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UNIT 4- Computer Arithmetic

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34 views

UNIT 4- Computer Arithmetic

Uploaded by

Kulwinder Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 4: Computer Arithmetic

UNIT 4: Computer Arithmetic


Computer Science Department: University of the People
CS 1105-01 - AY2025-T2
Altaf Din
December 13, 2024.
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UNIT 4: Computer Arithmetic

1. Design and Development of Binary Arithmetic Module for the calculator:

 Binary Adder:

Binary adders are circuit which adds two binary numbers and results in the sum of the two
binary numbers. (GeeksforGeeks, 2024)

Half-adder: Adds two single bits, producing a sum and a carry.

Full-adder: Adds three bits, producing a sum and a carry-out.

Design: this can be achieved by chaining full-adders together to accommodate multi-bit


binary numbers. The carry-out of each full-adder is fed as the carry-in to the next.

 Binary Subtractor:

This can be achieved by using a combination of full adders and inverters. By inverting the
bits of the number to be subtracted and adding one, we can use the adder to perform
subtraction

Binary Multiplier:

This can be implemented using the shift-and-add method. we use a series of AND gates and
adders.

 Multiply each bit of the multiplicand with each bit of the multiplier.
 Shift the partial products and add them together using the binary adder.

 Binary Divider:

Design: this is achieved by ontinuously subtracting the divisor from the dividend.

 If the result is negative, restore the dividend and shift the divisor right.
 If the result is positive, record a 1 in the quotient and shift the divisor right.

2. Integration and Organization of Modules:

 Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The CPU would act as the control center.


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UNIT 4: Computer Arithmetic

It would fetch instructions, decode them, and direct the flow of data between the
modules.

 Registers: Utilize registers to store operands, intermediate results, and the final result.
 Control Unit: The control unit would generate the necessary control signals to
activate the appropriate modules (adder, subtractor, multiplier, divider) based on the
instruction.
 Data Path:
o Establish a clear data path between the registers, the CPU, and the arithmetic
logic units (ALUs) (containing the adder, subtractor, multiplier, and divider).
Typically, the ALU has direct input and output access to the processor
controller, main memory. (Hanna, 2021)
o This path allows for the efficient transfer of data between components.

3. Binary Calculation Examples:

 Addition: 10000 + 011000 = 0101000 Decimal (16 +24 =40)


 Subtraction: 011000 - 10000 = 1000 Decimal (24 – 16 =8)
 Multiplication: 0111 x 01011 = 01001101
 Division: 0100001 / 011 = 01001

4. Advantages and Challenges of Binary Arithmetic:

 Advantages:
o Simplicity: Binary uses only two digits (0 and 1), making it easy to implement
in electronic circuits.
o Reliability: Less prone to noise and errors compared to analog systems.
o Efficiency: Binary logic gates are simple and fast.
o Versatility: Can be used for a wide range of applications, from simple
calculations to complex computations in computers.

 Challenges:
o Longer Representation: Binary numbers can be longer than their decimal
equivalents for the same value, potentially requiring more storage space.
o Human Readability: Binary numbers can be difficult for humans to read and
understand directly.

5. Significance of the Calculator:

o By interacting with a binary calculator, the user can gain a deeper


understanding of how different number systems work and how they are
represented.
o It helps to visualize the underlying principles of digital computers and how
they perform calculations.
o Can be used as an educational tool in schools and universities to teach
computer science, digital logic, and number systems.
o Working with a binary calculator can enhance problem-solving skills and
logical thinking.
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UNIT 4: Computer Arithmetic

Key Considerations:

 Hardware Design: The implementation entails the design and assembly of required
hardware components such as logic gates, registers, etc. using technologies like Very
Large-Scale Integration (VLSI).

References:

1. GeeksforGeeks. (2024, April 26). Binary Adder with Logic Gates. GeeksforGeeks.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/binary-adder-with-logic-gates/

2. Hanna, K. T. (2021, August 9). arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). WhatIs.

https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/arithmetic-logic-unit-ALU

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