Lecture 6 b Stress and Strain (1)

ME-121
Basic Mechanical Engineering

Lecture-15
Engr. Maninder Choudhary/Engr. Urooj Faiz

maninderc@ssuet.edu.pk/uroojf@ssuet.edu.pk
Electrical Engineering Department

Equilibrium
&
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Equilibrium
When the force and the couple are both equal to zero, the external forces
form a system equivalent to zero, and the rigid body is said to be in
equilibrium.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid body,
therefore, can be obtained sum of forces or moment of force equal to zero
Resolving each force and each moment into its rectangular components, we
can express the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of a
rigid body with the following six scalar equations:
Equilibrium
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM:
• In solving a problem concerning the equilibrium of a rigid

body, it
• is essential to consider all of the forces acting on the body;
• It is equally important to exclude any force which is not

directly applied
• to the body.
• Omitting a force or adding an extraneous one would destroy

the conditions of equilibrium.
• Therefore, the first step in the solution of the problem

should be to draw a free-body diagram of the rigid body
under consideration
Example
A fixed crane has a mass of 1000 kg and is used to lift a 2400-kg crate. It
is held in place by a pin at A and a rocker at B. The center of gravity of
the crane is located at G. Determine the components of the reactions at
A and B.
Solution:
Free-Body Diagram. A free-body diagram of the crane is drawn. By

multiplying
the masses of the crane and of the crate by g 5 9.81 m/s2, we obtain
the corresponding weights, that is, 9810 N or 9.81 kN, and 23 500 N or
23.5 kN. The reaction at pin A is a force of unknown direction; it is
represented
by its components Ax and Ay. The reaction at the rocker B is
perpendicular
to the rocker surface; thus, it is horizontal. We assume that Ax,
Ay, and B act in the directions shown.
Example
Example
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Normal Stress:
• The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces distributed over a
given section, is called the stress on that section
• denoted by the Greek letter s (sigma).
• The stress in a member of cross-sectional area A subjected to an axial

load P (Fig. 1) is therefore obtained by dividing the magnitude P of the
load by the area A:
• positive sign indicate a tensile stress and a negative sign indicate a

compressive stress.
• SI unit is called a pascal (Pa) expressed in N/m2

Shearing Stress:
• Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It
differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also
known as tangential stress.
• where V is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes

through the centroid of the area A being sheared.
Bearing Stress:
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It

differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by
compressive forces.
Strain:
• Simple Strain also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied
force, to the original length.
Stress-Strain Diagram:
• Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing
machine.
• As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation

over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load and this is
continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original
cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and
the strain ε can be obtained.
• The graph of these quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and the
strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The
• The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram
shown below is that for a medium carbon structural steel.
Stress-Strain Diagram:
• ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is
the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely
removed.
• ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region from P to R is called the plastic range.
• YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in load.
• ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
• RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile
load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is
limited to 120 MN/m2.
A metal wire is 2.5 mm diameter is 2 m long. A force of F= 60 N is applied to it and it
stretches 0.3 mm. Assume that material is elastic. Determine the stress and strain in
the wire?

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ME-121

Basic Mechanical Engineering

Engr. Maninder Choudhary/Engr. Urooj Faiz

Electrical Engineering Department

• In solving a problem concerning the equilibrium of a rigid

• It is equally important to exclude any force which is not

• Omitting a force or adding an extraneous one would destroy

• Therefore, the first step in the solution of the problem

Free-Body Diagram. A free-body diagram of the crane is drawn. By

• denoted by the Greek letter s (sigma).

• The stress in a member of cross-sectional area A subjected to an axial

• positive sign indicate a tensile stress and a negative sign indicate a

• SI unit is called a pascal (Pa) expressed in N/m2

• where V is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It

• As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation

• ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

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