ppt

Magnetic Effects
of Electric Current
Class 10
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. Magnetic Effect of Current – Oersted’s Experiment
2. Ampere’s Swimming Rule, Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule
and Right Hand Thumb Rule
3. Magnetic Field shown by Iron Filings – Activity
4. Magnetic Field Lines around a Bar Magnet
5. Properties of Magnetic Field Lines
6. Magnetic Field due to a Straight Current carrying
Conductor
7. Magnetic Field due to a Circular Loop of a Coil
8. Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid &
Electromagnet
9. Force on a Current carrying Conductor in a Magnetic
Field
10. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
11. Faraday’s Experiments and Laws of Electromagnetic
Induction
12. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
13. A.C. Generator
Magnetic Effect of Current:
An electric current (i.e. flow of electric charge) produces magnetic effect in
the space around the conductor called strength of Magnetic field or simply
Magnetic field.
N
E
Oersted’s Experiment:
(Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)
When current was allowed to flow through a

wire placed parallel to the axis of a magnetic
I
needle kept directly below the wire, the needle K
was found to deflect from its normal position.
I
N
When current was reversed through the wire,

E
the needle was found to deflect in the
opposite direction to the earlier case.
K
Rules to determine the direction of magnetic field:
Ampere’s Swimming Rule or SNOW Rule:
W N
N
I
S
Imagining a man who swims in the direction of current from

south to north facing a magnetic needle kept under him such that
current enters his feet then the North pole of the needle will
deflect towards his left hand, i.e. towards West.
Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule or Right Hand Screw Rule:
If the forward motion of an imaginary right handed screw is in the

direction of the current through a linear conductor, then the direction
of rotation of the screw gives the direction of the magnetic lines of
force around the conductor.
Right Hand Thumb Rule or Curl Rule:
If a current carrying conductor is imagined to be held in the right hand

such that the thumb points in the direction of the current, then the tips
of the fingers encircling the conductor will give the direction of the
magnetic lines of force.
Magnetic Field
- Activity
Iron Fillings aligned along with the

Magnetic Field
S N
Magnetic Field Lines around a Magnetic Dipole or Bar Magnet
Properties of Magnetic Field Lines:
1. Magnetic field lines, by convention, emerge from North pole

and enter at the South pole.
2. Inside the magnet, the field line is from South to North pole.
3. Thus, the magnetic field lines are closed curves.
4. No two magnetic field lines ever cross each other. If they did,
it would mean that at the point of intersection, two magnetic
fields would exist and the compass needle would point to two
directions, which is not possible.
5. The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown by the
degree of closeness of the field lines. The crowded lines
indicate stronger magnetic field and the sparse lines indicate
weaker field.
6. Magnetic field is a vector quantity having both magnitude and
direction.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
Magnetic Field Lines due to a straight current indicated by
iron filings
Different views of direction of current and magnetic field due to
circular loop of a coil
Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid
TIP:
When we look at any end of the coil carrying current, if the current is in
anti-clockwise direction then that end of coil behaves like North Pole
and if the current is in clockwise direction then that end of the coil
behaves like South Pole.
Electromagnet
I I
K
Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule:
Force Magnetic
(F) Field
(B)
Electric Current (I)
If the central finger, fore finger and thumb of left hand are stretched
mutually perpendicular to each other and the central finger points to
current, fore finger points to magnetic field, then thumb points in the
direction of motion (force) on the current carrying conductor.
TIP:
Remember the phrase ‘e m f’ to represent electric current, magnetic
field and force in anticlockwise direction of the fingers of left hand.
Faraday’s Experiment - 1:
Magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the
positions of the coil and the magnet due to the magnetic lines of
force cutting at different angles at the same cross sectional area
of the coil.
Observe:
i. the relative motion between the coil and the magnet
ii. the induced polarities of magnetism in the coil
iii. the direction of current through the galvanometer and hence the
deflection in the galvanometer
iv. that the induced current (e.m.f) is available only as long as there is
relative motion between the coil and the magnet
Note: i. coil can be moved by fixing the magnet

ii. both the coil and magnet can be moved (towards each other or
away from each other) i.e. there must be a relative velocity between
them
iii. magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the positions
of the coil and the magnet
iv.current and hence the deflection is large if the relative velocity
between the coil and the magnet and hence the rate of change of
flux across the coil is more
Faraday’s Experiment - 2:
When the primary circuit is closed

current grows from zero to
maximum value.
During this period, changing

current induces changing
magnetic flux across the primary
coil.
This changing magnetic flux is

linked across the secondary coil
and induces e.m.f (current) in the
secondary coil.
Induced e.m.f (current) and hence
deflection in galvanometer lasts
only as long as the current in the
primary coil and hence the
magnetic flux in the secondary
coil change.
When the primary circuit is open current decreases from maximum value to
zero.
During this period changing current induces changing magnetic flux across the
primary coil.
This changing magnetic flux is linked across the secondary coil and induces
current (e.m.f) in the secondary coil.
However, note that the direction of current in the secondary coil is reversed and
hence the deflection in the galvanometer is opposite to the previous case.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

i. Law:
Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf
and hence a current is induced in the circuit. However, it lasts only so long
as the magnetic flux is changing.
ii. Law:
The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with a circuit.
E α dΦ / dt E = k dΦ / dt E = dΦ / dt E = (Φ₂ – Φ₁) / t (where k is a constant
and units are chosen such that k = 1)
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:
Magnetic Force
Field (F)
(B)
Electric
Current
(I)
If the central finger, fore finger and thumb of right hand are stretched
mutually perpendicular to each other and the fore finger points to
magnetic field, thumb points in the direction of motion (force), then
central finger points to the direction of induced current in the conductor.
A.C. Generator
Q R
S S
R Q
N N
P S
R₁ S P
R₁
B₁ B₁
R₂ R2
B₂ B2
Load Load
A.C. Generator or A.C. Dynamo or Alternator is a device which converts

mechanical energy into alternating current (electrical energy).
Principle:
A.C. Generator is based on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction.

Construction:
i. Field Magnet with poles N and S
ii. Armature (Coil) PQRS
iii. Slip Rings (R₁ and R₂)
iv. Brushes (B₁ and B₂)
v. Load
Working:
Let the armature be rotated in such a way that the arm PQ goes down and
RS comes up from the plane of the diagram. Induced emf and hence
current is set up in the coil. By Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, the direction
of the current is PQRSR₂B₂B₁R₁P.
After half the rotation of the coil, the arm PQ comes up and RS goes
down into the plane of the diagram. By Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, the
direction of the current is PR₁B₁B₂R₂SRQP.
If one way of current is taken +ve, then the reverse current is taken –ve.
Therefore the current is said to be alternating and the corresponding
wave is sinusoidal.
Theory:
Φ = N B A cos θ
At time t, with angular velocity ω,
θ = ωt (at t = 0, loop is assumed to be
perpendicular to the magnetic field and
θ = 0°)
Φ = N B A cos ωt
Differentiating w.r.t. t, dΦ / dt = - NBAω
sin ωt E = - dΦ / dt
E = NBAω sin ωt
E = E₀ sin ωt (where E₀ = NBAω)
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Magnetic Effects

When current was allowed to flow through a

When current was reversed through the wire,

Imagining a man who swims in the direction of current from

If the forward motion of an imaginary right handed screw is in the

If a current carrying conductor is imagined to be held in the right hand

Iron Fillings aligned along with the

1. Magnetic field lines, by convention, emerge from North pole

Electric Current (I)

Note: i. coil can be moved by fixing the magnet

When the primary circuit is closed

During this period, changing

This changing magnetic flux is

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

A.C. Generator or A.C. Dynamo or Alternator is a device which converts

A.C. Generator is based on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction.

E = E₀ sin ωt (where E₀ = NBAω)

More of Magnetic Effect of

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