Tarun Anbarasan

60837

BERNOULLI'S THEORY
 BERNOULLI'S THEORY
INTRODUCTION
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the
speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or
a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Although Bernoulli
deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it
was Leonhard Euler who derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual
form.
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of
conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of
all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all
points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic
energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant.
If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of
energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the
energy per unit volume is the same everywhere.
Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton's
Second Law of Motion.
If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of
high pressure to a region of low pressure, then there is more pressure
behind than in front. This gives a net force on the volume,
accelerating it along the streamline.
DANIEL BERNOULLI
Daniel Bernoulli (8 February 1700 – 17 March 1782) was
a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the
many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli
family. He is particularly remembered for his
applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially
fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in
probability and statistics. His name is commemorated
in the Bernoulli's principle, a particular example of the
conservation of energy, which describes the
mathematics of the mechanism underlying the
operation of two important technologies of the 20th
century: the carburetor and the airplane wing.
Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to discover more about the flow of fluids.
It was known that a moving body exchanges its kinetic energy for potential
energy when it gains height. Daniel realised that in a similar way, a moving
fluid exchanges its specific kinetic energy for pressure, the former being the
kinetic energy per unit volume.
This realization was crucial in understanding the mechanics of fluids,
especially in terms of fluid flow and pressure. Bernoulli's principle, which
states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid
decreases, is a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics and has numerous
practical applications. This principle is used in the design of aircraft wings,
where the shape of the wing causes air to move faster over the upper surface,
resulting in a decrease in pressure, which generates lift. Bernoulli's principle
also explains how a carburetor works, where a decrease in pressure in the
throat of the carburetor causes fuel to be drawn into the air stream, allowing
for proper combustion in an engine. Bernoulli's contributions to the field of
fluid dynamics have had a profound impact on the world of science and
technology, and his work continues to be studied and applied to this day.
 BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE : -
Bernoulli’s principle states that: -
The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the
gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with
the fluid pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains
constant.

Bernoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic

energy, and gravitational potential energy of a fluid in a container.
The formula for Bernoulli’s principle is given as follows:

Where p is the pressure exerted by the fluid, v is the velocity of the

fluid, ρ is the density of the fluid and h is the height of the container.

This principle can be observed in many everyday situations, such as

when water flows through a pipe or when air flows over the wings of
an airplane. In both cases, the velocity of the fluid increases as it passes
through a narrower section, which results in a decrease in pressure. This
decrease in pressure can be used to create lift, which is how airplanes
are able to fly. Bernoulli's principle is also important in hydraulic
systems, where it is used to control the movement of liquids through
pipes and valves. Understanding this principle has helped engineers
design more efficient fluid systems, which has led to many
technological advancements in fields such as aviation, transportation,
and manufacturing.
DERIVATION OF BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
:-

Consider an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe that has a varying

diameter and height, as shown in Figure below,Subscripts 1 and 2 in the figure
denote two locations along the pipe and illustrate the relationships between the
areas of the cross sections A, the speed of flow v, the height from ground y, and
the pressure p at each point. We assume here that the density at the two points
is the same—therefore, density is denoted by ρ without any subscripts—and since
the fluid in incompressible, the shaded volumes must be equal.

We also assume that there are no viscous forces in the fluid, so the energy of
any part of the fluid will be conserved. To derive Bernoulli’s equation, we first
calculate the work that was done on the fluid:
The work done was due to the conservative force of gravity and the change
in the kinetic energy of the fluid. The change in the kinetic energy of the
fluid is equal to :

The change in potential energy is :

Therefore, the energy equation is given as:

Rearranging the above equation, we get

This is the BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

 EXPERIMENT
AIM
TO SHOW THAT BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE IS APPLICABLE IN THE THEORY OF
WORKING OF A ATOMIZER

APPARATUS
Bottle, T - shaped glass rod, rubber bulb , Non-Viscous fluid (water, fuel).

Theory
By pressing the rubber bulb a vaccum is created inside the glass rod causing
te non-viscous fluid to be sprayed
Procedure
1.fill the bottle with water or any non-viscous fluid

2.Seal the bottle with a rubber balloon

3.connect the both the tube perpendicularly

4.connect the glass tube with the rubber bulb

5.incert the glass tube inside the sealed bottle

Observation
The atomier produces a spray of homologous aerosol after the production of
a air current in the glass rod.

Result
By pressing the rubber bulb we force a large amount of air through the
small cross section which causes a high velocity air pass through the T glass
rod’s upper part but in the lower part of the T glass rod the air is
stationary.
The high velocity air causes a low pressure to form which forces the
stationary air to go to the high velocity air this causes the bottom part of
the T glass rod to form vaccum to fill this space the non-volatile liquid rises
and rises till the upper part of the glass rod and get sprayed/finely disperse
the non-volatile liqiud into the air this rise in the liquid is caused by
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
 APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLIS
PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli's principle explains how the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity
increases, and is observed in various everyday situations. Despite the fact that
real fluids have some level of internal friction, the principle still applies.
Understanding this principle is crucial for designing efficient systems in various
fields, from aircraft to water treatment plants.

1.Airplane Wings
One of the most well-known examples of
Bernoulli's principle in action is the flight of an
airplane. The shape of a plane's wing is designed
to create a difference in air pressure between the
upper and lower surfaces of the wing. As the plane
moves forward, air flows over the wing, and the
shape of the wing causes the air to move faster
over the top surface than the bottom surface. This
creates a lower pressure area above the wing and
a higher pressure area below the wing, which
generates lift and allows the plane to take off and
stay aloft.

2.Water Treatment Plants

Water treatment plants use aeration tanks
to mix air with the wastewater, which
promotes the growth of bacteria that
break down the organic matter in the
water. As the air bubbles rise through the
water, the velocity of the water increases,
creating a lower pressure area around the
bubbles. This helps to draw more oxygen
into the water, which is necessary for the
bacteria to thrive and do their job.
3. Magnus Effect
The Magnus effect is a particular manifestation of Bernoulli’s theorem: fluid pressure
decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases. In the case of a ball
spinning through the air, the turning ball drags some of the air around with it.

4.Chimney
Wind velocity outside the house is normally higher than inside, due to higher velocity
above the nozzle of the chimney, the pressure becomes low, and the air rushes from
high pressure to a low-pressure area, and thus, the smoke is blown away by the
chimney. Thus, we can easily understand why chimneys work better when there is high
wind flow
 CONCLUSION
Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing
along a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is
lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher, and
the pressure is higher where the pipe opens out and the
fluid stagnate. Many people find this situation
paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity,
lower pressure). Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump
Bernoulli’s principle is used in venturimeter to find the
rate of flow of a liquid. It is used in a carburettor to mix
air and petrol vapour in an internal combustion engine.
Bernoulli’s principle is used in an atomiser and filter
pump. Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an aeroplane are
made tapering. The upper surface is made convex and
the lower surface is made concave. Due to this shape of
the wing, the air currents at the top have a large velocity
than at the bottom. Consequently the pressure above
the surface of the wing is less as compared to the lower
surface of the wing. This difference of pressure is helpful
in giving a vertical lift to the plane.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://byjus.com/physics/bernoullis-principle/

https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/bernoulli-
and-newton/ https://www.britannica.com/science/deformation-
mechanics https://sciencing.com/fluid-dynamics-overview-basics-
terminology-equations-13723386.html

https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_bernoulli_lesson
01 https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-
aeronautics/bernoulli-and-newton/

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A
_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_I_-
_Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/14%3A_Fluid_
Mechanics/14.08%3A_Bernoullis_Equation#:~:text=p1%2B12%CF%81,f
ollow%20it%20along%20its%20path.)

https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/millikans-oil-drop-experiment