
(m s )
3
(m s )
3

For 24mm pipe dia and 15 mm throat dia venturimeter Time for 0.1m rise of water in the capillary tube t sec
Manometer reading S. No.
Actual discharge
h1 cm
h2 cm
hm cm
h m
Qa
Qt
Cd
(m s )
3
(m s )
3

GRAPH:
Actual discharge (Qa) Vs head (h)
Answer the following: 1. What is peizometer? 2. Define the following terms. Fluid. Specific volume Specific gravity. Viscosity. Compressibility. Vapour pressure. Capillarity. Surface tension. 3. Differentiate the following terms. o Fluid and solid. o Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid. o Ideal and real fluid. 4. Derive continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid. 5. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures
RESULT:
Thus the coefficient of discharge of venturimeter is determined.
Ex.No.2 Date: AIM:
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICEMETER
To determine the coefficient of discharge of the orificemeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Orificemeter, Differential U-Tube manometer, collecting tank fitted with piezometer and control valve, stop watch and meter scale.
THEORY:
An orifice is an opening in the wall or base of a vessel through which the fluid flows. The top edge of the orifice is always below the free surface. Orifices are used to measure the discharge. An orifice is termed small when its dimensions are small compared to the head causing flow. The variation in the velocity from the top to the bottom edge is considerable. According to shape there are circular orifices, rectangular orifices, square orifices, Triangular orifices.
FORMULA USED:
1. Coefficient of discharge C d =
Qa
Qt
Where Qa actual discharge and Qt theoretical discharge 2. Theoretical discharge Qt =
a1 a 2 2 gh a a
2 1 2 2
in m3/sec
where a1 is the area of inlet in m2

a 2 is the area of outlet in m2
h is the differential head in meter of water
g is the acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
a1 = a2 =


(S m S l ) in m Sl
Differential head h = (h1 h2 )

( S m S l ) 13.6 1 = = 12.6 Sl 13.6
S m = specific gravity of the manometric liquid S l = specific gravity of the flowing liquid
3. Actual discharge Qa =
AH t
(m s )
3
A = area of the collecting tank (m) H = rise of water in the piezometer tube (m) t = time taken for H meter rise of water in the piezometer tube (s)
PROCEDURE:
7. The diameter of the inlet and outlet are recorded and the dimensions of the collecting tank are measured 8. Priming is done 9. The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads on both the h1, h2 are noted. 10. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for H m rise of water in the collecting tank is observed. 11. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 12. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter was computed
OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of pipe Diameter of throat Area of the collecting tank
= 40mm, 25mm = 20mm, 15mm = 0.5m0.5m

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION: For 40mm pipe dia and 20 mm throat dia venturimeter Time for 0.1m rise of water in the capillary tube t sec Actual discharge Theoretical discharge
Manometer reading S. No. h1 cm h2 cm hm cm h m
Qa
Qt
Cd
(m s )
3
(m s )
3

For 25mm pipe dia and 15 mm throat dia venturimeter Time for 0.1m rise of water in the capillary tube t sec
Manometer reading S. No. h1 cm h2 cm hm cm h m
Actual discharge
Qa
Qt
Cd
(m s )
3
(m s )
3
GRAPHS TO PLOT:
Actual discharge (Qa) Vs head (h)

Answer the following: 1. Mention two pressure measuring instruments 2. How manometers are classified 3. State Newtons law of viscosity 4. Define stream line. 5. Define path line.
RESULT:
Thus, the coefficient of discharge of orificemeter is determined.
Ex.No. 3 Date: AIM:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE
To conduct the performance test on the Kaplan turbine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i)Kaplan turbine ii)Tachometer

THEORY:
Kaplan turbine is one of the types of axial flow turbine. Usually, it has 4 to 6 blades having no outside rim. It is also known as variable pitch propeller turbine. The Kaplan turbine behaves as a propeller turbine at full load conditions. In Kaplan turbine runner blades are adjustable and can be rotated about pivots fixed to the boss of the runner. The blades are adjusted automatically by servo mechanism so that at all loads the flow enters them without shock. Thus, a high efficiency is maintained even at part load.
OBSERVATIONS:
Rated supply head = 8m Discharge = 2500 lpm Rated speed = 1200 Rpm Runner outside diameter= 140mm Hub diameter = 70mm Hub ratio = 0.5 No of runner blades = 4 No of guide vanes = 12 Brake drum diameter = 300mm Diameter of the pipe (d1) = 0.13m Diameter of the throat of venturimeter (d2) = 0.078 m FORMULAE:
1. Rate of flow of water (Q) = [(a1 a2) (2gh)] / [ (a12-a2 2) 0.9] in m3/sec
a1=area of inlet of the venturimeter= ( d12)/ 4 a2=area of throat of venturimeter= ( d22)/ 4 h=[(Sm/Sl)-1](h1-h2) in m Sm- Specific gravity of mercury=13.6 Sl - Specific gravity of water=1
Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab 2. Output power = 2 NT/60 Watts
N is speed in rpm T is torque in Nm = radius of drum x (T1-T2)x g 3. Input power = Qgh/1000 kw

4. Efficiency = (Output power P0/Input power Pi) x100
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the gate valve slowly and make it as fully open. 2. Now at full open and at no load, note the reading of manometer, pressure Gauge. 3. Then, load the turbine by adjusting the screw rod connected to the belt which Is on the brake drum and tighten the lock and the speed get reduced. 4. Now, note the readings of manometer, pressure gauge and spring balance. 5. Thus, for various loads with gate valve fully opened note the above said Readings.

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Gate opening
Pressure Gauge reading
Manomete r readings
Speed Of rotation Spring balance reading
h1 Unit Kg/m2 m
h2 m rpm
T1 kg
T2 kg
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATION TABULAR COLUMN:
Net supply head S.No. (h)
Actual discharge (Q)
Input power (Pi)
Output power (P0)
Efficiency
m3/s
Kw
Kw
/.
1.
2.
3.
4.
GRAPH:
Speed Vs Efficiency Speed Vs Output power Speed Vs Discharge

Answer the following: 1. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine? 2. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine. 3. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine. 4. Define impulse turbine. 5. Define reaction turbine
RESULT:
Thus performance tests are conducted on the Kaplan turbine and characteristics curves are drawn.

Ex.No.4 Date: AIM: FLOW THROUGH PIPE
To determine the coefficient of friction, when water is flowing through a pipe.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Pipe friction apparatus Manometer Stop watch Collecting tank Sump tank THEORY:
When water is flowing in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its motion. It effects in the reduction of the velocity and the head of the water available. There are many types of losses, but the major loss causes due to frictional resistance of the pipe only. The minor losses are so small as compared to friction losses. The minor losses are such as loss of head at entrance and loss of head due to velocity of water at outlet.
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of the collecting tank (L) = 50cm Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = 50 cm Distance between the pressure tapping on the pipe line (l) = 2m Diameter of the I pipe (d1) = 15 mm Diameter of the II pipe (d2) = 20 mm Diameter of the III pipe (d3) = 25 mm
FORMULAE USED FOR CALCULATIONS:
1. Coefficient of friction (f) = (2ghf d)/ (lV2)
Distance between the pressure tapping on the pipe line (l) = 2m Loss of head due to friction (hf)= (h1-h2) [(Sm-S1)/S1] in mm Sm- Specific gravity of Mercury= 13.6 S1- Specific gravity of water=1
2. V, Velocity of water in tube = Qa /a in mm/s
Area of the I pipe, II pipe, III pipe (a1, a2, a3) = ( d2)/4 in mm2
Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab 3. Actual discharge (Qa) = (AH)/t in mm3/sec
A (area of the collecting tank) = L B in m2 H= Height of water in collecting tank t = time taken for collection for H rise in the collecting tank. (In sec). PROCEDURE:
The diameter of the pipe is measured and the initial plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the pipe line between the two pressure tapping cocks are measured. Keeping the outlet valve fully closed the inlet valve is opened completely. The outlet valve is slightly opened and manometric heads in both the limbs (h1 and h2) are measured. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the timet required for H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed by using a stop watch. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the corresponding readings. The observations are tabulated and the friction factor computed. OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:
For 15mm diameter pipe:
Manometer S.No. readings (mm of Hg) h1 1 2 3 4 5 h2 h1-h2
Time taken for water collection for H rise in the collecting tank (t) (in sec)

S.No.
Manometer readings (mm of Hg) h1 h2 h1-h2
Time taken for water collection for H rise in the collecting tank (t) (in sec)
1 2 3 4 5 6

CALCULATION TABULAR COLUMN: (For 15mm diameter pipe)
S.No.
Loss of head hf = (h1-h2) [(Sm-S1)/S1] in mm
Actual discharge Velocity of (Qa) = (AH)/t water in tube = Qa /a in mm3/sec in mm/s (V)
Friction factor V2 f= (2ghfd)/ (lV2)
(mm/s)2
Mean Value of f=

S.No. Loss of head hf = (h1-h2) [(Sm-S1)/S1] in mm Actual discharge Velocity of water in tube = (Qa) = (AH)/t Qa /a in mm3/sec in mm/s (V) Friction factor V2 f= (2ghfd)/ (lV2)
(mm/s)2
Mean Value of f=

GRAPHS TO PLOT:
h Vs V2
Answer the following:
1. What do you mean by major energy loss? 2. List down the type of minor energy losses. 3. What is compound pipe? 4. What do you mean by equivalent pipe 5. Derive Darcy -weisback's equation.
RESULT:
Thus, the coefficient of friction of the two pipes 20mm and 15mm determined and the values are given below Coefficient of friction (f) for 15mm diameter pipe = Coefficient of friction (f) for 20mm diameter pipe =

Ex.No:5 Date: AIM: PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP
To conduct a performance test on gear pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Gear Pump test rig 2. Stopwatch 3. Meter Scale 4. Plumb Bob

THEORY:
The gear pump test rig consisting of a gear pump coupled to an induction motor through flexible coupling. The pump is mounted on an oil sump and a suction pipe with suction gauge, delivery pipe with delivery gauge, discharge control valve etc provided. This being a positive displacement pumps full closing of the delivery control valve should be avoided. A collecting tank with gauge glass and scale fittings with drain valve fittings provided to measure the pump discharge and to drain back the oil to the sump. A panel with switch, starter and energy meter provided to note the input power. The gear pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with a fine clearance inside the casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the point of contact. One o the wheels is keyed to the driving shaft and the other revolves as a driven wheel. The pump is first filled with the liquid before it is started, as the gear rotate; the liquid is trapped in between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The rotating gears build up sufficient pressure to force the liquid into the delivery pipe. Each tooth of gear acts like a piston of a reciprocating pump to force liquid into the discharge line.
FORMULA:
1. Area of the collecting tank (A) = l b l =40 cm b= 40 cm Energy meter constant (Ne) = 100 rev/Kw-hr Datum level difference (x) = 0.3m 2. Actual discharge (Qa) = Ah/t Page 26 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering
h- 10cm rise of oil level t- time taken for 10cm rise of oil level in collecting tank in seconds
3. Total head (H) = Hs+Hd+x 4. Input power (Pi) = [(3600 Nr) / ( Ne t)] 1000 watt
Nr No. of revolutions of energy meter disc= 10 t- Time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc.
oil g
5. Output power (P0) = (

oil =
Qa H)/ 1000 Kw
850 Kg/ m3
6. Efficiency of the pump = P0 / Pi in % 1 Kg/ Cm2 = 12 m of oil column

PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the pump if necessary, open the delivery valve and switch on the unit. 2. Close the delivery valve and maintain required delivery head. Note the reading. 3. Note the corresponding suction head. 4. Measure the area of the collecting tank. 5. Close the drain valve and note the time for 10 cm rise of oil level in the collecting tank. 6. For different delivery head repeat the experiment. 7. For every set of reading note the time taken for 10 Rev. energy meter.

Pressure gauge reading S.No. Kg/ Cm2
Vacuum Gauge reading mm of Hg
Time Time Delivery taken for taken for head 10 cm rise 10 Hd revolutions In sec in energy meter
Suction head Hs
Correction head X
1.
2.
3.
4.
CALCULATIONS TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No.
Total head
Actual Discharge Qa
Input power (Pi)
Output Power (P0)
Efficiency %
1. 2. 3. 4.

GRAPHS TO PLOT:
Plot graphs for Discharge Vs Total Head Output Power Vs Total Head Efficiency Vs Total Head
1. Briefly explain Gear pump. 2. Differentiate between internal gear pump and external gear pump. 3. Briefly explain vane pump. 4. What is rotary pump? 5. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for pump
RESULT:
Maximum Efficiency of the pump = .. Total head of maximum Efficiency =

Ex.No. 6 Date: AIM: PERFORMANCE TEST ON ROTAMETER
To determine the coefficient of discharge of the rotometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A rotometer having 0 30LPM range, single phase 0.5 HP 1440 rpm monoblock pump, reservoir tank arrangement, piping system, stopwatch and meter scale.
THEORY:
When the rate of flow increases the float rises in the tube and consequently there is an increase in the annular area between the float and the tube. Thus, the float rides higher or lower dephending on the rate of flow.
FORMULA USED:
1.Actual discharge Qa =
AH 60,000 LPM t A = area of the collecting tank (m)
H = rise of water in the capillary tube (m) t = time taken for H meter rise of water in the capillary tube (s) 2. Coefficient of discharge C d =
Qa QR
Qa actual discharge (LPM) and QR Rotometer discharge (LPM)

PROCEDURE:
1. Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes. 2. The inlet valve is opened slightly such that the discharge on the rotometer is noted. 3. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for H meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed. 4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 5. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of discharge of rotometer is compared.

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION: Rotometer discharge QR Time for 0.1m rise of water in the capillary tube t Actual discharge Qa Coefficient of discharge
Sl. No.
(LPM)
m3/sec
(Sec)
(LPM)
m3/sec
Cd
Area of collecting tank = 50cm x 50cm

1. Mention few discharge measuring devices 2. Derive an expression for discharge in venturimeter 3. Derive an expression for discharge in orifice meter Write down Eulers equation of motion. 4. Write down Bernoullis equation of motion for ideal and real fluid
RESULT:
Thus, the coefficient of discharge (Cd) of rotometer is determined.

Ex.No. 7 Date: PERFORMANCE STUDY OF CONSTANT SPEED CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM: To find the efficiency of the centrifugal pump. APPARATUS REQUIRED
Centrifugal pump setup, metre scale, stop watch.

THEORY:
The radial flow type pumps are commonly called as Centrifugal pumps. It has flow in relative direction through the impeller. The flow takes place from the low pressure towards the high pressure. The head of the centrifugal pump may be expressed in the following ways as static head, Manometric head and total or effective head. When a centrifugal pump operates the various losses such as hydraulic losses, Mechanical losses and leakage loss occurs.
FORMULAE USED TO CALCULATE:
1. =
Output power Input power w Q act H T kW 1000

m3
2. Output power P0 =
Specific weight of water w = 9810 N Qact actual discharge HT Total head

AH t
m3
3. Qact =
s s
3 Qact Actual discharge of water in m
A area of the tank in m H level of rise of water in meter in the collecting tank (10 cm) t time for 10 cm rise of water
HT = Pressure head (G) + Vacuum head (V) + Datum head (Z)

n 3600 m Kw N T
4. Input Power Pi =
n No. of revolution of energy meter m - Pre determined efficiency (0.55) N Energy meter constant T Time taken for N revolution
PROCEDURE:
Open the outlet valve until it is fully open. Priming of the centrifugal pump Switch on the centrifugal pump By closing the outlet value the delivery pipe, the required pressure in the pressure gauge reading was set. 5. Pressure gauge reading was noted. 6. Vacuum gauge reading was noted 7. Time taken for 5 revolution of disc in the energy meter was observed and noted. 8. Energy meter constant from energy meter was noted 9. Time taken for the 10cm rise of water in the collecting tank was noted down. 10. Repeat the steps 4 to 9 for the required number of times. 11. Area of the collecting tank and datum head was measured.
1. 2. 3. 4.

S. No
Pressure gauge Reading Kg/cm2 N/m2
Pressure head (m of water ) G
Vacuum gauge Reading (mm of Hg)
Vacuum head (m of water) V
Datum head (m of water) Z
Time for 10cm rise of water (sec)
Time for 5 revolution Of disc in energy meter (sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.

S.No.
Total Head HT = G+V+Z
Actual Discharge
Qact = m3 AH t
Input power
Output power
Efficiency
P0 / Pi Pi
Kw
P0
Kw
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
GRAPHS TO PLOT:

Input power Vs Qact Efficiency Vs Qact Total head Vs Qact Output power Vs Qact

1. Define Positive displacement pump. 2. Differentiate between Roto-dynamic and positive displacement pump. 3. Define cavitation in pump. 4. What is the need for priming in pump?
5. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump

RESULT:
Thus, the efficiency of the centrifugal pump has been determined by conducting the performance test.

Ex.No. 8 Date: AIM:To conduct the performance test on Francis turbine. APPARATUS REQUIRED: PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
i) Francis turbine setup ii) Tachometer THEORY: The modern Francis Turbine is an inward mixed flow reaction turbine. Here the water pressure enters the runner from the guide vanes towards the centre in radial direction and discharges out of the runner axially. The Francis Turbine operates under medium heads and requires medium quantity of water. Francis turbine has been installed in Bhakra nangal project, Punjab across the river Sutlej River.
OBSERVATIONS:
Rated supply head = 1.2m Discharge = 2000 lpm Rated speed = 1250 Rpm Runner diameter = 180mm Power output = 3HP No of guide vanes = 8 Brake drum diameter = 300mm Diameter of the pipe (d1) = 0.13m Diameter of the throat of venturimeter (d2) = 0.078m FORMULAE USED FOR CALCULATION: 1. Rate of flow of water (Q) = [(a1 a2) (2gh)] / [ (a12-a2 2) 0.9] in m3/sec. a1=area of inlet of venturimeter= ( d12)/ 4 a2=area of throat of venturimeter = ( d22)/ 4 2. h= [(Sm / Sl)-1)] (h1-h2) in m Sm- Specific gravity of mercury=13.6 Sl - Specific gravity of water=1 3. Output power (P0) = 2 NT/60 Watts N is speed in rpm T is torque in Nm = radius of drum x (T1-T2)x g 4. Input power (Pi) = ( w x Q x g x h)/1000 kw 5. Efficiency = (Output power (P0)/Input power (Pi)) x100

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the gate valve slowly so that the turbine at 1200 Rpm (at no load). 2. Apply the load adjusting the screw rod connected to the belt for loading the Brakes drum and tighten the locknut and the speed gets reduced. 3. Now note the readings of manometer, pressure gauge and spring balance. 4. Open the gate valve to an extent such that the speed is 1200 rpm. 5. Now note the manometer, pressure gauge readings and spring balance Readings. 6. For various loads note the above said readings.
Manometer readings
Speed Of rotation
Spring balance reading
S.No
h1 Unit Kg/cm2 cm
h2 cm
(N) rpm
T1 kg
T2 kg
1.
2.
3.

S.No.
Net supply head ( h)
Actual discharge (Q) m /sec

3
Input power (Pi) kw
Output power (P0) Watts Efficiency %
GRAPH:
Speed Vs Efficiency Speed Vs Output power Speed Vs Discharge Answer the following:
1. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine? 2. What is the difference between outward and inward flow turbine? 3. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example. 4. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine? 5. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
RESULT:
Thus performance tests are conducted on the Francis turbine and characteristic curves are drawn.

Ex.No. 9 Date: AIM: curves. PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
To study the performance of the given Pelton wheel turbine to draw the characteristic
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i)Pelton wheel turbine ii)Tachometer

THEORY:
Pelton wheel turbine is named after American Engineer Lester Allen Pelton. It is an impulse turbine. The pressure energy of the water is converted in to kinetic energy when passed through the nozzle and forms the high velocity jet of water. The formed water jet is used for driving the wheel. The pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
OBSERVATIONS:
Rated supply head = 1.2m Discharge = 660 lpm Rated speed = 800 Rpm Runner outside diameter = 300mm No of pelton cups = 20 nos. Brake drum diameter = 300 mm Size of the venturimeter = 65 mm Diameter of the throat of venturimeter = 39 mm FORMULAE: 1.Rate of flow of water (Q) = [[(a1 a2) Where a1=area of input pipe a2=area of throat of venturimeter h= [(Sm/Sl) -1] (h1-h2) in m Sm- Specific gravity of mercury=13.6 Sl - Specific gravity of water=1 2. Output power (P0) = 2 NT/60 Watts N is speed in rpm T is torque in Nm = radius of drum x (T1-T2)x g 3. Input power (Pi) = ( w x Q x g x h)/1000 kw 4. Efficiency = (Output power (P0)/Input power (Pi)) x100 (2gh)] / (a12-a2 2) 0.9] in m3/sec

S.No
Nozzle opening
Manometer readings
Speed Of rotation
Spring balance reading
h1
h2
T1
T2
Unit
Kg/m2
rpm
kg
kg
PROCEDURE:
1. Gradually, open the delivery valve of the pump. 2. Adjust the nozzle for half open by operating the needle valve by hand wheel. 3. The head should be maintained by operating the delivery valve and at Constant value. 4. Observe the speed of wheel using tachometer. 5. Observe the reading h1 &h2 in the two manometer limbs which are connected to the venturimeter.

Net supply head
Actual discharge (Q)
Input power (Pi)
Output power (P0)
Efficiency
(h) in m
m3/s
kw
kw
/.
GRAPH:
Speed Vs Efficiency Speed Vs Output power Speed Vs Discharge Answer the following: 1. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine? 2. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine? 3. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine 4. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket. 5. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
RESULT:
Thus performance tests are conducted on the Pelton wheel turbine and characteristic curves are drawn. Page 46 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Ex.No.10 Date: AIM: PERFORMANCE TEST IN RECIPROCATING PUMP
To conduct performance test in a reciprocating pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Reciprocating test rig Stop watch Meter scale Pump THEORY: Reciprocating pumps are also classified as positive displacement pumps. Here definite volume of liquid is trapped in a chamber which is alternatively filled from the inlet and emptied at a higher pressure through the discharge. Most piston pumps are acting with liquid admitted alternatively on each side of the piston so that one part of the cylinder is being filled where as the other being emptied to minimize fluctuations in the discharge.
OBSERVATIONS:
Energy meter constant (Ne) = 100 rev/ KW-hr Stroke length of the pump (L) = 0.045m Bore (d) = 0.04m Area of the collecting tank (a) = 0.25 m2
FORMULAE USED FOR CALCULATION:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Piston area (A) = ( /4) L2 in m2 Percentage of slip= [(Qt - Qa)/ Qt] 100 in% Theoretical discharge (Qt) = (2 L A N)/ 60 m3/sec Actual discharge (Qa) = [(AH)/ t] (in m3/sec) t- Time taken for 10cm rise in water level. H= suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) in meters of water.
5. Over all Efficiency ( O) = (P0/Pi) 100 in % 6. Output power (P0) = (3600/ Ne) (10/te) in Kw 7. Input power (Pi) = ( g Qa H ) / 1000 in Kw - Density of water = 1000 Kg/ m3

PROCEDURE:
a) Keep the delivery valve open and switch on the pump. Slowly close the delivery valve and maintain a constant head. b) Note the delivery and suction gauge reading. c) Note the time for 10 rev of energy meter. d) Note the time for 10cm rise in water level in the collecting tank. e) Note the speed of the pump (N) Rpm. f) Repeat the procedure for various openings of the delivery valve.
S.No.
Time for Pressure gauge reading ( Kg/cm )

2
Vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg)
10 rev in energy meter (te) (in sec)
Time taken for 10cm rise in water level (t) (in sec)
Delivery head (hd) (in m)
Suction Head (hs) (in m)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Theoretical Total Head S.No. (H) (in m) Actual discharge (Qa) (in m /sec)
3
Percentage Discharge of Slip (Qs) (in m3/sec) in %
Input power (in Kw) Pi
Output power (in Kw) P0
Overall efficiency
O
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
GRAPHS TO PLOT:
Total head (H) Vs Actual Discharge (Qa) Total head (H) Vs Output power (P0) Total head (H) Vs Over all Efficiency ( O) Answer the following: 1. What is separation in reciprocating pump? 2. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump? 3. Write down the equation for loss of head due to acceleration in reciprocating pump. 4. Write down the equation for loss of head due to friction in reciprocating pump. 5. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.
RESULT:
Thus, the performance test in a reciprocating pump has been conducted successfully with the following values 1. Maximum efficiency of the pump = 2. Maximum head of the pump = Page 50 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Ex.No.11 Date: AIM: PERFORMANCE TEST IN SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
To conduct performance test in a submersible pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP test rig Stop watch Meter scale Plump bob
FORMULAE USED FOR CALCULATION:
1. Discharge, Q = a1 a2
(g h) /
(a12- a22) in m3/ sec.
a1= inlet area of venturimeter a2= throat area of venturimeter h = (h1-h2) [(sm/sw) -1] in m g is the acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
a1 = a2 =

S m = specific gravity of the manometric liquid = 13.6 S l = specific gravity of the flowing liquid = 1
2. Output power, Po = ( g Q Hd)/ 1000 Kw The total efficiency head H in meters of water column = Hd (The delivery pressure is in Kg/ cm2; the total head developed in the pump has to be converted in metres of water column). 3. Input power, Pi = (3600 10)/ (Ne t) Kw 4. Efficiency of the pump = Po / Pi in %

PROCEDURE:
1. The following observations have to be made before starting the experiment. Size of the collecting tank Energy meter constant 2. Delivery valve is kept full open 3. The pump is operated by switching on the motor. 4. The following observations are made Pressure gauge reading (Kg/cm2). Vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg). Time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc (t) seconds. Time taken for 10cm rise of water level in collecting tank. 5. The procedure is repeated for various pressure heads by adjusting the pressure valve. 6. It is very important that the pressure valve should not be closed fully.
Manometer reading S.No. h1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
In m h2 h
Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank
Delivery gauge reading Kg/cm2 m of water

S.No.
Discharge Q In mm3/sec
Output in Kw
power Input power In Kw
Efficiency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
GRAPH TO PLOT:
Discharge Vs Power Discharge Vs Head Discharge Vs Efficiency

1. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of rotary pump( Gear / Vane pump) 2. Derive the efficiencies in centrifugal pump 3. Derive the amount of work saved by air vessel in reciprocating pump.
RESULT:
Thus, the performance test in a submersible pump has been conducted successfully with the following values Maximum efficiency of the pump =

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EINSTEIN

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name Reg No Branch Year & Semester

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 1 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Page 2 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Ex.No.1 Date: AIM:

FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER

Qa actual discharge and Qt theoretical discharge 2. Theoretical discharge Qt = a1 a 2 2 gh a a

Where, a1 is the area of inlet in m2

g is the acceleration due to gravity m/sec2

d12 , where d 1 = diameter of the inlet (m)

Differential head h = (h1 h2 )

Page 3 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Page 4 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Manometer reading S. No.

Page 5 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Manometer reading S. No.

Page 6 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Actual discharge (Qa) Vs head (h)

Thus the coefficient of discharge of venturimeter is determined.

Page 7 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Page 8 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Ex.No.2 Date: AIM:

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICEMETER

To determine the coefficient of discharge of the orificemeter.

Where Qa actual discharge and Qt theoretical discharge 2. Theoretical discharge Qt =

where a1 is the area of inlet in m2

g is the acceleration due to gravity m/sec2

d12 , where d 1 = diameter of the inlet (m)

Page 9 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Differential head h = (h1 h2 )

Diameter of pipe Diameter of throat Area of the collecting tank

= 40mm, 25mm = 20mm, 15mm = 0.5m0.5m

Page 10 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Manometer reading S. No. h1 cm h2 cm hm cm h m

Page 11 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Manometer reading S. No. h1 cm h2 cm hm cm h m

Actual discharge (Qa) Vs head (h)

Page 12 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Thus, the coefficient of discharge of orificemeter is determined.

Page 13 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Page 14 of 53 Einstein College of Engineering

Sub Code: ME 38 Fluid Mechanics and machinery Lab

Ex.No. 3 Date: AIM:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE

To conduct the performance test on the Kaplan turbine.