Notes Book

khztu; f Sf;f hd tsE}y; ,e;J ehfupfk; juk; - 12
,e;J ehfupfk;
( RESOURCE BOOK -HINDU CIVILIZATION GRADE-12 )
juk; - 12
tsE}y;
(2018 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ)
(Draft Copy)
rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>
kfufk.
(tsE}y; Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; Njit fUjpNa ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

gjptpl;Ls;Nshk;. ,J KOikahf G+uzkhf;fg;glhj E}y; vd;gij
ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sTk;)
www.nie.lk 1 info@nie.lk
i
,e;J ehfupfk;
juk; - 12
tsE}y;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - 2018
ISBN :
nkhopfs;> khdpltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
kùfk.
gjpg;G : Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kùfk.
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;
gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy;
ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;
nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;
,uz;lhk;ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;rr
; pfis tsu;jn ; jLg;gjw;fhf>
fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPz;Lk; ghtpg;gjidf;
Fiwg; g jw; f hfTk; > ghlj; j pd; Nehf; f q; f is kl; L g; g Lj; J tjw; f hfTk; >
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;
fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL
fisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L Gjpa tsE}y;fs; E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tsE}y;fs;>
Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j tsE}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;rr ; pfis tsu;jn; jLf;fj;
Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk;
Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf; fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa
Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa tsE}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL
cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad; ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,g; G jpa gFj; j wpTthj ghltpjhdj; j pdJk; > Gjpa tsE}y; f s; > Gjpa
ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; FwpfN
; fhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf; fy;tpapypUe;J
tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;
fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

mYty;fs; rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> tsE}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpwF; g; gq;fspgG
; r;
nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;jJ ; f;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg; gz;gLj;jpg;
Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpff
; it vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;
fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>
tsE}y;fs; trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapw;
Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika
kWrP u ikg; G fspD}lhf vl; L Mz; L fSf; n fhUjlit ,w; i wg; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t; tsE}y;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ
tsE}y;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupit. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis
miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhff; fw;wy;
Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp
nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij
caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J
nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tsE}y;fs; Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd tsE}y;
vd;gij mwpe;J ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPlr

; fu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;ff; g;ngWk;
milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;
trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpgg
; plg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspgg ; +ll
; j;jf;f nrOikahd
gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t; tsE}y; mika Ntz;Lnkdg;
gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
tz fyhepjp khk;Gy;n fhl Rkdujd Njuu;

gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tsE}iyg; gad;g Lj;J tjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;f s;.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtf ,e;J rkaj; Jiwapd; Clhf juk; - 12 ,e;J ehfupf
Gjpaghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Kjy; Kiwhaf tsE}y; xd;iwg; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpf;F
mwpKfk; nra;J itg;gjpy; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwhk;.
ghlrhiyfspy; rka ghlk; fiyj;Jiwg; ghlkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;> tho;fi ; fapy;

Neubahfg; gq;nfLf;Fk; tplaq;fs; gy mjpy; cs;sd. mjdhw; fiyj;Jiw
khztu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> vy;yhj; JiwapdUk; ,e;J ehfupf ghlj;ijf; fw;f Kd;tu
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F ,e;J ehfupfk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fspd;> fw;Fk; khztu;fspd;
mu;g;gz rpe;jid> Kaw;rp vd;gd Njit. mt;tifapy; ,g;ghlj;ij khztu;
tpUg;Gld; gapyf;$bajhf Mrpupaupd; gq;fspg;Gk;> xj;Jiog;Gk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gL
fpdw
; J. ,g;ghlk; guPli
; rf;FupaJ kl;Lkd;wp KOtho;fi
; ff;Fj; Njitahd mk;rq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
khztuplk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd fw;ww;

NgWfs;> cj;Njr tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;bfs;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;>
crhj;Jizfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,t; tsE}y; mikfpd;wJ. ,it
ahTk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Ffpd;wd.
vdNt> Mf;fg+u;tkhd Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; Ma;Tr; rpej ; idf;Fk; Vw;wjhd fw;wy; -
nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; g+uz cupik cz;L.
,t; tsE}y;; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fj; JizGuptJld;>

fw;wy; nraw;ghLfs;> Ma;Tfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> r%fj; jpwd;fs;>
jdpahs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
jpU nghd; n[a&gd;

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
topfhl; l Yk; mDkjpAk; ; : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>
gzpg; G : - fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
- tz. fyhepjp khk; G y; n fhl Rkdujd Njuu;

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>
,izg; g hf; f k; : jpU nghd; n[a&gd;

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>
tpla MNyhrid : - Nguhrpupau; . ,uh.it. fdfuj; j pdk;

(Xa;T) jkpo;j; Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
- Nguhrpupau; . gp. NfhghyfpU\; z Iau; >

tho;ehs; Nguhrpupau;;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.
- Nguhrpupau; . vk; . Ntjehjd;

jiytu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
- jpUkjp. rhe; j p Nfrtd; >

jiytu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
- jp; U kjp ehr; r pahu; nry; t ehafk; >

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;T)> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
- Nguhrpupau; fyhepjp kh.fUzhepjp>

fy;tpg; gPlk;> nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) v];. =Kuspjud;>

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) tp. gtNerd;.

- jpU.v];. KFe;jd;;>
- jpU. v];. ukzuh[h>

tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
- jpU. vd; . Rguh[; >

tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;Jehfupfk;>
njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> xYtpy;.
- jpU.vd;. thkd;>
tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
vOj;jhsu; FO
cs; t hup : - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>
n t spth up - jpU. ng. Ngupd; g uhrh

XA;Tngw;w Mrpupau;> kl;lf;fsg;G.
- jpUkjp vk; . rz; K fjh]; >

Mrpupau;;> jp;/ ,.fp. r. = NfhNz];tuh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up>
jpUNfhzkiy
- jpU. v]; . fkyehjd; ;

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>
kl;lf;fsg;G Nkw;F.
- jpUkjp. nfsry; a h fhe; j &gd;

Mrpupau;> aho;/; rz;bypg;gha; ,eJf; fy;Y}up>
aho;ghzk;.
- jpUkjp . vk; . NguUs; n ry; t p

Mrpupau;> kj;;/`l;/Vd;gy
P ;l; jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;>
bf;Nfhah> `l;ld;.
. - jpU. v]; . Nfhgpehj; >

Mrpupau;> jp;/fe;p/; NguhW guNk];tuh kfh tpj;jpahyak;>
fe;jsha;.
- jpUkjp . Mu; . U\he; j d;
Mrpupau;> nfh/ ghkd;fil ,uhkfpU\;zh tpj;jpahyak;
nfhOk;G-06
- jpUkjp . vk; . rptFkhud;

Mrpupau;> fy;/; thfiu jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> thfiu
.
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;
ml; i lg; g lk; - jpU. rJu kJrq;f
fhupahya cjtp - jpUkjp v];.rp.gpupaju;rdp

- jpUkjp kq;fypfh tp[aujd
- jpU..la]; mkurpqf ;
nraw;ghLfs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
1.0 : ,e;J ehfupfk;> ,e;Jg; gz;ghL
,e; J g; gz; g hLk; ehfupfKk; ,w; i wf; F 5000 Mz; L fSf; F g; gioik
tha;e;jitahFk;. ,jd; goikf;Fr; rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; rhd;whfpwJ. ,g;gz;ghLk;
ehfupfKk; ,d;Wtiuapy; ,e;J kf;fs; xUikg;ghl;LlDk; xw;Wik czu;TlDk;
tho;tjw;F toptFg;gdthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cyfpYs;s gy;NtW kf;fspd; mUik
ngUikfisAk; rpwg;Gf;fisAk; mstpl;L vilNghl;Lg; ghu;gg
; jw;F ,uz;L msitfis
itj;Js;sdu;. mtw;wpy; xd;W gz;ghL (Culture) kw;wJ ehfupfk;. (Civilization)
gz;ghL
gz;ghL vd;gJ gue;j nghUSld; gad;gLj;Jk; xU nrhy;;. ,J ‘Culture’ vd
Mq;fpyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;Fr; rkkhdjhfNt‘gz;ghL’ vDk;
jkpo;r; nrhy; nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapNy cUthdJ. ,jid jkpOf;Fj;
je;jtu; ‘urpfkzp. D.K.rpjk;guehjd;’ mtu;fs;. MdhYk; gz;ghL vd;gJ jkpOf;Fg;
Gjpa nrhy;yd;W. ,J njhd;W njhl;L toq;fptUk; nrhy;. ,jid rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
“rhy;G” vd;w gjj;jhy; Rl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk;> gz;G> gz;Gilik> rhd;whz;ik Kjypa
nrhw;fshYk; gz;ghL vd;gJ jkpou; kugpy; Rl;lg;gl;L te;Js;sij mwpa KbfpwJ.
,r;nrhw;fs; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; NtW rpy nghUs;fisf; Fwpj;jhYk;> gy ,lq;fspy;
gz;ghl;ilNa fUJfpwJ.
“gz;ngdg; gLtJ ghlwpe;J xOFjy;”–(fypj;njhif)>
“gz;Gilahu; gl;Lz;L cyfk;”– (jpUf;Fws;)
vd tUtjhw; fhzyhk;.
‘Culture’vDk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypy; tUk; ‘cult’ vd;gJ topghL vd;Wk;
mUj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;gb topghNl gz;ghl;bd; %yk; vd;gu;. kw;WnkhU tifapy;>‘culture’
vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; ‘Cultura Agri’ vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jJ
vd;gu;. ,jd; mUj;jk; “epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy;” vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb gz;ghL vd;gJ
“kdijAk; kf;fisAk; gz;gLj;JtJ”vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
‘gz;ghL’ vDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;; mike;jpUf;Fk; Kiwapd;gb Nehf;fpdhy;>“gz;”
vd;w tpidabiaAk; “ghL” vd;w njhopw;ngau; tpFjpiaAk; nfhz;L cUthd
nrhy;Ny ,J. “gz;Z”– vd;gJ nra;jy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,t;top>“Fwpj;j Xu;
,dNkh rKjhaNkh jdJ mwpthYk; mDgtj;j hYk; rpe;j idj; jpwj;j hYk;
jdf;nfd tFj;Jg; NgzptUk; nraw;ghNl gz;ghL” vdyhk;.
‘Agriculture’vd;w Mq; fpyg; gjj;j pd; Clhf cUthd xU nrhy; Ny
cultureÆgz;ghL. mjhtJ>kz;izg; gz;gLj;jy; tptrhak; vdg;gLtJ Nghy; kdpjidg;
gz;gLj;JtJ gz;ghL. kz;iz tptrhaj;Jf;F Vw;wjhfg; gz;gLj;jy; Nghd;W
tho;tpaYf;F kdpjidg; gz;gLj;JtJ gz;ghL vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
ehfupfk;
ehfupfk; vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘Civilization’ vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J ‘Civitas’vDk;
,yj;jPd; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,J “efuk;” vDk; nghUs; nfhz;lJ.
,r;nrhy; civil(civilis)>city(civitas), citizen(civis) Nghd;w nrhw;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;lJ.
,jd;gb ehfupfk; vd;gJ efuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.
‘ehfupfk;’ vDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;> efu;+mfk; vdg; gFj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

,jd;gb>“efuj;NjhL njhlu;GilaJ” vdg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb>ehfupfk;
vd;gJ “efu kf;fspd; jpUe;jpa tho;f;if”vdg;gLfpwJ.
efupfk; vd;w nrhy; ‘efuk;’ vd;w nrhy;ypd; jpupG. efu; + mfk; = efuk; vd;Wk;
efupfk; vd;Wk; ehfupfk; vdTk; jpupgile;J te;jjhf mwpQu; ghthzu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
,tupd; fUj;Jg;gb> vy;yh ehl;bYk; khe;ju; Kjd;Kjypy; efu epiyapNyNa ehfupfk;
mile;Js;sdu;. ,jdhy;> efug; ngaupy; ,Ue;J ehfupfg; ngau; Njhd;wpAs;sJ
vd;fpwhu;.
ehfupfk; vd;gJ jkpOf;Fg; Gjpa nrhy;yd;W. ,J Vwf;Fiwa 2000 Mz;Lfs;

gioikAilaJ. rq; f ,yf; f pakhd ew; w pizapy; ‘ehfupfk; ’ vDk; nrhy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid>“Kd;id ,Ue;J el;Nlhu; nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk; cz;gu;
fdp ehfupfu;”vd tUtjhy; mwpayhk;. ,f;fUj;jpid gpd; te;j ts;StUk;>”ngaf;
fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;liktu; eaj;jf;f ehfupfk; Ntz;Ltu;” (Fws;-580) vd ehfupfk;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ.
gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ?

gz;ghL vd;gJ Fwpj;j ,dk; my;yJ rKjhak; jdf;nfd tFj;Jg; NgzptUk;
nraw;ghL. ,jdbg;gilapy; ,jd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpahf rkanewp> jj;JtNehf;F>
mofpay; czu;T> Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;w gyTk; ntspj; Njhd;W fpd;wd. ,tw;iw
mtjhdpg;Nghu; Fwpj;j ,dNkh rKjhaNkh cau;e;j gz;ghL cilaJ vd;w KbTf;F
tUfpd;wdu;.
gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mf czu;T tsu;r;rpapd; rPu;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

mjhtJ> kdpjd; jd; rpe;jid mwpTj; jpwj;jhYk; cs; czu;Tj; jpwj;jhYk; cs;sj;ijg;
gz;gLj;jp> md;Gilatd;> mUs; cilatd;> ,uf;fk; cilatd;> tPuk; cilatd;>
kdk; cilatd;> Cf;fk; cilatd;> kupahij cilatd;> gpwu; eyk; NgZgtd;>
gzpTilatd; vdg; ngau; vLg;gJ vd;gd ,jpylq;Fk; mjhtJ> mfj; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd;
gz;gpid czu;j;Jk; nraw;ghLfs; midj;Jk; gz;ghl;bd; ghw;gl;lit. ,it kdpj
cs;Szu;thy; Gupe;J nfhs;sj;jf;fdtd;wp> fhl;rpahff; fhzj;jf;fd md;W. gpwpnjhU
tifapy;> gz;ghL vd;gJ rka epfo;r;rpfs;> Mrhuq;fs; rhjidfs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J
Njhd;wpajhff; fUj KbAk;. ,e;Jrka tuyhw;wpYk; gz;ghl;L tuyhNw Vida
tuyhWfisAk;tpl NkNyhq;fp epw;gjidf; fhzyhk;. gz;ghL vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s nghJthf %d;W %yfq;fs; JizGupfpd;wd. mit>
o ngWkhdk; (vz;zq;fs;) –tho;tpy; Kf;fpakhdJ vJ vd;gJ gw;wpa
vz;zq;fNs ngWkhdk;. mit gz;ghl;bd; Vida mk;rq;fis top
elj;Jfpd;wd.
o newpKiwfs; - ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kf;fs; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;G ,J. xt;nthU gz;ghl;Lf; FOTk; ,g;nghJ
tof;fq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
o nghUs; - gz;ghl;bd; “ngWkhdk;”>”newpKiw” vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ,J
ngwg;gLfpwJ.vd;gd.
gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ? vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; jpl;lkhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij

Kd;itg;gJ fbdk;. khWk; epiyAila kdpjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ gz;ghL
vd;gjhy;> jpl;lkhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itg;gjpy; rpf;fy; epyTfpwJ. MapDk;
mwpQu; ngUkf;fs; jk; mwpT epiyf;F Vw;g gz;ghL vd;gjw;Fg; gy tiutpyf;fzq;fis
Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gz;ghL vDk; vz;zf;fUit ehk; xUthW
Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
r%f mwpQu;fspd; (Social Scientists) fUj;Jg;gb>“gz;ghL vd;gJ tho;f;if
Kiw” (way of life)
S.itahGupg;gps;is –culture vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,uz;L nghUs;fspy;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. vd;whu; xd;W
kf;fspd; Mjp tuyw;wpy; xt;nthU fhyj;jpYk; mtu;fs; ,aw;wpf;
nfhz;l fUtpfs;> mtu;fs; tho;e;j rKjhaj;jpd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
ek;gpf;iffs; Kjypad ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpT epiy. kw;waJ
Culture vd;gJ xU nghJg; nghUs;. kf;fspd; mwpT eyk;> fUj;J
eyk;> Fz eyk;> xOf;f eyk; Kjypad nkd;NkYk; jpUe;Jfpd;w
epiy.
E.P. Tylor–Fwpj;j Xu; ,dkf;fspd; mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;fk;> rl;lk;>
elj;ijfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj gz;ghL.
Malinowsky– gz;ghL vd;gJ Xu; ,dj;jpd; ghuk;gupakhd gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfs;>
nghUs;fs;> njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; $l;L nkhj;jNk MFk;. ,J
kf;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l fUtp vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
ts;Stu; - gpwu; Nky; md;Gilik> cyfj;NjhL ,ize;j FbapNy gpwj;jy;
Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; xj;J tUjNy gz;Gilik vd cyfj;jhu; nrhy;Ytu;
vd;fpwhu;.
“md;Gilik Md;w Fbg;gpwj;j y; ,t;t puz;Lk;
gz;Gilik vd;Dk; tof;F” (Fws;-)
nj.ngh. kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; - “ngUk;ghYk; rpwe;j tho;f;iff;F mbg;gilahf
mikfpd;w csg;ghq;fpd; ntspg;ghNl gz;ghL MFk;.”vd;whu;.
vl;thl; gu;dhl; ilyu; - “gz;ghL vd;gJ mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;f
newpfs;> rl;lk;> tof;fk; KjyhditAk; kdpjd; r%fj;jpy; Xu; cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;J fw;Fk; gpw jpwikfSk; gof;f tof;fq;fSk; mlq;fpa KOj;
njhFjpahFk;.” vd;fpwhu;.
,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gz;ghL vd;gJ xU r%fj;jpy; fw;W mwpag;gLk; eltbf;iffs;
midj;ijAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. mfj; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; gz;gpid tsu;fF ; k; nraw;ghLfs;
midj;Jk; gz;ghL vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs;NsNa mlq;Ffpd;wd vdyhk;.
ehfupfk; vd;gJ ahJ?

ehfupfk; vd;gJ khe;jdJ Gwj; Njhw;w tsu;r;rpapd; nrk;ikiaf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
mjhtJ> kdpjd; jd; mwpTj; jpwj;jhYk; Mw;wyhYk; cs;Szu;Tj; jpwj;jhYk; Ngzp
tsu;j;J tUk; Ritahd czT> mofhd cil> trjpahd ciwAs;> tha;g;ghd
Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fs;>tsk; kpFe;j ehL> eyk; kpFe;j efuq;fs;> fy;tpr; rhiyfs;>
fiyf; $lq;fs;> tdg;ghd g+Q;Nrhiyfs;> tpisahl;L> ,ir> ehlfk;> $j;J> ehl;bak;
Xtpak;> rpw;gk; Nghd;w fiyak;rq;fs; Kjypaitfs; vy;yhk; kdpjdJ Gwj;Njhw;wg;ghl;Lf;
nfhs;ifiaf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. ,it ehfupfj;jpd; ghw;gl;lit. ,t;thwhd ehfupff;
$Wfis ehk; fz;zhy; fhz KbAk;. njhl;L czuKbAk;.
ehfupfk; vd;gJ “efuj;NjhL ,ize;jJ” vd;w mbg;gilapy;> gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fSldhd czT> cil> tPL vd;gtw;iw trjpNahLk; moFzu;NthLk; Mf;fpg;
gad;gLj;jy;> efu mikg;igj; Njitf;F Vw;gTk; Rit czu;Tf;Fg; nghUj;jkhfTk;
mikj;jy;> gpwNuhL ey;y Kiwapy; goFjy;> cs;sj;NjhL cliyAk; J}a;ikahf
itj;jpUj;jy;> Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fisf; iff;nfhs;sy;>Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd
Cu;jpfis mikj;jy;> nghUshjhuk;. murpay; ePjp epUthfr; nraw;ghLfis nrk;ikahf
mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy; vdg; gy;NtW tplaq;fs; ehfupfj;jpDs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ehfupfk; gw;wp mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;.
 lhf;lu; ,uhjhfpU~;zd; - ehfupfk; vd;gJ “xU ehl;bd; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis
toptopahfg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; gz;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOr;rp
ngw;wNj MFk;” vd;whu;.
 Mlk; /ngu;$]d; (Adam Ferguson) An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) –
ehfupfk; vd;why;>“jdpkdpjd; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;J kdpjj; jd;ik
cilatdhf tsu;rr ; p miltJ kl;Lky;yhJ> kdpj ,dNk Kul;Lj;jdj;jpypUe;J
gz;ghl;Lf;F Kd;NdWtJ MFk;.” vd;whu;.
 My;gu;l; ];tpl;ru; (Albert Schweitzer) –“ehfupfk; vd;gJ ve;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ghu;j;jhYk; ve;jr; nray;fs; kdpj Md;khitr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wdNth
mtw;wpd; xl;L nkhj;j Kd;Ndw;wk; MFk;.” vd;whu;.
gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk; xg;gPL

mftakhfj; jpfOk; gz;ghl;ilAk; Gwj; Njhw;wg;ghlhd ehfupfj;ijAk; mwpQu;
gyu; ,uz;Lk; xd;W vdTk; rpyu; NtwhdJ vd;Wk; ghu;ff
; pd;w epiyik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;tpU mk;rq;fisAk; xd;whf Nehf;Fk; mwpQu;fs;> mf tsu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhfg;
Gw tsu;r;rp miktJ Nghy gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rp ehfupfk; vd;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy;
,t;tpU mk;rq;fisAk; xd;nwd Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. MdhYk; cz;ikapy; ,it
,uz;Lk; xw;Wikapy; Ntw;Wik nfhz;l ,U vz;zf;fUf;fs; vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.
,t;tpuz;Lk; xd;wpy; xd;W njhlu;G nfhz;litahapDk; Ntw;WikAk; cs. ,J
EZfp MuhAk; NghJ ed;F Gyg;gLk;.
gz;ghL ehfupfk;
 Fwpj;j ehl;ltu; ehfupfj;ijj;  ehfupfk; ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk;.
Nju;e;njLg;gJ gz;ghL. (c-k; : rpe;Jntsp>vfpg;J> fpNuf;fk;).
 ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; r%fj;ij  r%fj;ij ,af;FtJ.
khw;wpaikg;gJ gz;ghL.
 gz;ghL nkJthf tsUk;.  Ntfkhf tsUk; jd;ikaJ
 gz;ghl;bd; Kjpu;rr; p epiyNa  gz;ghl;ilj; njhlu;tJ ehfupfk;
ehfupfk;.
 gz;ghl;il ,yFthf  ehfupfj;ij ,yFthfg; gpd;gw;wyhk;>
gpd;gw;wNth filg;gpbf;fNth filg;gpbf;fyhk;
KbahJ.
 kdpjupd; mfta elj;ijNa  kdpjupd; ntspg;Gw elj;ijNa ehfupfk;.
gz;ghL.
 nraYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;  tpisTg; gaid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.
mspg;gNjhL gaDf;F
Kjd;ik mspf;fhJ.
 gz;ghL kdpjidr; nrJf;Fk;.  ehfupfk; kdijr; nrJf;Fk;.
 kdpjDf;F ehfupfj;ijAk; tpl  ehfupfk; ,y;yhkYk; kdpjdhy; tho
gz;ghL ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,aYk;.
1.2 cyf ehfupfq;fspy; ,e;J ehfupfk;
,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bd; Muk;g epiyia mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ cyfpd; gioikahd

ehfhpfq;fspy; ,e;Jkj milahsk; ,Ue;jikf;fhd gy rhd;whjhuq;fis mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. ghgpNyhdpah ehfupf fhyj;jpy; ghgpNyhdpahtpw;F Nkw;Nf fhzg;gl;l
gFjpfspy; Mupa kjf; nfhs;ifAk; rk];fpUj nkhopAk; ,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. ghgpNyhdpah ehfupfk; kP J gilnaLj;j murh; tupirapy;
ghurPfj;jpid Ml;rp nra;j irw]; vd;gij tpGyhde;jh; jdJ “Nkw;wpirr; nry;tk;”
vd;Dk; E}y; %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. mj;NjhL ghurPf ehl;bw;Fk; ghgpNyhdpah
gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,uz;liu Nahrid J}uk; cs;snjd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
ghgpNyhdpahtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; Nty> Nty; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; nja;tnkhd;iw
topgl;ljhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL #hpa topghLk; ghgpNyhdpah kf;fsplk;
,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghgpNyhdpahtpy; rpd;> \hk];> cy; vd;Dk; jpup%h;j;jpf; nfhs;if ,Ue;jjhff;

$wg;gl;Ls;sNjhL jpup%h;j;jpfSf;fhd Nfhapy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rptd; vd;Dk;
ngah; ghgpNyhdpah kf;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xUtUlj;jpd; %d;whk; khjk;
rptd; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija ,e;J gQ;rhq;f Kiwg;gb %d;whk; khjk;
gq;Fdp vd;Wk;> ,e;J nja;tkhfpa rptngUkhDf;Fupa el;rj;jpukhf gq;Fdp cj;juk;
tpsq;FtJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. mq;F topglg;gl;l jpup%h;j;jpf; flTSf;Fupa
tUzidfis Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ,sk;gpiwr; re;jpuid jiyapy; #bapUe;jjhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;topghL rpttopghl;Lld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhf mikfpd;wJ.
fpNuf;f atd ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nkhopapay;

uPjpahd> gz;ghL uPjpahd njhlh;G ,Ug;gJ Ma;thsh;fshy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghgpNyhdpah ehfupfkhdJ ,e;J nja;t topghl;bd; %yhjhuq;fis cilajhf
,Uf;f ghurPf ehfupfKk; ,d;iwa ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bw;fhd epidTr; rpd;dq;fis
cilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vd “k[hk;jhh;” Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ghurPfk; vd;gJ
rpd;dhrpah vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L tl ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtJ
vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mupa fyhrhuj;jpdJ itjPf newpapdJ Njhw;WthahfTk;
%yhjhukhfTk; ghurPf ehfupfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
Nkw;gb ghgpNyhdpa ghurPf ehfupff; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;Jld; njhlh;G

gl;bUg;gjid Nehf;f Kbfpdw ; J. mjdhy; cyf ehfupf tuyhw;wpy; ,e;jpa ehfupfKk;
Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;g fl;likg;G rpe;J fq;ifr;
rkntspAld; njhlh;GilaJ. ,w;iwf;F 5000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rpe;J fq;ifr;
rkntsp ehfhpfq;fs; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jd. Ntjnewp ,e;jpahtpy; gutp itjPf
khh;f;fkhfg; guTKd;Ng ,e;J ehfupf kuG gutp ,Ue;jik mwpag;gl;lJ. rpt
topghl;bw;Fk; mk;kd; topghl;bw;Fkhd %yq;fis ,q;F fhz KbAk; njhy;nghUl;
rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;L ,e;Jg; gz;ghL gw;wpa tplaq;fs; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpa ehfupfk; rpe;Jntsp njhy;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tsu;r;rp
ngw;whYk; njhlu;e;J ,yq;if njd;fpof;fhrpah kf;fspilNaAk; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL
guTk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;jpa ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu rpe;J ntsp ehfupfk; Ntj ehfupfk;> Guhz
,jpfhr fij kuGfs;> tl,e;jpa tuyhW> kj;jpa ,e;jpa tuyhW> njd;dpe;jpa
tuyhW njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpuh> Nfush jkpo;ehL vd tpupT gl;ljhf
,e;J ehfupfj;jpd; gy;gupzhk tsu;r;rpia mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;iw mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ rq;f fhy jkpof ehfupfk;

rk];fpUj jkpo; fyhrhuf; fyg;Gf;fs; mjw;fhd ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; vd;git
Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tl ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Nfhtpy;fs;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ehzaq;fs;> rpd;dq;fs;> cUtq;fs; vd;git ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd;
gioikiag; gpd;gw;Wtdthf cs;sd.
,e;J ehfupf $Lfs; rq;ffhyk; njhlf;fk; ,yq;ifg; gz;ghl;Lld; njhlh;G

gl;bUg;gJk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ngsj;jk; ,yq;ifapy; tUif je;jijj; njhlh;e;J
,e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfs; tYtile;jd. ,yq;ifg; G+h;tPff; Fbfs; kPJ ,e;jpa ehfhpf
njhlh; G fs; tsh; r ; r paile; j d. ,yq; i fapd; nghyeWitf; fhyk; jkpof
njhlh;Gf;fhyk; ,yq;if 9Mk; kz;lykhfTk; [dehj kq;fyk; vd;Dk; ngaUlDk;
tpsq;fpaJ.
Nrhouhl;rpapNy ,yq;if kl;Lky;yhJ njd;fpof;fhrpa ehfupfq;fspYk; ,e;Jg;

gz;ghl;Lg; gutiy mtjhdpf;f Kbfpdw ; J. mjd; %ykhf ,e;J ngsj;j gz;ghl;Lf;
fyg;G Nkk;gl;lJ. rpt - Gj;j topghLk; Kjd;ikaile;jJ. fl;ll rpw;gq;fspy;
,e;J ngsj;j cwTfs; tpuptile;jd. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kNyrpah> fk;Nghbah>
gu;kh> jha;yhe;J> ahth> Rkj;jpuh> Nghh;zpNah Kjypa jPTfspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL
gutpaikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
mjidj; njhlh;e;J INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; FbNaw;w thjkhfg; gutyhapw;W.

mt;Ntisapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; ,yq;if ,e;jpa ehLfSf;Fkpilapy;
gz;ghl;Lj; n;jhlh;Gfs; tpuptile;jd. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l
r%f nghUshju mgptpUj;jpf; fhy fl;lj;ij mbnahw;wp Nkiy ehLfspy; ,e;jpa
,yq;if fyhr;rhug; guty; Vw;gl;Ls;sikia mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
kf;fs; ,dq;fs; fyhrhuq;fs;> kjq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Nru;fi; fAk; ,izg;G

gz; g hL> ehfupf tsh; r ; r pia Gyg; g Lj; J k; fz; z hbfshf tpsq; F fpd; w d.
mz; i kf; f hyj; j py; tpQ; Q hd njhopy; E l; g tsh; r ; r pahy; cyf kakhjy;
vd;gtw;Wf;fhd mbg;gilAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wpa rpe;jidAk; tsu;rr; paile;J
te;jpUg;gjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
1893,y; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; rpf;fhf;Nfh kfhehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lijj;

njhlhe;Jk; mnkupf;f kf;fis rNfhju rNfhjupfNs vd tpopj;J mioj;jijj;
njhlh;e;Jk; Nkiy ehl;ltUf;F ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;il mwpAk; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ.
1895y; ,yz;ld; khefupy; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; QhdNahf gpurq;fq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,jdhYk; Nkiyj;Nja kf;fsplk; ,e;J rkag; gz;ghL gw;wpa
tpsf;fk; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
Nahfkhh;f;fk; gw;wpa cgNjrq;fNs Nkiyehl;ltuhy; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ. ,jd;

%yk; Nkiy ehl;lth;fs; ,e;J rkanewpf;F Nahfkhh;f;fk;> thOk;fiy khh;f;fk;>
jpahd khu; f ; f k; vdg; Gjpa tpsf; f k; nfhLj; j dh; . kf; ] ; K y; y u; ,jid
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. Nghy; bArd; vd;gth; cyf Ntjhe;j kuigg; gug;Gtjw;Fg;
gzpnra;jhh;. [P.A.Nghg; mth;fs; irtrpj;jhe;j jj;Jtj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jdh;.
1950fSf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; njd;dhrpa ehLfspd; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;

fhuzkhf ,yq;ifah; ,e;jpah;fs; Nkw;F ehLfSf;Ff; FbngaUk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
,jdhy; Nkiy ehLfspy; topghl;Lj; jyq;fis mikf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; ,lk;
ngw;wd. gy;ypd fyhrhuj;jpy; ,e;J kjg; gz;ghLfspd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpa tplak;
gutyhapw;W. Mj;kfP tplaq;fspy; fho;g;Gzu;itf; iftpl;L ey;y tplaq;fspy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
fdlh gpupjj
; hdpah> mnkupff
; h> gpuhd;]>; N[h;kdp Kjypa ehLfspy; ,e;Jf; Nfhtpyf
; s;>
,e;J fphpiafs; nry;thf;F ngWk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa ,yq;if ehLfisg;
NghyNt jpUf;Nfhtpy; topghLfs; jpUf;Nfhapy; G+ir KiwfSk; tpUj;jpaile;jd.
fdlh ehl;by; fe;jGuhz fyhrhuk; nry;thf;Fg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,yq;if> ,e;jpa

rka mwpQh;fs; fe;j Guhz fyhrhuj;ijg; Guhz gldk; %yk; gug;gp tUfpd;wdu;.
nuhwd;Nuh> nkhd;wpay; Kjypa ehfupf tsh;r;rp fz;l efuq;fspYk; ,e;J ehfupf
mk;rq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;Ws;sd. tlmnkhpf;fh tiu Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhuq;fspy;
,e;Jg; gz;ghL tsh;r;rp ngw;Ws;sJ.
1.3 ,e;J ehfupfj;jpd; %yq;fs;
rpe; J ntspf; fhyk;

cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; gy;NtW ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fs; Njhd;wp tsu;r;rp
ngw;wd. mt;thW Njhd;wpa Vida ejpff ; iu ehfupfq;fSf;F xg;ghd rpwg;Gilajhf
rpe;Jntsp ehfupfKk; mikfpd;wJ. ,e;J ehfupfk; fp.K. 3250 njhlf;fk; fp.K.
2750 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;fp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gij Ma;thsu;fs;;
Jzpfpd;wdu;. rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,e;J rka ek;gpf;iffisf;
filg; gpbj;jdu; vd;gJ tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; jUk; cz;ik. ,e;Jrkak; ,w;iwf;F
5000 Mz;Lfs; gioik cilanjdf; nfhs;s ,lKz;L.
rpe;J ejp ghAk; gFjp 1922 njhlf;fk; 1930 tiuahd fhyj;jpy; Nru;. N[hd;
khu;\ypd; jiyikapy; mnyf;];rhz;lu;> fd;dpq;fhk;> tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; Kjyhd
GijnghUsha; t hsu; f shy; mfo; t ha; T f; F cl; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. mtu; f shy;
nkhfQ;rjhNuh> ùg;gh Nghd;w gy efu mopghLfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.mtw;Ws;
ùg;gh Nkw;Fg; gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpYk;> nkhfQ;rjhNuh ghfp]j ; hdpYk; cs;sd.
me;efuq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fl;llq;fs;> fw;rpiyfs;> ,ypqf
; tbtq;fs;> fspkz;
nghk;ikfs;> rpj;jpu tbt vOj;Jf;fs; Kjypa GijnghUl;fisf; nfhz;L rpe;J
ntsp kf;fspd; rkaepiy> tho;fi ; f Kiw vd;gdtw;iw mwpa KbAk;.
rka epiy
rpeJ
; ntspg; gpuNjr GijnghUl;fs; ,e;J rkar; rhu;GiladthfNt cs;sd.
,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l GijnghUl; rpdd
; q;fs; thapyhf ,k;kf;fs; ,e;Jj;
nja;tq;fis topgl;ldu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. irtj;jpd; guk;n ghUshfpa
rptid mf;fhy kf;fs;; Kf;fpakhd nja;tkhf topgl;ldu;. Kj;jpiufs;> ,ypq;f
tbtq;fs; vd;gd mf;fhy rpt topghl;il mwpa cjTfpdw ; d. Kj; jpiu xd;w py;
Nahf epiyapy; mku;e;j xU tbtk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t; t b t k ; j i y k P J
tise;j nfhk;Gfs;> ,Lg;gpy; ,ul;ilg; gl;ilahf miuf;fr;ir vd;w mq;f
,yl;rzq;fSld; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. Nahfp tbtj;jpd; fPo;g; Gwj;jpy; ahid> Gyp>
vUJ> fhz;lhkpUfk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fisf; fhzyhk;. mt;tbtj;jpid Nru;. N[hd;
khu;\y; Nghd;wtu;fs; rpt tbtj;Jld; ,dq;fhz;fpd;wdu;.
jw;fhyr; rf;jp topghl;Lld; ,dq;fhzj;jf;fjhf rpe;J ntsp kf;fspilNa

epytpa jiug;ngz; topghL mikfpwJ. xU ngz;zpd; fUg;igapy; ,Ue;J nrb
xd;W Kisg;gJ Nghd;W nghwpff ; g;gl;Ls;s Kj;jpiuia ,jw;F Mjhukhff; fhl;Ltu;.
cw;gj;jpfF
; f; fhuzkhd G+khNjtpia (g+kpia) ,k;kf;fs; jhahf topgl;ldu;
vdf; nfhs;tu;. Ma;thsu;fs; ,j;nja;tj;ij jiug;ngz; topghL my;yJ jha;j;
nja;t topghL vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
RLkz; jhaj;njhd;wpy; Kf;fhyp xd;wpdN

; ky; ghw; fpzz ; k; fhzg;gLfpdw
; J. mUfpy;
ghk;G jdJ glj;ij tpupj;jgb cs;sJ. ,d;Wk; vkJ rkaj;jpy; ehfj;jpw;F ghy;>
gok; gilj;J topgLk; kuG ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. rpy Kj;jpiufspy; kuq;fSk;>
mk;kuq;fspy; ciwAk; ngz; Njtijfspd; tbtq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU
Kj;jpiuapy; kuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ngz; cUtk; fhzg;gl mjd; fPo; xU ngz;
mt;tbtj;jpid topgLk; tifapy; fhl;rpaspff ; pdw
; J. vdNt mk;kf;fs; tpUl;rq;fis
my;yJ mtw;wpy; ciwAk; nja;tq;fis topgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nfhs;tu;.
#upa topghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila Mjhuq;fSk; rpe;Jntspg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d.

,d;iwa ,e;J kjj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; topghLfSf;F xg;ghd rkar; rlq;Ffs;
mf;fhy kf;fspilNa epytpaij czuyhk;. caukhd Nfhapy;fis mikj;j
RNkupa kf;fNshL tzpfj; njhlu;Gfisf; n f hz;b U e ; j r pe ;J n ts p k f;fs ;>
epiyahd Nfhtpy;fis mikj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUj ,lKz;L. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
Nfhtpy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd; W fUjg; g Lk; ,lk; ,Jtiu mfo; t ha; T
nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,q;Fs;s nra;Fsj;jpw;fUNf vl;L miwfisf; nfhz;l fl;llk;
xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;ntl;L miwfSk; NkNy VWtjw;Fg; gbf;fl;Lf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
fl;blj;jpd; mikg;ig mtjhdpj;j Ma;thsu;fs; ,q;F tho;e;jtu;fs; irtrkar;

rhu;Gilatu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUJtu;. Kj;jpiufspy; ,iwtdpd;
Kd; Ml;ilg; gpbj;jpUg;gjidg; NghyTk;> xU ngz; kz;bapl;l tz;zk; ,Uf;f>
xUtd; this Xq;FtJ NghyTk; fhzg;gLtJ. ,k;kf;fspilNa gypapLjy; Kf;fpakhd
rlq;fhf ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fupa rhd;whf mikfpwJ.,d;iwa ,e;J rkaj;jpy; epyTk;
Mya topghl;Lld; njhlu;GilajhfTs;s epNtjd topghl;bid ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Mjhuq;fisAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. Kj;jpiunahd;wpy; ngz;fs; gilf;Fk; jl;Lf;fis
Ve;jpathW fhzg;gLfpdw; du;. g+irj; jl;Lfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;wikapidf; nfhz;L>
nja;tq;fSf;F g+irg; nghUl;fis epNtjdkhfg; gilj;J topgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf;
fUJtu;. Kj;jpiufspy; cs;s vOj;J tbtq;fs; “gRgjp” vd;Dk; ngaiur; Rl;Ltjhf
Nru; N[hd; khu;ry; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Ez; f iyfs;
rpeJ
; ntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fiyfspd; tsu;rr ; pia fhzKbfpdw
; J. nkh`Q;rjhNuh>
ùg;gh Nghd;w ,lj;Jf; fl;llq;fSk; mf;fhyf; fl;llf;fiyapd; t s u ; r ; r p i a
mwptjw;F cjTfpdw ; d. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; khspif Nghd;w fl;ll mikg;Gfs;> fsQ;rpa
miw> ePuhLfpdw ; Fsk;> khb tPLfs;> tPLfs; vd;W gy fl;llq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
fl;;llk; xd;W 242 mb ePsKk; 112 mb mfyKk; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. kio
ePUf;Fj; jhf;Fg; gpbf;Fk; tz;zk; ntspg;Gwr; Rtu;fSf;Fr; Rl;l nrq;fw;fisg;
gad; g Lj; j pAs; s du; . cl; G wr; R tu; f Sf; F #isaplg; g lhj nrq; f w; f isg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mLf;F khbtPLfSf;F mjd; ghuj;ijj; jhq;Fk; tifapy;
eLg;gFjpr; Rtu;fs; jbg;ghf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nkh`Q;rjNuh> ùg;gh Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW rpw;g

tbtq;fSk; mf;fhy rpw;gf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. rpe; J ntspf; fhyk;
rpw;gf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjhf Ma;thsu; gyu; fUJtu;. Nru;. N[hd;. khu;\y;
~,e;jpa rpwg; f;fiy ,e;jpahtpwN
; f cupaJ| vd;W $WtjidAk; fhzyhk;. rpeJ ; ntsp
kf;fs; rpwg
; q;fSf;F ntz;fyk;> gOg;G epwf; fw;fs;> Rz;zf; fw;fs; Kjypatw;wpid
%yg;nghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. rpeJ ; ntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; ntspgg
; Lj;jg;gl;l rpwg
; q;fSs;
ntz;fyj;jpdhyhd eldkhjpd; tbtk;> Mltu; tbtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
ntz;fyj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s eld khjpd; tbtk; tOtOg;ghfTk; xOq;fhd
eldj;jpwF; j; Njhw;Wtha; Mfyhk;| vd;W kh. ,uhrkhzpff ; dhu; fUJfpdw ; hu;.
Jisfis cilajhff; fhzg;gl;l CJFoy; thrpf;Fk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jjhf

mwpQu; khf;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,q;F fpilf;fg; ngw;w kl;ghz;lq;fs; kPJ ghk;Gfs;>
kPd;fs;> tl;lq;fs;> rJuq;fs;> ,iyfs; vd;W gy cUtq;fs; Xtpaq;fshfj;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. kl;ghz;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tbtq;fs; mf;fhy Xtpaf;fiy gw;wp
mwpa cjTfpdw ; d. Kj;jpiufspy; nghwpff
; g;gl;Ls;s kpUjq;fk;> jtpy; Nghd;w rhd;Wfs;
mf;fhy ,irf; fiy gw;wp mwpa cjTtd.
tho;f;if Kiw
rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjr kf;fs; ehfupfk; cila tho;f;ifia tho;e;jikf;Ff;
Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l GijnghUl; rpdd
; q;fNs rhd;whf mikfpdw
; d.
rpe;J ntspg; gpuNjr kf;fspd; Kf;fpakhd njhopyhf thzpgNk fhzg;gl;lJ.
rpe;Jntspapy; fpilj;j Kj;jpiufs;> kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fUtpfs; Nghd;wit RNkupah>
nkhrg;gNjkpah> vfpg;J Kjypa ehLfspy; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wikiaf; nfhz;L
rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; Nkw;$wpa ehl;L kf;fSld; tzpfj; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jdu;
vdf; nfhs;tjw;F ,lKz;L. fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> jr;Rj; njhopy;> rpw;gj; njhopy;>
iftpidj; njhopy; vd;gd Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; mk;kf;fs; <Lgl;ldu;. ,q;F
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kjFUtpd; Milapy;; g+Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; $ba rpj;jpuj;ijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ. Mz;fs; Nkyhilfis mzpAk; mstpw;F mf;fhy kf;fs;
ehfupfKilatu;fshf tho;e;jdu; vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. k p f g ;
ngupa efu mikg;igAk; ghJfhg;ghd Rw;whliyAk; cila ehfupf tho;itAk;
gpd;gw;wpdu;. neUf;fkhd tPl;L mikg;ghy; xUikg;ghlhd r%f mikg;G
ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;y paw; rpd;d q;f s;
gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; rKjha tho;tpaYld; neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gilait. gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fshf rkak;> fiy> tho;tpay;> fphpia> ,yf;fpak;> muR> ,iwek;gpf;if
Mfpad mikAk; Nkw;gb gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; ,e;J ehfupf tuyhw;wpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rhd;Wfshf tpsq;Ffpdw
; d. tuyhw;W %yq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba
tuyhw;W %yq;fshfTk;> Cfkhd gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpNy
tpQ;Qhd G+h;tkhdjhf mtjhdpf;Fk; KiwapaiyAk; fhzyhk;. tuz;Kiwahd
tpQ;Qhdk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; ,f;nfhs;if Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; tuyhw;Wj; jlaq;fis mwptjw;fhd

%yr;rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfis Gyikahsu;fs; thrpj;J mwpAk;
NghJ gz;ghl;L Nth;fis milahsk; fhzKbAk;. ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; fhyj;Jf;Ff;
fhyk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk; kuGfspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; mwptjw;F ,J ngupJk;
cjTfpd;wJ. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspy; G+h;tPf fl;llq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> rpd;dq;fs;>
cNyhf gbkq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;Gg;gl;laq;fs;> ehzaq;fs; nghwpg;Gf;fs;
Mfpad cs;slq;Fk; mopahJ fhyk; fhykhf epiyj;J epw;Fk; njhy;nghUs;
rpdd ; q;fs; cWjpahd rhd;whjhuq;fs; vd;gjpy; Iakpyi; y. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspy;
mlq;Fk; gl;laq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> rhrdq;fs; Mfpad mopahr;
rhd;WfshfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,j;jifa njhy;nghUs; vOj;Jf;fs; Muk;gj;jpy;
,yf;fpa tbtq;fshfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sd. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; “];t];jp=” vd;Wk;
nrhy; kq; f yKz; l hFf vd; D k; fUj; i jf; Fwpg; g pLtjhf mikfpd; w J.
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; mit vOjg;gl;l fhyk;> mjd; Nehf;fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;L me;j
Nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;gth;fs; mile;J nfhs;Sk; Jd;gq;fSk; vLj;Jf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. fy;ntl;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; gilf;fpstp vDk; thrfg; gFjpapy;
fy;ntl;by; $wg;gl;ltw;Wf;F khwhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLgtu;fs; milAk; Jd;gk;
gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhf jpUf;NfjPr;ru jpUj;jyk; gw;wpa
fy;ntl;bidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jkpo; ehl;by; ghly; ngw;w jyq;fs; jkJ %u;j;jp jy
jPhj
; j; ngUikiaAk; Nfhtpy; gz;ghLfisAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;Dk; njhy;nghUs;
rhd;Wf@lhfNt vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. gy;yth;> Nrhoh;> ehaf;fu; gz;bau; tp[aefuh;
Kjyhd muru;fsJ gz;ghLfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdpj;jdpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L kuGf;fhd rhrd tbtq;fspy; $Ljyhdit Nfhapw; rhrdq;fshFk;.

Myaj;jpw;F murh;fs; toq;fpa MjuTfis mit Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Mya
epge;jidfs; Mya topghLfis Rl;bf; fhl;bahy; ,j;njhy; nghUl; rpd;dq;fs;
,e;J rkar; rhu;ghditahf mike;Js;sd. Mya topghLfs; Mya rKjha
njhlh;Gfs; vd;git ,f;fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
fy;ntl;Lg; nghwpg;Gf;fisg; NghyNt rpd;dq;fs; nghwpg;Gf;fSk; ,e;J ehfupf

tsh;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. kl;ghz;lk;> [hbfs; vOj;Jf;fs; ghtidf;
fUtpfs; vd;gitAk; gz;ghl;Lr; re;jh;g;gq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. njhy;nghUl;
rpd;dq;fspd; mikg;G> tbtk;> %yk;> ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l
,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bd; ffl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpia milahsg; gLj;jyhk;. kd;dh;fsJ
ngUikfisf; $Wk; J}z;fs;> ];jk;gq;fs; vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ rpw;g
FwpaPLfisAk; myq;fhur; rpd;dq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
njhy;nghUl;rpd;dq;fspy; mlq;Fk; fl;ll kuGk; mjDld; ,ize;j myq;fhu

tbtq;fSk; ,e;J ehfupfg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;tif milahsq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;J
tdthf mike;Js;sd. xt;nthU murh; kugpdh; gpd;gw;wpa jdpj;Jtkhd fiy
tbtq;fs; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;f@lhf ntspg;gLk; xt;nthU fhyj;Jf;Fkhd fiy
tbtq;fis epUzapg;gjpy; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mfo;tha;T nra;ag;gl;l fl;llq;fs; ,e;jpaf; fl;llf;
fiyf;F Mjhukhdit. ngUkz;lgk;> tPl;L miwfs;> ePuhLk; rhiyfs;> tPjpfs;
Kjypad fl;llf;fiyf;fhd Mjhuq;fshf Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tl,e;jpahtpd;
Nfhtpy; fl;blq;fs; mf;fhy Nfhtpy; mikAk; #oiy tpgupgg ; Jld;> ehfu;ghzpapyhd
kio eP h ; j ; N jf; f j; j py; ,Ue; J ghJfhg; g jw; f hd cau; $k; G tbtpdjhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kiyg; ghq;fhd gFjpapy; ehw;rJukhd jsj;ij cilajhd
fl;llq;fSk; rkepyg; gug;gpNy tl;l tbtkhd fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia
fhzKbfpd;wd. Nfhtpypd; mbg;ghfk; tl;l tbtkhf mike;J fhzg;gLk; J}gp
Ntlu;ghzpf; fiyahFk;. jkpo; ehl;by; jpuhtplkhzpf;f fiytbtf; Nfhtpy;fs;
,e;Jf; Nfhtpy; fyhrhuj;jpd; njhy;nghUs; vr;rq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
njhy;nghUs; nghwpg;Gfspy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fs; gpujhd

Mjhuq; f shff; Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s d. ,tw; i w fhRfs; vdTk; Fwpg; g pLth;
ehzag;glq;fs;> ehza vOj;Jf;fs;> ehzaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhyk;
vd; g it ,e; J ehfupf kugpd; cWjpahd tuyhw; W j; juTfshfr; Rl; b f;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
ehzaq;fisg; NghyNt rpw;gq;fs; tpf;fpufq;fs; KjypadTk; rhfhtuk; ngw;w

tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshFk;. fy;> kuk;> cNyhfk; vd;gtw;iw %ykhff; nfhz;L
,r;rpw;gq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpw;g vOj;Jf;fs; rpw;grpj;jpuq;fs; vd;gd NgRk;
tuyhWfshfNt cs;sd. tuyhw;Wj; jlakhf kl;Lkd;wp fiy MSik> fiyurid>
,yf;fpaj; njhlh;Gfis ntspgg ; Lj;jf; $bathW njhy; rpwg
; tbtq;fs; tpsq;Ffpdw; d.
nja;tPf rpw;gk;> Mly; rpw;gk;> mbahh; rpw;gk; myq;fhu rpw;gk; vd rpw;gf;fiy
kuG gy;tifg; gupzhkk; ngw;Ws;sJ vdf; $wKbAk;. njhd;ikahd rpw;gq;fNs
cyfshtpa epiyapy; ,e; J g; g z; g hl; L tbtq; f isg; giw rhw; W fpd; w d.
ntspehl;lth;fs; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; Mh;tk; nfhs;tjpy; rpw;gf;fiy ngUk;gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wJ.
,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fs;
cyfshtpa ,yf;fpaq;fspNy nja;tPf G+u;tkhdJk; ,iwek;gpf;if rhu;e;jJk;
gf;jp G+h;tkhdJkhd ,yf;fpaq;fshf tpsq;Fgit ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fNs.
,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if njd;fpof;fhrpah Mfpa ehLfspd;
nkhopfSld; njhlh;ghditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;dhrpa> njd;fpof;fhrpa
ehLfs; gy;fyhrhu> gd;kj> gy nkhopNgRk; gpuNjrq;fshff; fhzg;gLtjhy; gy
nkhop ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;l fyhrhur; nry;thf;fpid ,g;gpuNjrq;fspNy
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
,e;Jkj %yE}y;fs; vd;Dk; tifapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tlnkhop E}y;fSk;

jkpo; E}y;fSk; ngUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. tlnkhop
E}y; f spNy Ntj ,yf; f paq; f Sk; Mfkq; f Sk; Kjd; i k ngWfpd; w d.
“NtjNkhlhfkk; nka;ahk; ,iwtd; E}y;” vd;gJ jpUke;jpug;ghly;tup MFk;.
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; mwpTf;fhy %yg;gpukhzq;fshf fhl;rp> fUj;J> ciu vd;Dk;
%d;Wk; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy; ciu vd;gJ Mg;j thf;fpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
Mg;j thf;fpak; vd;gJ rhd;Nwhh; ciuahf tpsq;Fk; ,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fs;. tuyhw;W
uPjpahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpukhz E}y;fs; vd;W $wg;gLk; Ntjk; Mfkk; vd;gtw;iwj;
njhlh;e;J fhtpak; ( ,uhkazk;> kfhgujk;) (tlnkhopg;Guhzk;> jkpo;g;Guhzk;
jyGuhzk;) jh;krhj;jpuk;> gjpfk;> jpUKiwfs; jpt;a gpuge;jk;> fd;dl> njYq;F
E}y;fs; ehlf ,yf;fpak;> rpww; pyf;fpak; vd;gtw;Wld; goq;fijfs;> tha;nkhopff
; ijfs;
vd;gdTk; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs. rkak;> fiy> muR> jj;Jtk;> gf;jp Mfpa gz;ghl;L
mk; r q; f is ntspg; g Lj; J tdthf ,e; J rka ,yf; f paq; f s; mikfpd; w d.
rpw;grhj;jpuq;fs;> ehl;ba rhj;jpuk;> mh;j;jrhj;jpuk;> ,irE}y;fs; vd;gdTk; ,e;Jg;
gz;ghl;il mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd %y,yf;fpaq;fshf kpsph;fpd;wd. eldk;> ehlfk;>
muq;F ,ir ehl;ba fiyQd; Mfpa midj;J tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
ngUk; rhj;jpukhf gujKdptuJ ehl;ba rhj;jpuk; mikfpd;wJ.
%yg; gpukhz E}y;fisj; njhlh;e;J topE}y; rhh;GE}y; kuGfSk; Njhw;wk;

ngw;Ws;sd. irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; Kjy;E}y;> topE}y;> rhh;GE}y;> kuigg;
gpd;gw;Wtd. topE}y;> rhh;G E}y; tupirapy; ciuE}y;fs; jyGuhzq;fs; vd;gdTk;
,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,yq;ifapd;
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisg; gw;wp kfhtk;rk;> #stk;rk;> jlhtk;rk; Kjypa E}y;fSk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
jj; Jthh; j; j ,yf; fpaq; fspd; vOr; r p ,e;J jj;J t tuyhw; iw NkYk;
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. cgepljk; gpuk#j;jpuk;> gftj;fPij vd;Dk; gpu];jhd jpua
E}y;fs; Kf;fpakhdit. ,jidj; njhlh;eJ ; gpu];jhd jpua E}y;fSf;fhd ciufSk;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,uhkDrh; ciu =gh\pak; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Nkw;gb ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;lk;rq;fspd; %yf;fUj;Jf;fs;. ,it

khw;wj;ijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltdthf mike;Js;sd. ,e;J ehfupf
tsh;r;rpia xg;gPl;L epiyapy; Nehf;f ,it NkYk; cjTk;. tlehl;bd; ,e;Jg;
gz;ghl;L epiy> jkpof ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L epiy vd;gtw;Wf;F ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs;
rhd;W gfUfpd;wd. gf;jp ,yf;fpa kuG cd;djkhdJ irtg; gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
itztg; gf;fjp ,yf;fpak; vdg; gf;jp ,yf;fpa kuG tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.
tuyhw;Wf; rk;gtq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wk; jyGuhzq;fSk; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il mwpa

cjTk; ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fNs ,yq;ifapYk; = j\pz ifyhr Guhzk; NfhNzrh;
fy;ntl;L> jpUf;NfhzhryGuhzk; Mfpad ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; Guhjd tsh;r;rpia
Rl;bf;fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd.
Ntjq;fs;
,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fSs; Ntjk;> Mfkk; vd;gd Kjy; E}y;fs; vdTk; gpukhz

E}y;fs; vdTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Ntjk; vd;w nrhy; ~tpj;| vd;Dk; tpidabapypUe;J
Njhd;wpaJ. mJ mwpT vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk;. mjdhy; Ntjq;fis mwpT E}y; vdf;
nfhs;tu;. Ntjq;fs; ,iwtdhy; mUspr; nra;ag;gl;lit vd;gJ NkNyhu; kuG.
Ntjq;fis tFj;jtu; my;yJ njhFj;jtu; tpahru;. tpahru; vd;gJ xU

fhuzg;ngau;. mjw;Fj; njhFg;ghrpupau; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tu;.tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy;
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; fp.K. 1500 - fp.gp. 600 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntjq;fis vOjhkiw> vOjhf;fpstp> RUjp> kiw>
mngsUNrak;> Rak;G> Mk;eak; Kjyhd gy ngau; nfhz;L miog;gu;.
Ntjq;fspd; tif
Muk;gj;jpy; Ntjq;fs; “jpuaP tpj;ah” vd %d;whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld. mit
,Uf;F> aRu;> rhkk; vd;gd. gpd;du; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j mju;t NtjKk; ,izf;fg;gl;L>
ehd;fhff; $wg;gl;ld. Ntjq;fs; ehd;F vd;gjdhy; mit rJu;kiw> rJu;Ntjk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ehy; ntjq;fSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; ,Uf;F Ntjk; 10
kz;lyq;fisAk; 1028 #f;jq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 101 rhiffisf; nfhz;l a#u;
Ntjk; fpU~;z a#u;> Rf;fpy a#u; vDk; ,U gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. rhk Ntjk;
1549 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; g+u;t Mu;rpfk;> cj;ju Mu;rpfk; vd;Dk; ,U
gpupTfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mju;tz Ntjk; 20 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 731 #f;jq;fisAk;>
6000 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ehd;F Ntjq;fSk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fisAk; ehd;F gFjpfisAk; cilad.

rq;fpij> gpuhkzk;> Muzpafk;> cgepljk; vd;gd ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sd. mtw;Ws;
rq;fpij vd;gJ ke;jpuq;fspd; njhFg;G. gpuhkzk; vd;gJ Nts;tpf; fpupiafSf;Fupa
tpjpfisf; $Wfpd;wJ. Muzpafk; vd;gJ thdg;gpu];jDf;Fupa rka mDl;lhdq;fisf;
$wpAs;sJ. cgepljk; vd;gJ cz;ikg;nghUs; gw;wpa tprhuizfisf; nfhz;lJ.
rq;fpij> gpuhkzk; vd;gd Ntjj;jpd; fu;k fhz;lg; gFjpiar; rhu;e;jit. Muzpafk;>
cgepljk; vd;gd Ntjj;jpd; Qhd fhz;lg; gFjpiar; rhu;ej
; it. ,it jtpu Muzpafk;
vd;w gFjpia cghrid fhz;;lk; vd;W miof;Fk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ.
Ntjfhy rkaepiy
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa rka epiy gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
Ntj fhy kf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l ,aw;if topghL gw;wp ,it tpgupf;fpd;wd.
,aw;if mk;rq;fNs ehsiltpy; nja;tq;fshf cau;T ngw;wd. Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gLk;
33 nja;tq;fisAk; mit thOk; ,lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpz;Zyfj; nja;tq;fs;>
,ilAyfj; nja;tq;fs;> kz; cyfj; nja;tq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
nja;tq;fs; topgLNthUf;F tuq;fis nfhLg;gdthfTk; giftu;fis mopg;

gdthfTk; tpsq;fpd vd Ntjq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ls;sd. Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gl;l nja;tq;fNs
gpw;fhy rka tsu;r;rpapd; nja;tPf ek;gpf;ifapy; gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.
Ntjfhy kf;fs; nja;tq;fSf;Fr; nra;j topghLfs;> fpupiafs; gw;wp Ntjq;fs;
$wpAs;sd.
Ntjq;fspy; m~;tNkjk;> ,uh[#ak;> th[Ngak;> GU~Nkjk;> ru;tNkjk; Nghd;w

Nts;tpfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nts;tp topghl;by; GNuhfpjd;>
mf;fpdp gfthd;> Nrhkd; vd;Nghu; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jdu;. Nts;tpf; fpupiafspd;NghJ
XkFz;lk; mikj;jy;> mf;fpdp tsu;j;jy;> jhd]; Jjp ghLjy;> gypapLjy;> jhdk;
toq;Fjy;> jl;riz toq;Fjy; Kjyhd fpupiafs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Nts;tpfspd; gpujhd
Nehf;fk; cyfpay; ,d;gq;fNsahFk;. ePz;l MAs;> Nghupy; ntw;wp> Neha; ePf;fk;
Kjyhd cyfpay; ,d;gq;fis mthtp Nts;tpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. rtpj;jpU vDk;
Qhapw;Wf; flTSf;Fupa fhaj;jpup ke;jpu nrgk;> tpg+jp jhuzk; gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fspy;
fhzyhk;.
Rf;fpy a#u; Ntjk; cUj;jpuDf;Fupa gy jpUehkq;fis E}W Kiw$wp topgLk;

rjUj;jpupa topghl;L Kiwiaf; $wpAs;sJ. ,J Ntjfhy topghl;LKiwfSs;
,yFthdjhf miktJld;> xU jpUg;GKidahTk; mikfpwJ. ,irahy; ,iwtid
topgLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rhk Ntjk; ,iw
topghl;bw;Fupa ,irg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; fpuhkNfa fhdk;> Muz;zpa
fhdk; vDk; ,Utifg; ghly;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ> ,Uf;F Ntjk; \J}a;ikahd
,iwtid J}a ghly;fshy; Nghw;WNthkhf| vd;W ,irahy; ,iwtid topgLjy;
gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.
mju;tz Ntjk; rhjhuz kf;fspilNa epytpa khe;jpuPf ek;gpf;iffSf;F

mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sJ. gpwUf;F jPik jUk; ke;jpuq;fs; ,jpy; mjpfk;
fhzg;gbDk; topgLNthidf; Fwpj;J ed;ik jUtdtha; mike;jd. ngs~;bfhzp>
MA];~hdp> ];jpuPfu;khzp> uh[fu;khzp Nghd;w gFjpfs; nry;tr; nropg;igAk;> epiwe;j
MAisAk; ngz;fspd; RgPl;rk; gw;wpAk;> murdpd; ed;ik gw;wpajhfTk; mike;jit.
Ntjfhy kf;fspd; r%ftho;T
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk;

tpgupg;gd. jdpkdpj tho;fi; fg; gbepiyfshfpa gpukr;rupak;> fpUf];jk;> thdg;gpu];jk;>
re;epahrk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfis Ntjq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy;
cs;s gpuk;krupa #f;jk;> Kdp #f;jk;> jpUkzk; gw;wpa ghly;fs; Kjypatw;wpy;
tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUkzk;> fztd; kidtp cwT>
FLk;g tho;T> fztupd; flikfs; gw;wpAk; mit Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. fztd; - kidtp
vd;Nghiur; Rl;Lk; \jk;gjp| vd;Dk; njhlu; ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;sJ. FLk;gj;
jiytdpd; flikfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ Nts;tpr; rlq;fpid Mw;Wjy;.
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf> mf;fhy r%ff; fl;likg;G> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;

vd;gdtw;iw mwpayhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; epw my;yJ ,d mbg;gilapyhd ,Utifr;
r%f mikg;Ng epytpaJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; tYg;ngw;w ehy;tif tUzf; fl;likg;gpd;
njhlf;fj;ij ,Uf;F Ntj GU~ #f;jg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;. kfhGU~dpd;
clk;gpypUe;J ehy;tUzj;jhUk; Njhd;wpajhf GU~ #f;jg; ghly; $WfpwJ. ,J
ehd;F tUzk; njhlu;ghf rka mq;fPfhuj;Jld; $wg;gl;l Kjw;gjpthf cs;sJ. ehy;
tUzj;jtUs; gpuhkzu; r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ldu;. rjgjg;
gpuhkzk; \gpuhkzu;fs; mtdpapy; elkhLk; nja;tq;fs;| vd;W $wpAs;sJ. Ntl;ly;>
Ntl;gpj;jy;> Xjy;> XJtpj;jy; vd;gd gpuhkzu;fspd; Kf;fpa flikfs; vdf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.
Ntj fhyr; r%f mikg;gpy; rj;jpupau;fSk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpj;jdu;.

Ntj fhy kf;fs; FOf;fshf tho;ej ; du;. mjid mLj;J FOj; jiytu;fs; muru;fshf
cau;T ngw;wdu;. muru;fs; khspifapy; trpg;gtu;fshfTk;> cau;ej
; Mil Mguzq;fs;
mzpgtuhfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu vdf;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; NgZk; tifapy;
murdpd; Ml;rp mika Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ. murupd; kFlhgpN~fj;jpd;
NghJ \kd;duhfpa ePu; ,d;W Kjy; typNahiuAk; nkypNahiuAk; rkkhf elj;JtPuhf|
vd;W GNuhfpjd; Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhd;. murDld; njhlu;Gila rgh> rkpjp Kjyhd
epWtdq;fs; gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fs; $wpAs;sd. murdJ md;whlr; nraw;ghLfSld;
njhlu;G ciladthf ,e;epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
Ntjq; f spy; jj; J t rpe;j idfs;
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;J nka;apay; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilr; rpej; idfisAk;

nfhz;Ls;sd. guk;nghUs;> Md;kh> gpugQ;rk;> xOf;fk; njhlu;ghd gy tplaq;fs;
eh]jPa #f;jk;> [k #f;jk;> tUz #f;jk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,Uf;F Ntjg ghlypy;> ~Vfk; rj; tpg;uh gFjh tje;jp| vd;Dk; njhlu; xU flTs;
nfhs;ifia gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;s eh]jPag; ghlypy;
,e;J nka;apaypy; cs;s mj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;by; typAWj;jg;gLk; xUik thjj;jpd;
Muk;gj;ijf; fhzyhk;.
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpugQ;rk;> Md;kh> upjk; njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfisAk;

fhzyhk;. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;s ak #f;jk;> ,wg;G gw;wpa ghly;fs; Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; Md;khtpd; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpw;gl;l epiy> Md;khtpd; fd;k tpidfs;>
tpidfSf;fhd gad;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. gpugQ;r cw;gj;jp> gpugQ;rg;
gilg;Gf;F Kw;gl;l epiy> gilg;gpd; %yhjhuk; gw;wpa tplaq;fis ,Uf;F
Ntjj;jpYs;s eh]jPa #f;jj;jpy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
,Uf;F Ntjj;jpYs;s tUzd; gw;wpa ghly;fspy; tUk; tUz #f;jk; xOf;fk;

gw;wpa rpej
; idfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. upjj;Jf;Fupa nghWg;Gilatd; tUzd;. mjdhy;
upj];a Nfhgh vd;w ngau; mtDf;Fz;L. tUzd; cyf xOq;ifg; NgZgtdhfTk;>
kdpju;fspd; xOf;fj;ijf; fz;fhzpgg
; tdhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;shd;. Ntjq;fspd; ,Wjpg;
gFjpahf mike;j cgeplj;jpy; gpukk;> Md;kh gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;> Kj;jp gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; tpupthf Muhag;gl;ls;sd. Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy kf;fspd;
jj;Jt rpej
; idfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; mit gpwf ; hy nka;apay; tsu;rr
; pfF
; k;
Kd;Ndhb vd;gu;.
Ntjq; f spd; Kf; f paj; J tk;

,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapy; Ntjq;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;J ehfupfk;
rhu;e;j ,iw ek;gpf;if> jj;Jt rpe;jidfs;> murpay;> r%ftpaw; rpe;jidfs;
Kjypatw;wpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Ntjq;fs; mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. Ntjq;fs;
,iw rk;ge;jKilait vd;gJld;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; rka ek;gpfi ; f gw;wpawpa
cjTk; Kf;fpakhd ,yf;fpa %ykhfTk; mikfpd;wd. Ntjq;fis ,iwE}y;>
nja;tf P E}y;> Kjd;E}y; vd;W $Wk; kuG ,tw;Wld; njhlu;Gilad. ,e;jpahtpy;
Njhd;wpa mWtifr; rkaq;fSk; itjPf rkaq;fs; vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpdw ; ik
,e;J rkag; gpupTfSf;Fk; Ntjq;fSf;Fk; cs;s neUf;fj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
gpwf; hyj;jpy; itjPf kuGfisg; gpujpgypfF

; k; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy Njhd;Wtjw;F Ntjq;fs;
gpukhzkha; mike;jd. ehy;tif Mr;rpuk epiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Ntjq;fNs
mbg;gil vdyhk;. jUk rhj;jpuq;fs;> jUk#j;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; Ntjq;fSf;F Kf;fpakhd gq;Fz;L. ,iwtidj;
JjpjJ ; g; ghba Kjy; Jjpg; ghly;fshf Ntjg; ghly;fs; cs;sd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j
Jjpg; ghly;fSf;F Ntjq;fNs Kd;Ndhb. ehad;khu; ghly;fs;> Mo;thu; ghRuq;fs;
,jw;Fj; jf;f rhd;W. ~Ntj newp jioj;Njhq;f....| vd;gd Nghd;w ghly;fs;
Ntj kugpd; tsu;r;rpia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. Mo;thu; ghly;fspy; - ~mkuNthuq;f
khJk; NtjNkhu; ehd; Nkhjp| - vd njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thu; ghLfpd;whu;.
,e;J jj;Jtj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpapYk; Ntjq;fs; gq;fspj;Js;sd. RUjpg;

gpukhzk; vd;w tifapy; ,e;J jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Ntjq;fs; mbg;gilahf
mike;jd. gpuk #j;jpuk; Kjyhd jj;Jt E}y;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp> mj;Jitjk;
Kjw;nfhz;L Njhd;wpa nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspd;
gq;fspg;G kpfTk; gpujhdkhdJ.
Mfkq; f s;
,e;J rka kugpy; Ntjq;fs; Mfkq;fs; vd;gd Kjd; E}y;fs; vd;W nfhs;sg;
gLfpd; w d. ,tw; W s; Mfkq; f s; ,e; J rakj; j pd; rpwg; G E}y; f s; vd; W
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mfk ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; mWtif newpfspd;
tsu;r;rapYk; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
Mfkkk; vd;gjpYs;s M vd;gJ ghrj;ijAk;> f vd;gJ gRitAk;> f -gjpia

Ak; Rl;b> irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; Kg;nghUs; cz;ikia tpsf;Fk; E}y; vd;W
nghUs; $wg;gLfpwJ. Mfkk; vd;gjpy; cs;s M - rptQhdk;> f - Nkhl;rk;> k -
kyehrk; vd;gdtw;iwr; Rl;b Md;khtpw;F kyj;ij ehrk; gz;zp> rptQhdj;ij
cjpg;gpj;J Nkhl;rj;ij ey;FtJ vd;W nghUs;gLfpd;wJ.
rpthfkq;f spd; Njhw;wKk; njhifAk;

rpthfkq;fisr; rptNd mUspdhu; vd;gJ irt rkaj;jtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if.
khzpf;fthrf Rthkpfs; ~kd;Dkhkiy kNfe;jpukjdpy; nrhd;d Mfkk;.....| vdTk;
~Mfkkhfp mz;zpg;ghd; jhs; tho;f......| vdTk; $wpAs;shu;.; ~NtjNkh lhfkk;
nka;ahk; ,iwtd;E}y;|> ~mz;zy; mUspy; mUSk; rpthfkk;......| vd tUk; jpUke;jpu
ghly; tupfSk; ,t;Tz;ikiaj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,iwtdpd; Ie;J Kfq;fspy;
,Ue;J ,Ugj;njl;L Mfkq;fSk; Njhd;wpajhf mtw;wpd; cgNjr tupirf; fpukk;
%Wg;gLfpwJ. mJ gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
- rj;jpNahrhj Kfk;- fhkpfk;> Nahfjk;> rpe;jpak;> fhuzk;> m[pjk;
- thkNjt Kfk; - jPg;jk;> #\;kk;> rf];uk;> mk;Rkk;> Rg;uNgjk;
- mNfhu Kfk; - tp[ak;> epr;thrk;> Rthak;Gtk;> mdpyk;> tPuk;
- jj;GU\ Kfk; - nusutk;> kFlk;> tpkyk;> re;jpuh\;dk;> tpk;gk;
- <rhd Kfk; - GNuhjfPjk;> yypjk;> rpj;jk;> re;jhdk;> rHNthl;rk;>
fhuhNk];tuk;> fpuzk;> thJsk;
,e;jtifapy; Mfkq;fs; cgNjrpf;fg;gl;l Qhd FU guk;giu rjhrpt %Hj;jp -
mde;jNjtH - =fz;l Uj;jpuH - jpUee;jp NjtH - rdw;FkhuH - KdptHfs; -
khdplHfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
Mfkq;fs; Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wit vd;gJ tuyhw;W

Mrpupau;fspd; fUj;J mjhtJ fp.gp. 6k; E}w;whz;il ,Wjp vy;iyahf; nfhz;L
mjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Mfkq;fs; mUsg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
rpthfkq;fSs; %yhfkq;fs; fhkpfk; Kjy; thJsk; <whf ,Ugj;njl;L.

,it rptNgjk; $Wgit -10> cUj;jpuNgjk; - 18 vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rq;fpij>
ghftjrhj;jpuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; itzt Mfkq;fs; 108 vd;W $Wtu;. itzt
Mfkq;fis itfhrd kuG> ghQ;ruhj;jpu kuG> vd ,uz;lhff; $Wtu;. itfhrdk;
itjpf up\pahd tpfhz]; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it xNu jj;Jtq;fisf;
nfhz;lit. itzt Mfkq;fSs; rf];jparq;fpij> <];tu rq;fpij> fhrpg rq;fpij>
mdpUj;jrq;fpij Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rf;jp topghl;bd; rpwg;igf; $Wk; rhf;j
Mfkq;fisj; je;jpuq;fs; vdTk; miog;gu;.,it 77 MFk;. ,tw;Ws; kfhepUthzje;jpuk;>
jpupGuufrpak;> fhkfyh tpyhrk; rhujh jpyfk; Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rhf;j
je;jpuq;fSs; Rg Mfkq;fs;> j~pzhrhuk; (tyJ) vdg;gLk; 05 Mfkq;fs; Qhdk;>
Nkh\j;jpw;fhd topiag;gw;wpf; $Wtd. nfsy Mfkq;fs;> thkhrhuk; (,lJ) vdg;gLk;
64 Mfkq;fs; ke;jpu tpj;ij> ,lf;fuhd topghL gw;wpf; $Wtd. kprpu Mfkq;fs;
vdg;gLk; 08 - Mfkq;fSk; ,UtifAk; fye;J tpsq;Ftd.
rpthfkq;fs; xt;ntd;Wk; fu;k fhz;lk;> Qhd fhz;lk; vd;Dk; ,UngUk

gpupTfis cilad. ,tw;Ws; fu;k fhz;lk; nray; (fpupia) rhu;ej
; tplaq;fisAk;>
Qhd fhz;lk; mwptpay; rhu;e;j jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $Wtdthf cs;sd.
;o
rpthfkq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; rupah ghjk;> fpupah ghjk;> Nahf ghjk;> Qhd ghjk;
vd;Dk; ehd;F gpupTfis cilad. mitahtd:
1. rupah ghjk;- gpuhar;rpj;j tpjp> gtpj;jpu tpjp> Mya mikg;G tpjp> Rw;W
gpufhuk;> NfhGuk;> gupghyfu; mikg;G ckhkNfRtuu; ,yf;fzk;> rptypq;f
,yf;fzk;.
2. fpupah ghjk;- ke;jpuk;> cw;rtk;> epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa> fhkpa fpupiafs;>
rptrpd;dq;fis mzpAk; Kiw.
3. Nahf ghjk;- ml;lhq;f Nahfk;> ml;lkhrpj;jpfs;> MWtif Mjhuq;fs;.
4. Qhd ghjk;- Kg;nghUs; cz;ik> Gtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.
Qhdghjk; Mfkhe;jk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mya epUkhzKk; jpUTUt mikg;G k;

rpthfkq;fs; flTs;> Md;kh> flTs; topghL> Md;khf;fs; Mw;Wk; tpidfs;>
irt rka tho;f;if> Mya mikg;G> Myaf; fpupiafs;> rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfs;
vd;W irtnewprhu; gy tplaq;fisf; $Wfpd;wd. irthfkq;fs; irt kf;fspd;
Md;kPf tho;it Myaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L $Wfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.
Mya topghl;ilAk;> rka mDl;lhdq;fisAk; tpjpfshf tpsf;F tjdhy;
rpthfkq;fSf;F rhj;jpuq;fs; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. midj; J kf; f Sk; Md; k
tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w tifapNyNa Mfkq;fs; Mya topghl;il tFj;Jf;
$Wfpd;wd. Ntjq;fs; $Wk; mf;fpdp topghLk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F Vw;Gila
cUt topghLk; rpthfkq;fspy; ,izTWfpd;wd.
rpthfkq;fs; Myak; mikf;Fk; ,lk;> Mya mikg;G> Myaj;jpd; cWg;Gfs;>

mit mika Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;> mtw;wpd; msitg;gpukhzq;fs;> Nfhapw; fpupiafs;>
Mya mDl;lhdq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis tpjpfshf tpgupf;fpd;wd. rpthyaj;jpy;
,lk;ngw Ntz;ba fUtiw> kz;lgq;fs;> gupthuf; Nfhapy; f s; > gpufhuq; f s;
kw;Wk; NfhGuk;> tpkhdk; vd;gd mika Ntz;ba tpjpfs; vd; g d ,tw; w py;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. Myak; xd;wpy; mika Ntz;ba gpufhuq;fs; gw;wp fhkpf Mfkk;
~gpufhuyl;rz tpjpg;glyk;| vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpgupf;fpwJ. Myaj;jpy; vj;jpirapy;
vt;ntt; %Hj;jq;fs; mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gJk;; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> fpof;fpy;
#upad;> njw;fpy; \z;Kfd;> Nkw;fpy; tp\Z
; > tlNkw;fpy; JHf;if> tlf;fpy; rg;jkhjH>
tlfpof;fpy; rptd;> njd;Nkw;fpy; Iadhu; vDk; epiyapy; mika Ntz;Lnkd
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhkpfhkj;jpy; Mya mikg;G> Myaj;ij mikf;fj; jFe;j
,lk;> gupthu Njtijfs;> gpufhuq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
kdpjd; xUtd; jiuapNy Neuhf gLj;jpUg;gJ Nghd;w mikg;gpy; Mfk
Kiwg;gb mike;j Myaq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ~N\j;uk; ruPug; g;u];jhuk;| vd;g
jw;F mikthf kdpj clYf;Fk; Mya mikg;gpw;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;G
$wg;gLfpwJ.
fHg;gf;fpufk; - jiyAk;
mHj;jkz;lgk; - fOj;ijAk;
kfhkz;lgk; - khHigAk;
ahfrhiy - ehbiaAk;
NfhGuk; - ghjj;ijAk;
czj;Jfpd;wd. jpU%yUk; ~cs;sk;ngUq; Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak;> ts;sw;
gpuhDf;F tha;; NfhGu thry; ......| vd;W $wpAs;shu;. mjhtJ clYf;Fk;
Myaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhu;gpidg; ,t;thW $wpAs;shu;. ~fhaNk Nfhapyhf...|
vdtUk; ghlYk; Nkw;Fwpj;j tplaj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhf miktijf;
fhzyhk;.
rpthfkq;fs; Mya mikg;gpD}lhf jpUTUt topghl;il tFj;Jf; $Wfpdw ; d.

rptypqf ; j; jpUNkdp> mu;jj
; ehuP]t
; uu;> ,ypqN
; fhw;gtu;> fq;fhjuu;> jl;rzh%u;jj
; p Nghd;w
25 %u;jj ; p Ngjq;fis mikf;f Ntz;ba tpjpfis Mfkq;fNs tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.
jpUTUtq;fis nrJf;Ftjw;Fupa fUq;fy;iyj; njupT nra;jy; gw;wp rpthfkq;fs;
~rpyh guPl;rzk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; $Wfpd;wd. jpUTUtq;fspd; gq;f mikjpfs;>
mq;fyl;rzk;> mtw;wpd; msTg; gpukhzk;> Mil Mguzk; vd;gd gw;wpAk; mtw;wpy;
$wg;gl;ls;sd. fhkpf> fhuz Mfkq;fspy; rpw;gq;fs;> jpUTUtq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhd
EZf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; cj;jufhuzhfkj;jpy; jpUTUtq;fspd; msTg; gpukhzq;fs;
gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rf;fpu ePjp - ~jpUTUtq;fs; mstpy; kpfpDk; FiwapDk;
eyKilad my;y| vd;fpwJ. jpUTUtq;fspd; gpujpkhyl;rzj;jpy; Mfkg; gpukhzk;
Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. rpw;gq;fs;> Myaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mikf;fpd;w
];jgjpfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba jFjpfs;> gpdg ; w;wNtz;ba epakq;fs; vd;gitAk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.
Myaf; fpupiafSk; mDl;l hdq;fSk;

midj;J kf;fspd; Md;k <Nlw;wk; rpthfkq;fspd; capu; ehjkhf cs;sJ.
rpthfkq;fs; ,e;Nehf;fj;ij milAk; tifapy; jpUTUt mikg;igAk; mit
rhu;e;j fpupia KiwfisAk; tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. Mfkk; $Wk; cUt topghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; ~xU ehkk; Xu; cUtk; xd; W kpyhu; f ; F Mapuk; jpUehkk; ghb
njs;Nszk; nfhl;lhNkh| vd;Dk; kzpthrfupd; thf;F mikfpwJ. rpthfkq; f s;
$Wk; fpupia Kiwfs; jpUf;NfhapiyAk; jpUTUtq;fisAk; i k a k h f f ;
nfhz;lit. epj;jpa fpupia iekpj;jpa fpupia> fhkpf fpupia> g p u j h d k h d i t .
epj;jpa fpupiafs; 3> 6> 12 Ntisfspy; ,lk;ngWjy; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhapypy;; eilngWk; iekpj;jpa fpupiafis rpthfkq;fs; fu;\zk;> gpujpl;il>

cw;rtk;> gpuhar;rpj;jk; vDk; ehd;F gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
fu;\zk; - Myak; mikg;gjw;Fupa ,lj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy;.
gpujpl;il - Myaj;jpy; jpUTUtq;fis gpujpl;il(epWTjy;) nra;jy;.
cw;rtk; - Myaj;jpy; tUlnkhU Kiw ,lk; ngWk; jpUtpoh
gpuhar;rpj;jk; - Mya fpupiafspd;NghJ ,lk;ngWk; Fw;w eptu;j;jpapd;
nghUl;L Mw;wg;gLk; fpupia
Nfhapy;fspy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;ba fpupiafs;> mtw;iw Mw;Wk; tpjpfs;> g+irapd;
mq;fq;fs;> ke;jpu cr;rhldk;> epNtjdg; nghUs;fs; ahfq;fs;> ahfrhiy> Nkilfs;>
ahf Fz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;iffs;> G+i[apd; jd;ik> fhyk;> mgpN\fk; nra;Ak;
Kiw> myq;fhuk;> g+ir mikg;G> N\hl] cgrhuq;fs;> tPjpAyh> cw;rtq;fs;
vd;gd gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. rpthfkq;fspy; tUk; g+[h tpjpg;glyk;> ke;jpuhtjhug;
glyk; Nghd;w gpupTfs; Nkw;$wpa mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;lit.
Mfkq;fs; $Wk; Nfhapw; fpupiafSs; ,Nfhw;rtk;> gpujpl;il vd;gd gpujhd

khdit. ,t;thwhd fpupiafspdNghJ ,lk;ngWk; nfhbNaw;wk; mDf;iQ> th];J
rhe;jp> kpUj;rq;fpuzk;> mq;FuhHg;gzk;> u\he;jzk;> Fk;gk; jhgpfF; k; Kiw Fk;gj;ij
Njq;fha;> t];jpuk;> kyHkhiy> $Hr;rk; Kjypatw;why; myq;fupfF ; k; Kiw> Fk;gj;jpd;
jd;ik> Rw;wg;gLk; E}y;> ney;ypd; msT> jHg;ig> khtpiy> ney;> gr;irauprp>
gQ;rnfstpak;> nghup> etjhdpak;> rkpj;J> gQ;rjputpak; kNfhw;rtj;jpd; NghJ
eilngWk; nfhbNaw;wk;> thfdj; jpUtpoh> nksd cw;rtk;> Nju;j;jpUtpoh>
jPu;j;jj; jpUtpoh vd;gdtw;iw Mw;Wk; Kiwfs; gw;wp ,tw;wpy; cz;L.
Mfkq;fs; ehy;tif gpujpl;ilfs; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. mit mehtu;j;jdk;>

Mtu;j;jdk;> Gduhtu;jj;dk;> me;jupjk; vd;gd. ,tw;Ws; mehtu;;j;jdk; vd;gJ
Myaj;ij Gjpjhf mikj;J mq;F nja;tg; gbkq;fis Gjpjhf ];jhgdk; nra;J
Mw; wg;g LtJ vdTk;; . G+irfs; eilngw;W tUk; Myaj; ij Gdu;e pUkhzk;
nra;tjw;fhf %y%u;jj ; pia ghyj;jhgdk; nra;j gpd;G> Gdu;epUkhzj;ijj; njhlu;eJ
;
,aw;wg;gLtJ Gduhtu;j;jdk; vdTk;;. ePz;lehs; fpupia eilngwhj Nfhtpypy;
fpupia Mw;Wk; nghUl;L nra;ag;gLtJ Mtu;j;jdk; vdTk; Myaj;jpy; epfOk;
Mrhuf; Fiwfis eptu;j;j nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; nra;ag;gLtJ me;jupjk; vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
irtrpj; j he;j rpe;j idfs;

rpthfkq;fs; Mya topghl;Lld; rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
rpthfkq;fspd; Nahfghjk;> Qhdghjk; vd;gdtw;wpy; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jfs;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpuzk;> nusutk;> ngs\;fuk; Kjyhd Mfkq;fs;
rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfisg; ngupJk; nfhz;lit. gjp> gR> ghrk; vDk; Kg;nghUs;
cz;ik> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs; gjpapd; %tifj; jpUNkdpfs;> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;>
Ie;njhopy;fs;> Md;k <Nlw;wk;> Kk; k yq; f s; Nghd; w tplaq; f is Mfkq; f s;
$Wfpd;wd. fpuz Mfkk; gjp glyk;> gR glyk;> khah glyk;> rj;;jpepghj glyk;
Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; irtrpjj
; he;j cz;ikfis tpgupff; pdw
; J. rpthfkq;fspy;
rupah ghjk;> fpupah ghjk;> Nahf ghjk;> Qhd ghjk; vd;gdtw;wpy; irt rpj;jhe;j
rhjidfs; FU ypq;f rq;fk topghL>rptrpd;dq;fs;> jPl;ir gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;
cs;sd. ,akk;> epakk;> Mrdk;> gpuzhahkk;> gpuj;jpahfhuk;> jhuiz> jpahdk;>
rkhjp vDk; ml;lhq;f Nahfq;fs; gw;wpAk; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ml;lhq;f
Nahfk; %yk; if$Lk; mllkh rpj;jpfshfpa mzpkh> yfpkh> kfpkh> fupkh>gpuhg;jp>
gpufhkpak;> <rj;Jtk;> trpj;Jtk; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. M d ; k h t p d ;
,Wjp ,yl;rpakhd tPLNgwhfpa Rj;jhj;Jtpj Kj;jp gw;wpAk; rpthfkq;fs; $wpAs;sd.
Mfkq; f spd; Kf; f paj;J tk;

,e;J rka tuyhw;wpy; Ntjq;fisg; Nghy; Mfkq;fs; KjD}y;fs; MFk;.
- rpnusjk;> Rg je;jpuk; vd Mfkk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
- Ntjq;fs; nghJ E}y; vdTk;> Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G E}y; vdTk; nfhs;sg;
gLfpd;wd.
- Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G E}y;fs; vd;w tifapy;> irt Mfkq;fis rpthfkq;fs;
vd;Wk; itzt Mfkq;fis rq;fpijfs; vd;Wk; rhf;j Mfkq;fis
je;jpuq;fs; vdTk; miog;gu;.
- ,e;J rka jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; gytw;wpy; Mg;j thf;fpag; gpukhzkhf
mikAk; rpwg;Gilait Mfkq;fs;
c-k;: Ntjnkhlhfkk; nka;ahk; ,iwE}y; XJk; nghJTk; rpwg;G
nkd;Ws;sd ehjd; ciuait.... jpUke;jpuk;
- ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhapy; fl;ll> rpw;gf; fiyfis vLj;Jf; $WtJ Mfkk;
khFk;. gpw;fhy rpw;grhj;jpu E}y;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sd
Mfkq;fs;
- ,e;Jf;fspd; fpupia kuGfis newpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Mfkq;fs; Kf;fpakhd
,lk; ngWfpdw ; d.
- Mfkq;fs; ,iw topghl;il fpupia newp %yk; topg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
,f;fpupia newpia vLj;Jf; $Wk; E}y;fNs gj;jjpfs;.
- Mfkq;fs; Mya topghL> rka mDl;lhdq;fs;> irt rpj;jhe;j
rpe;jidfs; Nghd;w gy tplaq;fspd; Clhf kf;fspd; tho;f;ifAld;
neUf;fKw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,jpfhrq; f s;
Ntj newpkugpid njhlh;e;J Ie;jhk; Ntjkughf vOr;rp ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fNs
,jpfhrq;fs;. ,jpfhrq;fspy; kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;.
kfhghuj fhtpak; Ie;jhk; Ntjk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,jpfhrk; vd;Dk; nrhy;
,t;thW ele;j fij vd;W $wg;gLk;. kdpjd; tho; thq;F tho topfhl;Lk;
cgNjrq;fis ciladthf ,jpfhrq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. fjhghj;jpuq;f@lhf
mwpTiu $Wk; ghq;F ,jpfhu tuyhWf@lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jpfhr ,yf;fpaq;fs; Ntj cgeplj E}y;fisj; njhlh;e;J vOr;rp ngw;w

fij kuGfshf me;E}y;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,jpfhrf; fij kuGfs; Fwpj;j xU
fhyj;jpy Njhd;wpait my;y. gy Mz;Lfhykhf epytpa fij kuGfs; tl
,e;jpahtpy; Fg;juhl;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ,Wjp tbtk; ngw;W njhFf;fg;gl;likia
mwpfpNwhk;. kfhghuj fij tpahruhy; njhFf;fg;gl ,uhkhzf;; fij thd;kPfpahy;
njhFj;J vOjg;gl;lJ. ,jpfhrq;fspy; xd;whfpa kfhghujk; ,e;J rka newpia
njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. [fk; GfOk; Gz;zpa fij ,uhkdpd; fijNa
vd;W gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,uhkhazk; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
kfhghujKk; ,e;J rkag; gz;g hLk;.
kfhghujkhdJ kpfg; ngupa fij tbtkhf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rkhh; xU yl;rk;

RNyhfq;fis cilajhfTk; 18gUtq;fis cilajhfTk; kpsph;fpd;wJ. gUtq;fs;
vd;gJ mj;jpahaq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sJ. Mjp gUtk;> tdgUtk;>
JNuhzgUtk;> tP]k ; gUtk; mWrhrdgUtk;> rhe;jpgUtk; vd;git gpujhdkhdit.
gy ,izf; fijfis cilajhf kfhghujk; tpsq;Ffdpd;wJ. ,e;J jj;Jt
E}y;fspy; xd;whfpa gftj;fPij kfhghujj;jpd; xU gFjpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
kfhghujj;jpd; xt;nthU mj;jpaha Muk;gj;jpYk; ehuhazhk; ek];fpUja vd;Dk;
ehuhaz ];Jjp Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; kfhghuj fhg;gpak; itztr;
rhu;Gilajhf Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpdw
; J. kfhghuj %y tbtk; rk];fpUj nkhopapyhdJ
gpd; jkpo; kyha> ahth nkhopfspYk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhghujf; fijiag; nghWj;jtiu ,e;J rka gz;ghl;L tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf

vy;yh rpe;jidfSk; kfhghuj fijapy; cs;slq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wnjdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,q;fpy;yhj tplaj;ij Ntnwe;j E}ypYk; fhzKbahJ vd miof;fg;gl;l tplak;
kpfg; gpujhdkhdJ. #jh; vdg;gLk; fij nrhy;ypfshy; muz;kidfspYk; kf;fs;
tho;tplq;fspYk; Xjg;gl;l tuyhWfNs ,jpfhrq;fshf njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kfhghujj;jpd; ,e;J rka kuGfspy; rz;kj newpf; Nfhl;ghL cd;djkhdjhf

tpsq;fpdhYk; irtk; itztk; vd;gd Nky; epiy ngw;Ws;snjdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tp\;Z guj;Jt gftj; fPijapy; $wg;gl;l mu;r;Rdd; jtk; nra;j Ntisapy;
rptngUkhd; fpuhjh; vDk; Ntlh; tbtpy; Njhd;wp ghRgjh];jpuk; toq;fpa nra;jp
,iw Mw;wy;> ,iw mUs; gf;jp kuG midj;ijAk; ,izj;j thwhfr; Rl;bf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. irtk;> itztk; kl;Lky;yhJ rhf;j> fhzhgj;a nfskhu>
nrsu rkaq;fspd; tuyhW ntspg;gLk; ,yf;fpakhfTk; kfhghujk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytdpd; ngUikfis ,J fhl;LfpwJ. mNjNtis cyfpay;
tho;T mwtho;T Md;kf P tho;T vd;gtw;iw ,izj;j ghq;Fk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhghujk; Fwpg;gpLk; rka kugpy; nghJkf;fs; ey;topapy; tho;tjw;fhd ePjpia
cgNjrk; nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk; tP\;kjUkk; ,jid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mur Uf; F Ntz; b a Nts; t pfs; uh[jUkk; vd; g dTk; kfhghujj; j py;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. kfhghuj uh[jUkNk ey;yhl;rpf; nfhs;ifahf
typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tho;tpd; xOf;ftpay; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fSk; kfhghujj;jpy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. fUkNahfk;> Gydlf;fk;> mwtho;T> rkj;Jtk;> jUknewp>
tPLNgW vd;Dk; tplaq;fs; cgNjr topfs; %ykhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. jUkk;>
nghWik> rkj;Jtk;> fw;G> fNfhju ghrk; Kjypa tho;tpay; gz;ghLfs; $wg;gl;
Ls;sd. jUkk; xd;Nw xUtid gpd;njhlh;e;J nry;Yk; vd;Dk; Nghjid tpjpfis
tbtkhf kfhghuj fijfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jUkk; jiyfhf;Fk; vd;gJ
,jd; %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jUknewp epd;w jUkd;> tPkd; mUr;Rdd;>
eFyd;> rfhNjtd; vd;Dk; ghz;ltu; tho;Tk; jPa top epd;w JupNahjdd; MfpNahh;
tho;Tk; gpujhdkhdit. ed;ik nty;Yk; jPik Njhw;Fk; vd;gij kfhghuj
tho;tpay; vOj;Jf;fhl;Lfpdw
; J. nfhilapd; rpwg;G fu;zd; tuyhw;wpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhghujk; jphp%h;j;jp topghl;il typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. Njt ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

tUzpf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if Njth; topghl;il tpl rz;kj Njth; topghL Kjd;ik
ngw;wJ. gftj;fPijapy; mtjhu jUkk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jUkk; Fiye;J mjUkk;
ngUFk; NghJ jUkj;ij epiyehl;l ehd; Afk; NjhWk; mtjupf;fpd;Nwd; vd;gJ
fPijapd; cgNjrk;. mtjhuf; Nfhl;ghL ,iw Mw;wy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
jpUcUt topghL Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Ntj ,yf;fpaq;spy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj jpU
cUttopfhL ,jpfhrq;fspy; NkYk; nry;thf;filfpwJ.
ahfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l topghL kfhghujf; fijapy; nry;thf;g;F

ngw;wJ Nts;tp jtk;> G+ir> Njhj;jpuk;> jyahj;jpiu> jPh;j;jk; vd;gd gpujhd ,lk;
ngw;wd. fq;fh];Qhdk;> fhrpahj;jpiu jpahdk; vd;gdTk; ghujf; fijapy; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wd. kfhghujf; fijapy; itzt kughfpa ghQ;ruhj;jpuk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghQ;ruhj;jpu itztk; tp\;Z gfthdhy; cgNjrk; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd kfhghujk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. #upa cghrid fhaj;jpup ke;jpu nry;thf;Fk; kfhghuj fijapy;
Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Fe;jp Njtpapd; tuyhW ,jw;F rhd;W. Ju;ff; h cghridAk;
Jh;f;fh Nfhj;jpukhf mike;Js;sJ.
kfhghuj fijapd; mwtho;Tf; nfhs;if NkyhdJ. mfpki ; r Nkyhd jUkkhff;

$wg;gLk; rj;jpak;> FNuhjkpd;ik> jhdk;> Gydlf;fk; gpwuplk; Fiwfhzhik>
gpwhpy; Fiw$whik NfhgkWjy;> kd;dpg;gspj;jy;> mfGwj;J}a;ik gpwupy; gifik
ghuhl;lhik vd;gd caupa jj;Jtq;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. rj;jpaNk caph;
vd;W kfhghujk; Nghjpf;fpd;wJ. rhe;jpgUtj;jpy; JNtrkpd;ik> rj;jpak;> Gydlf;fk;
nghWik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik guk;nghUisj; jpahdpj;jy; vd;gd mfpk;irapd; ghw;gLk;
vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. FUFyf; fy;tp kuGld; njhlh;ghd Mrhuq;fSk;
jNghtd tho;;Tk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhghujKk; ,e;J rka ,yf;fpa kuGfSk;

kfhghujf; fijapd; ,yf;fpa kugpy; gftj;fPij Kjd;ikahdJ. gy;NtWgl;l
fpisf; fij kuGfisAk; kfhghujk; cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Njthu ghly;fspYk;
kfhghujj;jpd; mh;r;Rdd; jtk; nra;j itgtk; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
~mLj;jhid cupj;jhid mUr;Rdh;f;Fg; ghRgjk; nfhlj;jhid| vd;W Njthug;
ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ~Ntld; jd; tpy;iy tp[aw;F <e;J ....|vd;W fpuhjhu;r;Rdd;
tbtj;ij Njthug;ghly; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. rk];fpUj> njYq;F nkhopfspy; ghujf;
fij Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ rhs;]; tpy;fpd;]; vd;ghh; kfhghuj fijia Mq;fpyj;jpYk;
jkpopYk; ghuj mk;khid kfhghujf; fijia mbnahw;wpajhfk; itFe;j mk;khid>
fk;rd; mk;khid Kjypa rpww ; pyf;fpa tbtq;fSk; ,yf;fpa kughf vOr;rp ngw;Ws;sd.
jpnusgjp Nfhtpy; gz;ghL> ghz;ltu; fij kuGld; njhlh;ghdJ gy;tif $j;Jf;fSk;
ehlfq;fSk; ghz;lth; fij kuG jOtpad.
,uhkhazk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL
,uhkhazk; tlnkhopay; thd;kPfp up\pahy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhkhazk; 7

fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. ghyfhz;lk; mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;
fp];fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;jufhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk;> cj;jufhz;lk; vd;gd mit
24000 RNyhfq;fis cila njhFg;ghf ,uhkhazk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fp.gp
2Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. thd;kPfp Mjpftp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
ghq;fUk; ghjk; ehd;Fk; tFj;j thd;kPfp vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. ,uhkhazk;
Mjpfhtpak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uhkhazk; ,uhkid fjhehafdhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,uhkdJ nja;tf P

Mw;wy; ,uhk topghl;bw;F mbg;gilahd kugpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. up\pfSf; nfy;yhk;
kfup\pahf thd;kPfp Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;whh;. mNahj;jpakhefuk;> jrujd; fij>
Kd;tpidg; gad; jz;lfhuzpajtk;> gujd; cwT rNfhju ghrk; > ,yq;if
j;njhlh;G vd;gd fijNahl;lkhf mikfpd;wd. mf;fijNahl;lj;jpy; ,uhkd; vd;Dk;
ghj;jpuk; cj;jk tbtkhfTk; ,yl;rpa tbtkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
,uhkhazf;fijapd; kw;nwhU fjhghj;jpukhf ,uhtzd;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;shd;. rptgf;jdhfTk; ,irkugpddhfTk; thd;kPfp mwpKfk;
nra;fpd;whh;. ,uhk ,uhtz Aj;jj;jpy; ,d;WNgha; ehis th vd;Dk; Ntz;Ljy;
uh[ jUkj;jpdJk; Aj;j jh;kj;jpdJ cd;dj Nghf;ifr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpdw
; J. ,uhtzd;
ypq;f topghl;bdd; vdTk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
,uhkhazf; fijapYk; jUkj;jpd; rpwg;G jdpj;Jtkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpdw; J.

jUkj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj vy;yhk; fpilf;fpd;wd vd;gjhy; midj;jpYk; NkyhdJ jUkNk
vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ gw;wp mupAk; jPia ePh; Cw;wp mtp;gijg;
Nghy cs;sj;jpy; vOk; Nfhgj;ij mlf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rfpg;Gj;jd;ikNa cah; jUkk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
thd;kPfp ,uhkhazk; jkpopy; fk;g,uhkhazk; vdg; ghlg;gl;lJ. fk;gh;

,jid Nrhouhl;rpapy; ghbAs;shh;. gpd; ,e;jp nkhopapy; Jsrp jhrh; ,uhkhazj;ijg;
ghbAs;shu;. njYq;F fd;dl nkhopapYk; ,uhkhazf;fij nkhop ngau;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
,uhkazf;fijfspYk; Nkhl;rk; eufk; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. trpl;l
Kdpth; ,uhkDf;F cgNjrpj;j tuyhWfs; ,jw;F rhd;whdit. ,uhkhazf;
fij%yk; khDl tpOkpaq;fs; tl,e;jpa fyhrhug; gz;Gfs; jkpofj;jpy; gutyhapd.
,uhkh; Nfhapy; > ,uhNk]; t uk; ,yq; i fapy; rP j hvypa> khkq; N f]; t uk; >
jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> fd;dpah Mfpad ,uhkhazf; fijAld; $bait. ahth.
rk;gh> jha;yhe;J> Kjypa ehLfspy; ,uhkhazf;fij tuyhWfs; Nfhapw;
rpw;gq;fspYk; Xtpaq;fspYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uhkhazf; fijfis ehl;lhh;
fiyfSld; njhlh;Ggl;ld. ,uhkyf;\;kzd; Myak; MQ;rNeah; Myak; vd;git
,uhkhaz kuigj; jOtpa rkaf; FwpaPLfs;.
Guhzq;fs;
Ntj cgepljq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tlnkhopf;fUj;Jf;fSk; jj;Jt rpe;jidfSk;
kf;fs; ,yFtpy; tpsq;ff; $ba mstpw;F fijtbtpy; mike;jjdhy; kf;fs;
kdjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd. mj;Jld; ,e;JrkakuG topghl;LKiw nja;t
,ay; tpuj kfpik jPh;jj
; kfpik Kjypa tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy;
Guhzq; f s; Ntjq; f isg; Nghd; w ngUikAk; GdpjKk; cs; s it vd; W
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. Guhzk; vd;gJ nja;tPf tuyhw;Wf; fij vdg; nghUs;gLfpd;wJ.
G+uzhj; Guhzk; ,jp cr;raNj. ,J KOikahdjhy; Guhzk; vd;w fUj;Jk;
cz;L. nja;tPf mfj; J}z;Ljyha; mike;j cs;Saph;g;G nra;J tUk; E}y;fspy;
,J Kjy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. rz;kjf; nfhs;iffspd; ika rpe;jidfs; ,jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Guhzq;fs; fp.K 400 - 200 f;Fk; ,ilapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w
E}y;fs; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; Guhzq;fs; ,Wjp tbtk; ngw;wd.
Guhzq;fs; gioajhapDk; Gjpjhf Njhd;WtJ vd;Wk; jd;dplj;jpy; <Lgl;ltiu
Kd;Df;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; jd;ik cs;sJ vd;Wk; Guhzj;jpw;F nghUs; $Wth;.
MfNt Guhzq;fs; ngsuhzp fh;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L> itjPf xOfyhWfisg;
NgZk; tifapYk; nja;tPf tuyhw;iwg; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdthff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mfh; Xjpa %thW njhy;fij vd fe;jGuhzk; $WfpwJ.
Guhzq;fs; tlnkhopg; Guhzq;fs;> jkpo;nkhopg; Guhzq;fs; vd gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tlnkhopg; Guhzq; f s; gjpndz; G uhzq; f s; > kfh Guhzq; f s; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd
rptGuhzq;fs; 10
1. rpt Guhzk; 6. tuhf Guhzk;
2. gtpgpa Guhzk; 7. thkd Guhzk;
3. khh;f;fz;Nla Guhzk; 8. kr;r Guhzk;
4. ,ypq;f Guhzk; 9. $h;k Guhzk;
5. ];fe;j Guhzk; 10. gpukhz;l Guhzk;
tp\;Z Guhzk; 04
fUl Guhzk;
ehujPa Guhzk;
itzt Guhzk;
ghftj Guhzk;
gpuk Guhzk; 02
gpuk Guhzk;
gJk Guhzk;
mf;fpdp Guhzk; 01
Mf;fpNda Guhzk;
#hpa Guhzk; 01
gpuk ifth;j;j Guhzk;
Guhzq;fs; gQ;r ,yl;rzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

1. rh;f;fk; rpUl;b
2. gpujprh;f;fk; mope;J kPz;Lk; cz;lhjy;

3. tk;rk; nja;t guk;giu
4. kd;te;juk; kDf;fspd; fhyk;
5. tk;rpahDrupjk; tk;rq;fspd; tuyhW
tlnkhopg; Guhzq;fs; jryl;rzq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vida 5 ,yf;fzq;fspy;

6. tpUj;jp njhopy;
7. uf;\h nja;tq;fspd; mtjhuk;
8. Kj;jp tPLNgW
9. N`J mt;af;jkhd caph;
10. mghr;ra gpuk;kk;
,t;thwhd kfh Guhzq;fs; gpukh tp\;Z #hpad;> cUj;jpud; Kjyhdth;fspd;

guj;Jtq;fisf; $Wfpdw ; d. thOk; cyfpy; gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopjj
; y; vd;gtw;iwAk;
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; GUlhh;j;jq;fisAk; $Wfpd;wd. Guhzq;fspNy
murh;fspd; ghuk;ghpaq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. (c.k;) rpR> ehftk;rk;> ee;j tk;rk;>
nksupa tk;rk; Kjypait.
Guhzq;fs; ,e;J ehfupfj;ijAk; ,e;J rkaf; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; ,e;jpa juprdq;fspd;

tuyhw;iwAk; ,akk;> epakk;> ep\;il Kjypatw;iwAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk;
fUT+yq;fs; vd;gu;.
NkYk; Guhzq;fs; Nfhtpy;fisAk; gf;jpf;Fupa ,lq;fisAk; $Wtd. ehl;L

kf;fspilNa epiyahd xUikg;ghl;il tsh;g;gjpy; Guhzq;fs; ngUk; gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wd. mit ghuk;ghpakhf eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfisAk; tud;Kiwahff;
$Wtd. cUttopghL gf;jpkhh;ff ; k;> fd;kk;> kWgpwg;G> cgepljf;nfhs;if> Qhdk;>
Nkhl;rk;> tpujk;> jPh;j;jk;> jtk;> ahj;jpiu> Njhj;jpuk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; nja;tPf
guj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. nja;tPf guj;Jtq;fshtd
1. rptguj;Jtk; mbKb Njba fijiaAk;
2. tp\;Z guj;Jtk; ghftj Guhz mtjhuk;
3. rf;jp guj;Jtk; Jh;f;if kfplhRuid rq;fhpj;jy;
4. gf;jp kuGfs; khh;f;fz;Nlah;> gf;j gpufyhjd; fijfs; fiy>murpay;>
kuGfs; nfhz;like;jitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Guhzq; f s; gioikahditahapDk; #hpaidg; N ghd; W GJikahdit.

caph;gG
; s;sit. mit Ntjq;fspNy Kiw nfhz;lit. Guhzq;fs; nghpa tpQ;Qhd
EZf;fq;fisf; $Wtd. J}yepajp> mwepajp> mUs; epajp> thdj;jpd; cLf;fs;>
fpufq;fs;> tlJUtk;> njd;JUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpguq;fisAk; tpsf;fkhf $Wfpd;wd.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; GNuhfpjh;fs; Guhzq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp rka Nghjidfs; nra;jdu;>

nra;fpd;wdh;. MWKfehtyh; Nghd;Nwhh; vkJ rkaj;ij tsh;f;fg; Guhz gldk;
nra;jhh;fs;. jw;fhyj;jpy; fe;jr\;b tpuj fhyj;jpYk; fe;jGuhzk; gbf;fg;gl;L
nfhUs; $Wg;gLfpwJ. Gyth;fs; ,yf;fpak; fz;L ,yf;fzk; nra;jy; vd;w kugpwN; fw;g
gQ; r yl; r z> jryl; r zq; f is nfhz; L ,d; W k; tpsf; f k; $Wfpd; w hh; f s; .
MWKfehtyh; Nghd;Nwhh; vj;Jizf; fhyk; jpUg;gpj; jpUg;gpg; gbg;gpDk; njtpl;lhJ
jpj;jpj;J mKJ Cl;Lk; mjpjpt;tpa mjpkJuj; Njd; vd;W tUzpj;jpUg;gJ
fe;jGuhzj;jpd; rpwg;igf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.
Guhzf;fijfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ml;ltPuj; jytuyhW $wg;gl;lJ.

jpupGunkhpj;j fij ,jpy; rpwg;ghdJ. jpUkhypd; mtjhuj; jj;JtKk; ,jpy; rpwg;ghf
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J irt itzt kugpw;Fr; rhd;whdJ.
itaj;J tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk; nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk; vd;w thf;fpw;F

,zq;f kdpjid ey;topg;gLj;Jk; rpwe;j fUT+yq;fshfTk; ez;gidg; Nghd;W
mwpTiu $wp topg;gLj;Jk; rpwe;j fiyf;fsQ;rpakhfTk; Guhzq;fisf; nfhs;syhk;
vd;gjpy; ve;j tpj IaKk; ,y;iy.
Guhzq;f Sk; gpw;f hy ,e;J rka kuGfSk;
gpw;fhy Njhj;jpu kuGfSf;F Guhzf; fijfs; rhd;whdit rf];u ehk Njhj;jpuk;

m];Nlhj;ju ehkhh;r;rid vd;git Guhzq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sd.
mbKb Njbafij vd;gd gpujhdk;.
Guhzq;fis jOtpa tifapy; ,yf;fpa kuGfs; vOr;rpngw;wd. rhj;tPf> jhkr>

uh[r mbg;gilapy; Guhzf;fijr; nry;thf;if fhzyhk;. fupgpurhj; rh];jphp
mth;fs; Guhzq;fis gpd;tUkhW gphpj;Js;shu;; mit.
1. fiyf; fsQ;rpaGuhzq;fs;.
2. tpuj jPh;j;j kfpik $Wk; Guhzq;fs;
3. tuyhw;Wf; fijg;Guhzq;fs; vd;gd.
Njthug; ghly;> Mo;thh;ghly;fspYk; Guhzf;fij kuG cz;L. jhdk; tpujk;

gf;jp> Nfhfk;> fiy kuG vd;gd gpujhd cs;slf;fq;fs;.
jkpog
; ;GuhzkuG> jyGuhz kuG> Guhzgld kuG> Guhzq;fs; njhlh;ghd ehl;lhupay;
fiyfs; vd;git gpujhdkhdit. $j;J ehlf tbtq;fSk; Guhzq;fisj;
jOtpadNt.
1:4 jkpofg; gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; - mwpKfk;
tl ,e;jpahitg; NghyNt njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,e;J rkak; njhd;ikahd

tuyhw;Wg; toik nfhz;lJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fpwp]J ; Tf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J
,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L kuGfspd; tsu;rr
; piaf; fhzyhk;. vdpDk; fpwp];J rfhg;gj;jpypUe;Nj
jkpofj;jpd; njspthd tuyhW Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fpwp];J rfhg;jk;
njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 3 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp rq;ffhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ>
gz;ila jkpofk; vd;gJ ghz;ba ehL> NrhoehL> njhz;il kz;lyk;>

Ntq;fp ehL Kjyhd gFjpfis cs;slf;fp gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
Nru Nrho ghz;bau; vDk; %Nte;ju;fs; jkpofj;ij Mz;lik gw;wp mwpa KbfpwJ.
,f;fhy gz;ghl;L tsu;;r;rp gw;wp gj;Jg;ghl;L vl;Lj;njhif> njhy;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk;
gpw rhd;Wfs; thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,f;fhy kf;fs; Gtpapay; mikg;Gf;F Vw;g
jkJ tho;f;ifiaAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; ,aw;ifAld; ,ize;jthW
mikj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. mJ
rq; f fhyk;
rq;f fhyj; jkpofk; Gtpapay; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Itif epyq;fshf

tFf;fg;gl;ld. mt;thW fhzg;gl;l epyq;fSf;Fupa nja;tq;fs; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpau;
kUjj;jpwF; ,e;jpud;> Ky;iyf;F khNahd;> FwpQr
; pfF
; NrNahd;> ghiyf;Ff; nfhw;wit
nea;jYf;F tUzd; vd;W tFj;Jf; $wpdhu;. ,jid
khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;
NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfKk;
tUzd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfKk;
vdtUk; ghly; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,t;thW njhy;fhg;gpau; ,e;J rkaj;
nja;tq;fis xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; cupajhf tiuaiw nra;jhu;. ,t;thW Itif
epyq;fSf;FKupa nja;tq;fspd; tupirapy; rptd; $wg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; vy;yh
epyj;J kf;fshYk; topglg;gLk; guk;nghUshf rptd; tpsq;fpapUf;fNtz;Lk;.
rq;ffhyj; njhif E}y;fSs; rptd;> jpUkhy;> Kjypa flTsiug; gw;wpa

FwpgG; f;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;. fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> kJiu> tQ;rp Kjypa ngUefuq;fspy;
,f;flTsh;fF ; hpa Nfhapyf; s; ,Ue;jd. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; mfehE}W> GwehE}W>
Iq;FWE}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> fypj;njhif Mfpa Ie;J E}y;fspd; flTs; tho;jJ ; g;
ghly;fs; rptidg; gw;wpNa mike;Js;sd. Mapd; ,g;ghly;fs; gpw;fhyj;ijr;
rhh;e;jit. rq;f E}y;fspy; rptidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tphpthf te;Js;sd. gj;Jg;
ghl;L vl;Lj;njhif ,yf;fpaq;fs; vjpYk; irtk;> rptd; vDk; gjq;fisf;
fhzKbatpy;iy. Mdhy; gpw;fhy irtrka kugpy; rptDf;Ff; fw;gpjk; nra;ag;
gLk; Njhw;wg;nghypTfs; njhlu;ghd milnkhopfs;> rptdpd; jpUtpis ahly;fs;>
tPur;nray;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. Fwpj;j
fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; gy nja;tq;fis topgbDk; rptNd jiyikf; flTshf
tpsq;fpdhd; vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfshy; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jid ~kOth
nebNahd; jiytdhf| vdtUk; kJiuf; fhQ;rpg; ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
NkYk; me; E}ypy; rptngUkhDf;F Kjd;ik je;J mtNd Ie;J G+jq;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtd; vd;Wk; ehd;F gphpTfisAk; MW mq;fq;fisAk; nfhz;l Ntjq;fs;
jdpKjw; flTspd; thapypUe;J ntspte;jd vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rilKb
cilatd; Kf;fz;zd; ePykzpkplw;wtd;> KOKjw; flTs;> khnjhUghjpad;>
fq;if mzpej ; td;> mopjj; w; flTs;> Mykuj;jpd; epoypy; mkh;ej
; td;> ths; Ve;jpatd;>
vd;W ,e;E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fupa jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> fypj;njhif> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil>

GWehD}W> Iq;FWE}W Kjyhd E}y;fspy; rpt topghL njhlu;ghd gy tplaq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf gupghlypy; ~rljhup| (rilapy; fq;ifia mzpe;jtd;)
~Gq;f%u;gtd;| (,lg thfdj;jpy; nry;gtd;) ~fha;flTs;| (fhkNjtid vupj;jtd;)
Kjyhd milnkhopfSk;> mNjNghy; vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whfpa fypj;
njhifapy; ~Kf;fzhd;| (Kf;fz;fis cilatd;) ~Myku; nry;td;| (fy;yhy
kuepoy; ciwgtd;) Kjyhd milnkhopfSk; ,lk;ngWtjidf; fhzyhk;.
rptd; gw;wpa ,t;thwhd cUt tUzidfs; rptd; gw;wpa ,jpfhr Guhzf;
fijfSld; njhlu;G iladthf mikfpd;wd. tl ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; jkpofj;
jpw;Fkpilapyhd gz;ghl;L uPjpahd cwitf; fhl;LtJld;> ,jpfhr Guhz kuG
fs; jkpofj;jpd; rka ek;gpf;if fspy; ,izTwj; njhlq;fptpl;likf;Fk; ,it
rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.
rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; kpFjpahff; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; nja;tkhfj; jpfo;gth;
jpUkhy;. njhy;fhg;gpah; ehd;F epyq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd nja;tq;fisAk; gw;wpf;
$Wkplj;J>
~khNahd; Nka fhLiw AyfKk;|
~khNahd; Nka kd;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;..|
vd;W ,U E}w;ghf;fspy; jpUkhy; gw;wpf; Fwpgg
; pLfpd;whh; mfj;jpizf;Fhpa nja;tkhd
khNahidj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd;
jiytdhd njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;> ,Uepyk; fle;j jpUkW khh;gpd; ..............
vd;W jpUkhy; kugpy; te;j kd;ddhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. Ky;iyg; ghl;bYk;
kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk; jpUkhy; topghL gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. fhg;gp
ahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhh;> ehd;kbr;Nru kd;didj; jpUkhy; gf;jpAilatdhff; rpwg;gpj;Jg;
ghbAs;shu;. ew;wpizapy; tUk; xU fhl;rp> nghpakiyapNy mUtp gha;e;NjhLfpwJ.
fhpa epwKila ghiwAk; mjdpilNa ntz;ik epwKila mUtpAk; gha;eN ; jhLtJ
jpUkhiyAk; gyuhkidAk; fz;Kd; epWj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. GwehDW jpUkhypd;
jpUtpisahly; xd;iwg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
~mzq;Fil atzh; fzq;nfhz;nlhspj;jdh;
nrz;tpsq;F rpwg;gpd; QhapW fhzh........| vd tUk; ghlypy; fhzyhk;.
vd;W Njth;fSk; mRuh;fSk; Nghhpl;l epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fypj;njhifapy;
fz;zdpd; nray;fs; tphpthfr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd.
~Nkthh; tpLj;je;j $e;jw; Fjpiuia
tha;g; gFj;jpl;L Gilj;j Qhd;wpd;dd;nfhd; khNahndd;W.....|
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whd ghpghlypYk; jpUkhy; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kpFjpahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkhy; Ntjq;fshy; ghuhl;lg;gl;lij
~eP nad nkhopT kyh;e;jz uUkiw|
vd;W $WfpwJ. NkYk; mjpy; jpUkhYk; gyNjtDk; xUtNu vd;gJ
~ePNa tidnahU GiuAk; thypNahh;f;ftd;.............| vd;W ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tl nkhop E}y;fspy; $wg;gLk; ];fe;jDld; njhlu;Gila nja;tkhf

rq;ffhy FwpQ;rp epy kf;fshy; topglg;gl;l Ntyd; my;yJ KUfd; tpsq;Ffpwhu;.
NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfk;| vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; ,jid
milahsg;gLjjpAs;shu;.
gupghlypy; KUfDf;F vl;Lg;ghly;fs; cs;sd. mg;ghly;fspy; KUfd;:
d; d pU rpuq; f s; > MW fuq; f s; cilatdhfTk; > gj; k h#uid Nghupy;
ntd;wtdhfTk; ts;sp nja;tahidia kzk; Gupe;jtdhfTk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wpy;
Nfhapy; nfhz;ltdhfTk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;. KUfd; FwpQ;rp epykf;fspd;
Nghu; flTshf tpsq;fpdhd; vd;gJ kiygLflhkpy; \nty;Yk; NghNu ty;y
KUfd;| vdtUk; ghly; %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,td; nfhw;witapd;
kfdhfTk; rq;f E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd;.
rq;ffhy kf;fshy; topglg;gl;l ngz; nja;tk; vd;w ngUik nfhw;wit

vd;Dk; flTSf;Nf cz;L. rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpy; tuz;l epyg;gpuNjrkhd
ghiy epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fshy; topglg;gl;l nja;tkhf nfhw;wit mikfpwhs;.
fypj; njhif> FWe;njhif> neLey;thil kw;Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjyhd E}y;fs;
nfhw;wit gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; $wpAs;sd. fypj;n jhif ,tis vy;yhk;
czu;e;jtshfTk;> ngUq; fhl;bil tho;gtshfTk;> Nga;f; fzq;fis
cila tshfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ghiy epykf;fs; ifapy; E}w; fhg;gzpe;J
nfhw;witiaf; Fwpj;J tpujk; ,Ue;jik gw;wpAk;> gpupe;jtu; Nru;e;j gpd; kPz;Lk;
gpupahky; ,Ug;gjw;F mUSkhW Ntz;b topgl;lik gw;wpAk; FWe;njhifapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
topghl;L Kiwfs;
rq;f fhy kf;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l topghl;L Kiwfs;> mit rhh;e;j
rka tpohf;fs; gw;wp rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s rhd;Wfshy; mwpayhk;.
mk;kf;fs; nja;tq;fisf; Fwpj;J Fuitf; $j;J> Ntyd; ntwpahly; Kjyhd
topghLfisAk;> fhh;jj ; piftpoh> Mjpiutpoh> ijtpoh> KUftpoh vd gy;NtW
tpohf;fisAk; elhj;jpdu;.
rq;f fhy kf;fspilNa epytpa Nfhapy; topghL gw;wp mwptjw;F njhy;nghUl;
rhd;Wfis tplTk; ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;jpd;
Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa GwehD}W rptd; Nfhapy; gw;wp
gzpapdu; mj;ij epd;FilNaKdptu;
Kf;fl; nry;tdhh; efh;tyk; nraw;Nf|
vd; W Fwpg; g pLfpwJ. ,q; F ‘efu; | vd; g J rptd; NfhapiyNa Rl; L fpwJ.
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; KUfdpd; mWgil tPLfs; gw;wpAk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
fhQ;rpapy; ,Ue;j jpUkhy; Nfhapy>; mq;F jpUkhy; ghk;gizapy; gs;sp nfhz;Ls;sik
vd;gd gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jtpu rpWghzw;Wg;gil gl;bdg;ghiy> kiygLflhk;
Kjyhd E}y;fspYk; Nfhapy; topghL njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; cs;sd.
Nfhapy;rhu;e;j jpUTUt topghl;Lld; njhlu;Gilajhf rq;ffhy kf;fshy;

nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eLfy; topghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghupy; ,we;j Nghh; tPuh;fSf;Fr;
nra;agl;l ,e;eLfy; topghL gw;wpa nra;jpfs; GwehD}W> gl;bdg;ghiy> gupghly;
Kjyhd ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd. Nghupd;NghJ ,we;j tPudpd; epidthf fy;el;L
ngah; nghwpj;J gPyp #l;b topgl;lij GwehD}W
mzpkapw; gPyp #l;b ngah; nghwpj;J
,dpJ el;ldNu fy;Yk;|
vd;fpwJ. NkYk; mij ePuhl;b myq;fhpj;J topgl;lik gw;wpa nra;jpAk; cs;sJ
cz;L.
rq;f fhy kf;fs; nra;j topghLfSs; Kjd;ikkpf;fJ Fuitf; $j;Jk;
mjDld; ,ize;j Ntyd; ntwpahlYkhFk;. FwpQ;rp kf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l
,t;topghl;by; ngz;fs; ifNfhh;j;J MLk; NghJ KUfd; Nghy Ntlkpl;l xUtd;
Ntydhf ntspg;gl;L MLthd;. mt;Ntis KUfDf;F ,uj;jk; fye;j NrhW
epNtjdkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;topghl;ilr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fd;wf;Fuit vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Ky;iy
epykf;fs; kNahid epidj;J Mba Fuitf;$j;J Mr;rpah;Fuit vdg;gl;lJ.
,Jgw;wp GwehD}W gujt kfspu; Fuitnahnlhypg;g|
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; ghiy epy kf;fs; ngz;izj; Ju;fi ; fahf myq;fhpj;J
Ch;tykhfr; nrd;W Jh;f;if tpohit nfhz;lhbaik gw;wp rpyg;gjpfhu Ntl;Lt
tupapy; fzyhk;.
kUj epy kf;fs; ,e;jpuidf; Fwpj;J Mz;L NjhWk; vLj;j ,e;jpu tpohitf;
nfhz;lhbdu;. gupghly; khh;fop khjj;jpy; ele;j Mjpiu tpoh gw;wpAk; ew;wpiz>
fypj;njhif Kjyhdtw;wpy; ijj;jpUehs; tpoh GdpjePuhl;L tpoh vd;gd gw;wpAk;>
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil MWgil tPLfspy; eilngw;w KUfDf;Fupa gy tpohf;fs;
gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
rq;ffhy ,Wjpapy; tl ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l

neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gfs; fhuzkhf rka rKjha hPjpapy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Mhpa kakhf;fk; kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;ifapYk;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf itjPfkuG jOtpa topghLfs; jkpof kf;fspd;
tho;tpaYld; gpizg;Gw;w epiyapy; Nts;tp topghLk; Kjd;ik ngwyhapw;W
njhy;fhg;gpak; me;jzUf;Fhpa njhopy;fs; gw;wpf; $Wifapy; Ntl;ly;> Ntl;gpj;jy;>
Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> <jy;> Vw;wy; vd;W mtw;iw tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ. ,it
NtjqfspYk; mtw;wpd; topte;j ];kpUjpfspYk; gpukhzu;fs; njhlu;ghff; $wg;gl;l
tho;tpay; epakq;fshf miktijf; fhzyhk;.
mwnewpf; fhyk;
,e;Jg;gz;ghL rpyfhyk; eype;Jk; rpy fhyk; tshe;Jk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUg;gijf;

fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapy eypT Vw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; mg;gz;ghl;il
Ngzpg;ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; muru;fs;> Gyth;fs; rka mgpkhdpfs; gy gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUg;gjidAk; Nehf;f KbAk;. jkpo;ehl;bNy fp.gp.3k; E}w;whz;bd;
gpd;dh; jkpo; %Nte;juhl;rp KbTf;F te;jNghJ fsg;gpuh; Mjpf;fKk;> ngsj;j kjr;
nry;thf;Fk; fhzg;gl;likf;fhd gy;tif rhd;Wfis Nehf;f Kbfpdw ; J. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rkar; rhh;ghd tplaq;fis $Wk; mNjNtis kzpNkfiy ,e;J jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
Vida jj;JtQhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy Vw;gl;l thjq;fs;> jkpo;ehl;by; rq;ffhyj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l Nghh; xOf;fk;> fhjy; xOf;fk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w rKjha
rPh;NfLfisr; rPh;nra;Ak; Kfkhf mwnewpg; Nghjidfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; E}y;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. rkar; rhh;ghf r%f rPhj
; pUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Nghf;F rq;fk;kUtpa
fhyj;jpy; epytpaJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypa fhg;gpaq;fs; ,jw;Fr;
rhd;W.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy gpwthahf;ifg; ngupNahd; Nfhapy; vd;gJ rpthyaj;ijf; Fwpf;f

MWKf nrt;Nts; mzpjpfo; Nfhapy; vd;gJ mzpfshy myq;fupf;fg;gl;l KUf
Myaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; gjpndhUtif Mly;fs; rptngUkhd;> jpUkhy; Mba

Mly;fshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. khNahd;> ePyNkdpnebNahd;> nrq;fz; nebNahd;
vd; D k; nrhw; n whlh; f s; jpUkhy; topghl; i lf; Fwpg; g pLtdthf cs; s d.
Guhzf;fijfspd; ,e;J rka rpe;jidfs; mwnewpf; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Mokhfg;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUg;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. rptngUkhdpd; ml;ltPuf; fijfSld;
njhlh;ghd Mly;fis khjtp Mbajhf rpyg;gjpfhuk; $Wfpdw ; J. ngz; nja;tq;fspd;
cghridfSk; rq;fk; kUtpafhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;WfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khNahd; Jzq;ifad; nry;tp vd;Dk; nrhw;gjq;fs; ,jw;Fr;
rhd;W khatd; Mba kuf;fhyhlYk; vd;Dk; ghlyb jpUkhy; Mba $j;jpd;
rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
rpyg;gjpfhug; ghlypNy Jh;f;if rpk;kthfpdpahf epw;Fk; epiy gpd;tUk; ghlyb

%yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
fupajpupf; Nfhl;Lf;fiy kpirNky; epd;whahy;

nrq;fz; mupkhd; rpdtpilNky; epd;whahy;
vd;Dk; ghly; tupfspy; Ju;f;ifapd; tbtk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhw;witia
njhlh;e;J GfOk; NghJ
“tyk;gL nfhw;wj;J tha;thl; nfhw;wit” “,uz;L NtW cUtpy; jpuz;l Njhs;

mTzd; jiykpir epd;w ijay;”
vd;gJ kfp\hRu tjj;ij epidTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
jj;Jthu;j;j rpe;jidia Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;Jf;fspd; Co;tpidf; Nfhl;ghl;il

mbnahw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
“Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;” vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; ghl rhq;fpa nfhs;ifapdUk;

irt jj;JtthjpfSk; mwnwepf; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;gjid
kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;jpy irtthjp vd;Dk; jj;Jtg; gpuptpdh; fhzg;gl;ljhff;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J irtrpj;jhe;j kugpdiuf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. mNj fhy fl;lj;jpy;
vOe; j jpUke; j pug; ghly; f spYk; Mfk kuG jOtpa irtrpj; j he; j k;
nry; t hf; f ile; J s; s J. Nkyhd jw; g uk; fz; N lhh; irtrpj; j he; j Nu vd; g J
Fwpgg
; plj;jf;fJ. irtrpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kjd;Kjyhf jkpopy; ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpNy ,e;Jrka ehlf tsh;rr

; pf;fhd mbg;gilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nfhw;wit topghl;Lld njhlh;ghd Ntyd; ntwpahly; $j;J ,e;J rka Mly;

fiyapd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. mj;Jld; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; 11 tif
Mly;fSk; ,jd; ngUikiar; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
gy;yth; fhy ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rp

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 6k; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; 9k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd
fhyg;gFjp gy;ytu; fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jkpofj;ij
gy;yt> ghz;ba muru;fs; Ml;rp Gupe;jdu;. vdpDk; jkpofj;jpd; mNefkhd gFjpfs;
gy;ytu;fspd; Mjpff
; j;jpNyNa ,Ue;jd. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; gf;jp ,af;fj;ij ikakhff;
nfhz;l irt itzt newpfspd; tsu;r;rpiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;Lf;F tlf;Nf rhjthfd tk;rj;jthpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;bUe;j rpy

khfhzq;fSf;Fj; jiyth;fshf ,Ue;j gy;yth;fs; rhjthfd NguuRepiy jsu
jhk; jiyik tfpj;j khfhzq;fSf;F jhNk murh;fshfp jkpofj;jpd; tlghfj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wp fp.gp. 575y; fsg;gpdiu ntd;wdh;. fsg;gpdiu Njhw;fbj;J rpk;ktp];Z
fp.gp 575 Kjy; njhz;il kz;lyj;ijak; mjd;gpd; Nrho kz;lyjijAk; ifg;gw;wp
mguh[pj th;kid Nrhokd;ddhd Mjpj;a th;kd; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp. 890k; Mz;L
tiu gy;yth; Ml;rp epytpaJ.
gy;yt murh;fSk; gz;ghl;L tsu;r ;r pAk;

gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Mz;l gy;yt muru;fSs; Kw;fhy gy;yt
kd;dh;fshf gg;gNjtd;> Fkhutp];Z> ];fe;jth;kd;> rpk;kth;kd;> ee;jp th;kd;
Kjypatu;fisAk; ,ilf;fhy gy;yt kd;du;fSf;F kNfe;jputh;kd;> eurpk;kth;kd;>
uh[rpk; kd; KjyhNdhiuAk; gpw;fhy gy;yt muru;f Ss; ee;jptUkd;> 2k;
guNk];tuth;kd;> 3k; kNfe;jputh;kd;> 2k; ee;jpth;kd; Nghd;wtiuak; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,f;fhy muru;fs;
Myaq;fis mikj;jJld;> mitrhu;e;j gzpfspYk; <Lgl;ldu;. Myaq;fSf;Ff;
fpuhkq;fisj; Njtjhdkhf toq;fpdu;. fiyQu;fs;> rpw;gpfs;> GNuhfpju;fs; irt
itzt rkag; gzpfspy; <Lgl tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. Myaq;fs; fy;tp>
gz;ghl;L epiyaq;fshf tpsq;fTk;> Ntjf;fy;tp> ,jpfhr Guhzf;fij kuG vd;gd
gug;gg;gLtjw;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
gy;yth;fhy ,e;J gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapYk; gf;jp newpapd; kWkyu;r;rpapYk;

ngUk; gq;F tfpjj ; td; rpkk
; tp]Z
; kd;dd;. MapDk; ,tdJ kfdhd kNfe;jputh;kd;
fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jkj kWkyh;r;rpapy;> GJikfSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,jd; gpd;dh; thjhgp
rhSf;fpaUld; Nghuhb jkpofj;ij kPl;l ngUik khky;yidr; rhUk;. ,tid
mLj;J uh[rpk;kd; 4k; Mz;L Ml;rpnra;jhd;. ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; mitjPf rkak;
tPo;r;rp mile;J itjPfrkak; cah;epiy ngw;wJ.
jkpofj;jpy; gy;yt muru;fspd; Ml;rpia epiyahf Vw;gLj;jpatd; vd;w

ngUik kNfe;jputUkDf;Nf cz;L. rkz rkaj;ij Mjupj;j ,td; mg;guhy;
irtj;jpw;F kjk; khw;wg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,td; irtj;ij jOtpaijaLj;J
irt newpapd; tsu;r;rpapy; ngUkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,td; jd; rkag;gw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;> jd; ,iw ek;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpYk;
gy Filtiufis ,e;J nja;tq;fSf;fhf cUthf;fpdhd;. ,td; kz;lfg;gl;L
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kjy; Filtiuia mikj;j gpd; kNfe;jputhbak;> khkz;û;>
ty;yk;> gy;yhtuk; Kjyhd Filtiuf; Nfhapyf ; is mikj;jhd;. kNfe;jputh;kdpd;
tpaj;jF jpwj;Njhd;> rq;fPh;z[hjp> Fzgud;> kj;jtpyhrd> rpj;jpufhuGyp> N\jhfhhp
Mfpa tpUJg;ngah;fs; mtdJ gy;Jiwg; ghz;baj;Jtj;ijAk;> ,e;J rka
<Lghl;ilAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
gy;yt fhy muru;fSs; khky;yd;> ~Kjyhk; eurpk;k gy;ytd;| vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhd;. jkpofj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j thjhgpr; rhSf;fp;aupd; Mjpf;fj;ij
jLj;J jkpofj;ij kPl;l ngUikf;Fupatdhf eurpk;kd; tpsq;Ffpwhd;. thjhgpia
ntw;wp nfhz;lij mLj;J> thjhgpapypUe;J fzgjp topghL jkpo; ehl;bw;F
guTtjw;Ff; fhuzkf ,Ue;jhd;. ,td; khgy;yGuj;ij ikag;gLj;jp
mikj;j ,e;J Myaq;fs; ,tdJ ,e;J rkag; gw;Wf;Fr; rhd;W.
khky;yGuf; fiyf;$lj;ijAk; FlNghf kz;lgq;fisAk; xw;iwf;fy;

ujf;Nfhapy;fisAk; mikj;jhd;. jpup%u;j;jp kz;lgk;> Mjptuhf kz;lgk;> kfp\h
Ruku;j;jpdp kz;lgk;> jUkuh[ kz;lgk;> khky;yGuk; Nghd;wit ,td; mikj;j
kz;lgq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs;. khky;y Guj;jpy; eurpk;kdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l
kiyjspfs;> kfhghujf; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fshYk; fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fspd;
ngau;fshYk; miof; fg;gLfpd;wd. mit jUkujk;> tPkujk;> fNzrujk;> rfhNjt
ujk;> mu;r;Rd ujk;> nfhw;witujk;> tlf;Fg; gplhupujk;> njw;Fg; gplhup ujk;>
tiyahd; Fl;il ujk; vDk; ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Guhz ,jpfhrf;
fijfisr; rpw;gq; fshf tbj;jhd;. khky;yGu xw;iwf;fw; Nfhapy;fSs; mUr;Rdd;
ujk;> ju;kuh[ujk; Mfpait rptDf;Fupait.
gy;ytu; fhy muru;fSs; kw;nwhUtdhfpa guNkRtutu;kd; tpj;ahtpePjd;

vDk; tpUJg; n gaiuf; nfhz;b Ue;jhd; . ,td; $uk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; rptd;
Nfhapnyhd;iw mikj;jhd;. mf;Nfhapw; g+irfSf;nfd 108 rJu; N tjpfl; F
epykspj;jhd;. ,td; jdJ jpUKbapy; cUj;jpuhl;rj;jpyhd kfh rptypq;fj;ijj;
jupj;jpUe;jhd; vd;gjw;F mwpQu;fs; rhd;Wfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;;. k h k y ; y G u f ;
fNzru; Nfhapw;fy;ntl;L> guNkRtutu;kdpd; Mo;e;j rptgf;jpapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;.
mf;fy; ntl;by; ~rptDf;F Nky; nja;tk; ,y;iy@ mtNd KOKjw;flTs;@ rptid
epid ahNjhu; MW Kiw rgpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;| vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; vd;w ngau;nfhz;l ,uhrrpk;kd; 40 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp

nra;jtd; vd;w ngUikiag; ngWfpd;whd;. ,tDila fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by;
mikjp epytpaJ. rpt gf;jdhifahy; ,td; fhyj;jpy; irt newp rpwg;ghf
tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. rpt#lhkzp rq;fugf;jd;> Mfkg;gphpad;> rp\yhQ;rdd;> irt
rpj;jhe;j khh;f;fd; vDk; tpUJg;ngah;fSk; fypAfj;jpy; mrhPhp Nfl;ltd; vd;w
tpUJg;ngaiuAk; nfhz;bUe;j uh[rpk;kd;> G+ryhhpd; tuyhw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;l
kd;ddhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. kfhgypGuj;jpYk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpYk; irt Myaq;f
isAk; itzt Myaq;fisAk; mikj;jhd;. kfhgypGuj;jpy; eugjprpk;;k tp\;Z
Myak;> rj;jpua rpk;Nk];tuk; KjyhdNfhapy;fis mikj;jhd;. fhQ;rpf; fbifia
kWrPuikg;Gr; nra;J> tlnkhopg; gz;ghl;ilg; gug;gpdhd;. g+ryhu; ehadhu; tu
yhw;Wld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLk; kd;ddhf ,td; $wg;gLfpwhd;.
,uh[rpkk
; dpd; Ml;rpapd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy;ytu; ghz;bau; njhlu;G tYg;ngw;wJ.
jkpofj;jpd; tlf;fpy; gy;ytu;fSk; njw;fpy; ghz;bau;fSk; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.
mtu;fspilNa rkag; gz;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; xUikg;ghL epytpaJ. N k w ; g b
muru; f s; Kjypy; njhz; i l kz; l yj; i jAk; mjidj; njhlu; e ; J Nrho
kz;lyj;ijAk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jpdu;. Me;jpu kz;lyj;jpd;
njd;gFjpfSk; gy;ytu; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jd. ,t;turu; fhyj;jpy; irt
itzt Myaq;fSf;F jdpj;jdpr; nrhj;Jf;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. rpthyaq;fSf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd epyGyq;fs; Njtjhdk; vd;Wk; itzt Myaq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
epyq;fs; jpUtpilahl;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld.
,f;fhyj;jpy;> tl,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j itjPf fyhrhuk; jkpo; fyhrhuj;Jld;

fye;jJ. rJu;Ntjp kq;fyq;fSk; fpU\;z kq;fyq;fSk; ngUfpd. itjPff; fy;tp
gutpaJ. Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfSk; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; Guhz
,jpfhrf; fijfis mwpAk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. irtk;> itztk; vd;gtw;Wld;
ghRgjk;> fghypfk; vd;Dk; irtg; gpupTfSk; itNrbak;> rhq;fpak; Kjypa jj;Jtf;
Nfhl;ghLfSk; gutyhapd. ,uhrrpk;k murd; mikj;j ngupa jpUf;fw;wsp -
fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;> jkpofj;jpd; ngupa fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy; vd;w
ngUikiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ehad;khu; Mo;thu;;fspd; gzpfs;

jkpofj;jpy; gy;ytu; fhyk; Kd;ida fhyq;fis tpl irt itzt newpfs;
kpfTk; jioj;Njhq;fpa fhyg; gFjpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. mitjPf rkaq;fspd; JwT>
mfpk;ir gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fshy; miyg;Gz;bUe;j jkpof kf;fs; irt> itzt
newpfs;rhu;e;j rka mDgtq;fisAk; jj;Jthh;j;j cz;ikfisAk; czuj;
njhlq;fpa fhyfl;lkhf ,J mikfpwJ. gbj;jtu;fSld; rhjhuz kf;fisAk;
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L irtkaj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gpfi
; fia Gjpa ghzpapNy ntspgg
; Lj;Jk;
Kiwahy; fiy> ,yf;fpa jj;JtuPjpahd jhf;fk; epiwe;j fhykhf gy;ytu;
fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. irt rkak;> itzt rkak; vd;Dk; ,UngUk; newpfis
ikag;gLj;jpajhf gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jp ,af;fk; ,U jsq;fspy; nraw;gl;lJ.
gy;ytu; fhy Mo;thu;fSk; ehad;khu;fSk; gy epiyg;gl;l tifapy; jkJ gzpfis

Kd;ndLj;jdu;. Gwr; rkaf; fz;ldk;> irt rka kPl;LUthf;fk;> ,iwtid
md;Gtopapy; topgly;> Njhj;jpug; ghly;fs; Njhd;Wjy;> gjpfk; ghly;> ,irAld;
ghly; fiyQu;fis ,izj;jy;> irtg; ngz;fisg; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; ,izj;jy;>
kd;du;fis irt rkaj;jpy; Nru;j;jy;> rptrpd;dq;fisg; NgZjy;> gQ;rhl;ru
ke;jpuk; XJjy; Nghd;wtw;iw irtgf;jp ,af;fj;jpdu; filg;gpbj;jdu;. Myaj;
njhz;Lfisr; nra;jdu;. Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;W> Guhzf; fijfisf; $wpdu;. Mbg;ghb
topghL nra;jdu;. rptdbahu; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J nraw;gl;ldu;. nghJkf;fs;
ehad;khu;fSld; Nru;e;J topghl;by; <Lgl;ldu;. itzt irt rkaq;fNs
nka;r; rkaq;fs; vd typAWj;jg;gl;ld.
,e;J rkaj;jpd; capu;ehjkhf tpsq;Fk; gf;jpia kf;fspilNa epiyngwr;

nra;j ngUik gy;ytu; fhy mbatu;fSf;Fz;L. ngsj;j kjj;jpd; nry;ythf;Ff;
fhuzkhf ghzh;> $j;jh;> nghUeh;> tpwypau; vdg;gl;l fiyQh;fs; rKjhaj;jpypUe;J
XJf;fg;gl;ldu;. ngsj;j Jwtpau;fs; Mly; ghly;fis ntWj;jik ,jw;Fg; gpujhd
fhuzkhFk;. Mly;> ghly; jOtpa ,k;kuG ehad;khh; Mo;thu;fspd; vOr;rpapdhy;
kPz;Lk; rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpak;; ngwyhapw;W. mtu;fs; ,tw;iw gf;jpAld; ,izj;J
rkaj;ij epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhd Xu; cghakhff; ifahz;ldu;. Nfhapy;fspy;
mOjy;> tpOjy;> njhOjy; vd;Dk; epiyapy; kl;Lky;yhJ> MLjy;> ghLjy;>
$Ljy; %ykhfTk; gf;jp newpia tsu;j;jdu;. jpUehTf;furUk;
~jiyahuf; Fk;gpl;Lf; $j;Jkhb rq;fuh raNghw;wp.....|
vd;W Myaj;jpy; nka;kwe;j ,iw mDgtk; MlyhfTk;> ghlyhfTk; ntspg;g
Ltjidg; ghLfpwhu;.
gy;ytu; fhy mbatu;fs; tlnkhopf; fyhrhuk; jOtpa Guhz ,jpfhrf;

fijfis jkJ ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa Mo;thu;> ehad;khu;fs; mjd; thapyhf
kf;fspilNa jkJ rkaj;ij epiyngwr; nra;tjw;F Kide;jdu;. rptd;> tp];Z
vd;Nghupd; tPujPur; nray;fs;> mbatu;fSf;F mUSk; jpwd;> mbatu;fspd; gf;jp
ituhf;fpak; Kjyhd tplaq;fis kf;fSf;F czu;jJ ; k; tifapy; Guhz ,jpfhrf;
fijfis Mjhuk; fhl;bdu;. rptd;> akid cijj;jik> kd;kjid> jphpGuj;ij
vhpj;jik> Kjypa nray;fisf; $wpdu;. Mo;thu;fs; tp];Ztpd; gj;J mtjhuq;fis
jkJ ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. khzpf;fthrfu;> rptd; Mjpae;jk; mw;wtu;
vDk; cz; ikia kf;f Sf; F czu;j ; Jtjw;f hd mbKb Njba fijia
vLj;jhz;Ls;shu;. mtuJ
~khywpah ehd;KfDk; fhzhkiyapid ehd;
NghywpNthk; vd;Ws;s nghf;fq;fNs NgRk;|
vd tUk; ghly; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. mNjNtis ,uhtzd; fapiy kiyiag;
ngau;;j;jNtis mtDf;F mEf;fpufk; nra;j tuyhWk; rptd; mupr;RdDf;F
ghRgjh];jpuk; toq;fpa fijAk; kf;fspilNa gug;gg;gl;ld. ,yq;if murdhfpa
,uhtzd; fapiy kiyiag; ngau;j;jikapidAk;> mjidj; jLj;j rptngUkhd;
,uhtzDf; F mUs; Gupe; j ikapidAk; jpUQhdrk; g e; j u; kf; f Sf; F
vLj;jpak;gpAs;shu;. ~Fd;wk; Ve;jp Fspu;kio fhj;jtd; md;W Qhyk; mse;j
gpuhd;gud;| Kjyhd Mo;thu;ghly;fspy; tp\;Ztpd; guhf;fpukk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpuhd; gud;| vd;W tp~;Ztpd; mtujhug; ngUikia Mo;thh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

Md;kfP <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjidfs; gy;ytu;fhy mbatu;fspd; gzpfs; thapyhf
nray; tbtk; ngw;wd. ,jpy; ehw;ghjq;fSk;> itztk; $Wk; MW tifahd cwT
KiwfSk; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;. gy;ytu;fhy mbatu;fs; rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;>
Qhdk; vDk; ehw;ghjq;fspd; top tho;e;J> kf;fSf;F topfhl;bdu;. jpUehTf;fuuu;
cothuq;nfhz;L rupiaj; njhz;Lfs; Gupe;jhu;.
\epiyngWkhnud;DjpNa neQ;Nr eP th
epj;jYk; vk;gpuhDila Nfhapy; Gf;F………. |
vd;W rupia newpahsd; Myankhd;wpy; Mw;Wk; rupiaj; njhz;Lfs; gw;wp mg;gu;
ghbAs;shu;. Re;juh; Nahf newpia Njhoik czu;Tld; gpd;gw;wpaikia mtupd;
ghly; f shy; mwpaKbfpwJ. Qhd khu; f ; f j; j py; jdJ ,iw mDgtj; i j
ntspg;gLj;jpatuhf khzpf;fthrfu; tpsq;Ffpwhu;. ,tuJ jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; Qhd
newpapd; tpsf;fkhf mikfpd;wd. Mz;lhs;> ngupaho;thu; Kjyhd Mo;thu;fs;
jhfpak;> rfpak;> thr;rypak;> kJuk; Kjyhd cwT epiyfspy; epd;W tp~;Ztpd; kPJ
nfhz;l gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jp dhu;fs;. Mz;lhs; kJu ghtidapy; jd; ,iw
md;ig ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtuJ kj;jsk; nfhl;l tuprqfk; epd;W}j .....|vd tUk;
ghly; ,tuJ kJu ghtidf;fr; rhd;W.
gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhf tpsq;fpait gf;jpg; ghly;fNs. gf;jp

newpia epiy epWj;jpa Clfk; vd;w tifapy; ,irg; ghly;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg;
ngw;wpUe;jd. mit nja;tg; ngUikfisg; $Wk; mNjNtis nja;tf P ek;gpf;ifAila
mbahu;fspd; gf;jp czh;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf ,Ue;jd. mbatu;fshy;
mUsg;gl;l ghly;fs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. Njthu Kjypfs; mUspa Njthuj; jpUKiwfSk;>
Mo;thu;fspd; ehyapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jq;fSk; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpNyNa mUsg;gl;lit.
jkJ ,iwAzu;it ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> rptdpd; Njhw;wg; nghypTfis kf;fs;
kdf; fz;zpy; epiyngwr; nra;tjw;Fk;> kf;fSf;F ,iw ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
kf;fSf;F rka cz;ikfs;> rka mDl;lhdq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;> jyahj;jpiufis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,t;tUl;ghly;fs; ngupJk; cjtpad. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
\NjhLila nrtpad; tpilNawpNahu; ......|
vdj;njhlq;Fk; jdJ Kjy; ghlypNyNa rptdpd; Njhw;wg; nghypit ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
mg;gu; jpUj;jhz;lfj;ij rpwg;ghff; ifaz;likahNyNa mtu; \jhz;lf Nte;ju;|
vDk; ehkj;ijg; ngw;whu;. ,JNghyNt \gr;irkhkiyNghy; Nkdp............| vdj;njhlq;Fk;
njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thupd; ghly; tp~;Ztpd; jpUTUt moif kf;fspd; kdf;fz;
Kd; nfhz;L epWj;JfpwJ.
ehad;khu;fs;> Mo;thu;fs; vd;Nghuhy; Mw;wg;gl;l mw;Gjq;fs; Fwpj;j fhy rka

tsu;r;rpf;F ngupJk; cjtpd. gy;ytu; fhy gf;jp ,af;fk; nghJ kf;fs; ,af;fkhf
GJ tbtk; ngWtjw;F ,J ce;Jrf;jpahf mike;jJ. jkf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs;
Vw;gLk; re;ju;gq;fspYk;> gpw rkaj;jtu;fSld; thjq;fspy; <LgLk; NtisfspYk;
,tu;fshy; gy mw;Gjq;fs; Mw;wg;gl;ld. ehad;khu;fs; Mz; gidfis ngz;
gidfshf;fpaik> gbf;fhR ngw;W gQ;rk; jPu;j;jik> vYk;igg; ngz;zhf;fpaik
Mw;wpypl;l nghd;id Fsj;jpy; vLj;jik Kjyhd mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jpdu;. jpUf;
fspw;Wg;gbahu; irt ehad;khu;fspd; mw;Gjq;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. rk;ge;ju; rkzu;fSld;
Gd;yt; hjj;jpy; <Lgl;lNghJ \tho;f me;jzu; thdtu; Mdpdk;...............| vDk; ghliyg;ghb
irtNk cz;ikr; rkankd czu itj;jhu;. Mo;thu;fs; ,it Nghd;w mw;Gjq;fis
Mw;wp itzt newpia epiyngwr; nra;jdu;.
Nrhou; fhyk;
jkpof mur tk;r q;fspy; Nrho murh;fs; rq;ffhyk; Kjy Mjpf;fk;

nrYj;jpdhYk; Nrhog; NguuR vd;gJ fp.gp. 850 njhlf;fk; jkpofj;jpy; epiy
ngw;wJ. fp.gp.850 fp.gp.1015 tiuapyd fhyg;gFjpapy; Kjyhk; Mjpj;jd; Kjyhk;
guhe;jfd; fz;luhjpj;jd; 2k; guhe;jfd; Kjypa kd;dh;fs; Mz;L te;jhh;fs;.
,t;turh;fisj; njhlh;e;J ,uhruhr Nrhod; ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; MfpNahUk; Ml;rp
nra;jdh;. fp.gp.1229 -1280 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; 1k; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk;
,uhNre;jpud; MfpNahUk; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.
Muk;gfhy Nrhog; Nguurh;fs; tprahya NrhNs];tuk; nfhLk;gh&h; %th;

Nfhapy;> fz;zD}h; ghyRg;gpukzpah; Nfhapy; vd;gd nry;thf;file;jd. Nrhoh;
Ml;rpf;fhyk; ,e;Jrka tuyhw;wpy; nghw;fhykhfTk;> fhtpa fhykhfTk;> ngUk;
jj;Jtkhfpa irtrpj;jhe;j vOr;rpf; fhykhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. Nrho murh;fs;
jkpoe
; hl;by; kl;Lkd;wp njd;fpof;fhrpah> tl,e;jpah> ,yq;if Kjypa gpuNjrq;fspYk;
jkJ gz;ghl;ilg; gug;gpdhh;fs;. ,jdhy; Nrho murh;fis fq;if nfhz;lhd;
flhuk; ntd;whd; vd;Wk; Gfo;e;jdh;. Nrho kz;lyk;> <okz;lyk; Ntq;if kz;lyk;
midj;Jk; Nrho mruh; iftrkhfpaJ.
Nrho murh; gz;ghl;il typAWj;Jtjw;F gy;tifr; rhd;Wfis Mjhukhff;

fhl;Lth;. fy;ntl;L> nrg;Gg;gl;lak;> Kd;ida fl;llq;fs;. ,yf;fpak; nghwpg;Gfs;
vd;gdTk; Nrhoh; fhy gz;ghl;il mwpAk; rhd;Wfshf mike;Js;sd.
Nrho murUk; gz;g hl;L tsh;r ;r pAk;
Nrho murh;fs; irt itzt kuigg; gpd;gw;wpath;fshth;. rptNdrr;

nry;th;fshf tpsq;fpdh;. jpUePw;Wr;Nrhod; jpupGtdr; rf;futh;j;jp> rptghjNrfud;
vdg; Gfog;gl;lik mtuJ irt <Lghl;b id Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ NrhoturuJ
uh[;arpd;dkhf eluhr tbtKk; ee;jpf; nfhbAk; tpsq;fpd. gy;yth;fhy gz;ghl;Lj;
njhlh;gpy; Nrho muR tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. gy;yt - ghz;ba Ml;rpiaj; njhlh;e;Nj
tprahya Nrhod; jdJ Mjpff ; j;ijg; gug;gpdhd;. guhe;jfdJ Mjpff
; j;ijj; njhlh;eJ
;
gy;yt rhk;uhl;rpak; tPo;r;rp fz;lJ. gy;yt tPo;r;rpia njhlh;e;J njhz;il
kz;lyj;jpYk; Nrhouhjpf;fk; gutpaJ.
Nrhouhl;rpapNy tlehl;by; ,Ue;J tlnkhopg; Gyik kpf;f GNuhfpju; tUif

fhzg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,Uj;jg;gl;ldu;. rJh;Ntjp
kq;fyq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
- Mjpjj; Nrhod;- ghly; ngw;w jyq;fis GJg;gpjj
; hd;. ,jpy; jpUthtLJiw>
jpUthyq;fhL Kjypa Nfhapy;fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
- tprahya Nrhod; - tprahya NrhNo];tuj;ijAk; epRk;g#jdp
NfhapiyAk; mikj;jhd;.
- guhe;jfd; - fhtpupf;fiuf; Nfhapy;fisg; GJg;gpj;jhd;.
- ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; - fq;if nfhz;lNrhNo];tuj;ijAk; ,yq;ifapy;
thdtd; khNjtp <];tuj;ijAk; mikj;jhd;.
- 2k; uh[uhrd; - juhRuk;NfhapiyAk;
- FNyhJq;f Nrhod; - jpupGtdk; NfhapiyAk; mikj;jjhf tuyhW
$Wfpd;wJ.
Nrho murpah; epidthfTk; Nfhapy;fis mikf;Fk; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

Nfhapy;fspy; murh; fsJ jpUel;r j;jpu ehl;fSk;> gpwe;j ehs; tpohf;fSk;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. Ig;grp rja tpoh ngUtpohthf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. Mfk
Kiwahd G+irfSf;F ,yf;fzkhf jQ;irf; Nfhapy; tpohf;fs; mike;jd.
Nfhapy; topghl;bw;fhf rptdbahh; jpUTUtq;fSk; jpUNkdpfSk; gpujp];il
nra;ag;gl;ld. 12 khjq;fSf;Fk; 12 tpohf;fis nfhz;lhLk; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ
ijg;G+rk;> gq;Fdp cj;jpuk;> itfhrp tprhfk;> Gul;lhjp tpoh khh;fopj; jpUthjpiu
Mfpatw;Wld; fpufz ehl;fspYk; ngUtpohf;fshff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. Nrho
murh;fs; jpUf;Nfhapy; fisNa muz;kidfshff; fUjpdh;. mq;F gpuhkzh;fSf;Fk;
fiyQh; f Sf; F k; Gyth; f Sf; F k; tpUJfis toq; f pdh; . cjhuzkhf
jiyf;Nfhypgl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
irt ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;fpid murh;f@lhf Nfhapy;fs; ghJfhj;jd.

jpUKiwg; ghly;fs; Njlg;gl;ld. Nfhapy;fspNy ghlg;gl;ld> gz;tFf;fg;gl;lJ
jpUKiw XJthh; kuGk; Nfhapypy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ XJthh;fis gplhuh;fs; vd;W
mioj;jdh;. jQ;irf; Nfhapypy; 48 gplhuh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Nfhapy;fSf;fhd
epte;jq;fspy; mtpgG
; wk;> mh;rr
; dh Nghfk;> tPizf;fhzp> jpUg;gjpafhzp> ctr;rfhzp>
jpUf;iff;Nfhl;b> jpUnkOf;Fg;Gwk;> jpUtpsf;Fg; Gwk; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.
Nfhapy; gzpahsh; f Sf; F Njtubahh; up\gj; j spapyhh; epUf; j tplf; f pah;
KjyhNdhUk; Njthu KjypfSk; Njthu Njth;fSk; gzp nra;ayhapdh;. Nfhapy;fs;
fy;tpf; $lq;fshfTk;> MJyh;rhiyfshfTk; tpsq;fpd. muru; murpah; epidthf
MJyh; rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
Nrhoh; fhyj;J Nfhapy;fSk; gz;g hl;L tsh;r ;r pAk;
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tpUj;jpf;fhd ika ,lq;fshf Nfhapy;fs; tpsq;fyhapd.

Nfhapy;fspy; NtjtpUj;jp Guhz tpUj;jp> ghuj tpUj;jp Kjypatw;Wf;fhfg; guprpy;fs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. Myaq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; klq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. jpUKf;$ly;
vDkplj;jpy; tzpfu;fs; mikj;j klq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapy;fspy; tf;fhzpg;G
kz;lgk;> Njthu Rw;W kz;lgk; vd;gdTk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. Nfhapy;fspy; fzf;F
nghj;jfk;> E}yfk;> fiyf;$lq;fs;> itj;jpa rhiy vd;gtw;wpd; tsh;rr ; p fhzg;gl;lJ.
ngUq;Nfhapy>; ngUtpkhdk; vd;gtw;wpd; tsh;rr
; pAld; ngUk; fhg;gpaKk;; njhlh;Ggl;ld.
Nfhapy; rhh;e;Nj gjpfq;fs; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; vOr;rp ngw;wd. jpUtpirg;gh>

jpUg;gy;yhz;L ghly;fs; ,jw;F rhd;whdit. Nfhapy;fspy; mk;kd; topghl;bw;fhd
jpUf;fikf; Nfhl;lk; Kf;fpakhd ,lkhFk;. jpUf;fikf; Nfhl;lk; mk;kd; re;epjpahf
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhapy;fspd; Rw;Wg;gpufhu mikg;GfSk; tpuptile;jd. NjNuhLk;
tPjp Njh;tpoh vd;gdTk; NfhapYld; njhlh;ghf tsh;r;rp ngw;wd. Myaq;fspy;
ehad;khh; topghL> ehad;khh; FUG+ir> ehad;khh; tho;tpaiy Mw;Wif nra;jy;
vd;gdTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Nrhoh; fhy itztKk; Ntjhe;j kuGk;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; kq;fyhrdk; ngw;w itztf; Nfhapy;fs; Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy;
tpz;zfuk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wd. itztj;jpw;F kd;dh;fs; MjuT toq;fpdh;.
Mo;thh; ghly;fSf;Fk; ciu tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ehj Kdpth;> aKdhr;rhupahh;>
,uhkhDrh;> kj;Jth;> fk;gh; KjypNahh; itzth; gzp nra;jdh;. Mo;thh; kuG
Mr; r hhpahhh; kughf tsh; r ; r paile; j J. fk; g uhkhazj; j py; ,uhk topghL
typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mo;thh; ghly;fspd; rhuhk;rkhf mike;jd =uq;ff; Nfhapy;
itzt jiyikgPlkhf mike;jJ. ,uhkhDrh; Ntjhe;jk; ek;kho;thh; ghly;
rhuhk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ. tp\pl;lhj;itj Ntjhe;jk; tpupthd tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.
,uhkhDrupd; itzt ifq;fhpaq;fshy; itztk; vOr;rpAw;wJ. ek;kho;thh;
tuyhw;wpid rlNfhgue;jhjpahf fk;gu; ,aw;wpdhh;. Mo;thh; ghly;fs; itzt
Nfhapy; fspy; ghlg; gl;l d. NjlUk; jpwy; vd; D k; ghly; jpdKk; ghuhazk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mo;thh; ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. Mo;thh; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;J
ehlfkhf ebf;Fk; tpohTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;tpoh gpuge;j mj;jpaadk; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ. mehah; vd;Dk; fiyQh;fs; ;,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fpdh;.
tp[a efu ehaf;fu; fhyk;

njd;dpe;jpa ,e;J rka tsh;r;rpapYk; jkpof ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapYk; ngUk;
gq;nfLj;j fhyfl;lkhf tp[aefuh; Ml;rpiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fp.gp.1336,y; fh;ehlf
khepyj;jpy; tp[aefug; NguuR epWtg;gl;lij njhlh;e;Jj; jkpofj;jpNy fp.gp 15k;
E}w;whz;by; ehaf;f kd;dh; Mjpf;fk; gutpaJ tp[a efu murh;fs; jkpofj;jpy;
gutpa mNjNtisapy; ,];yhkpauJ Mjpf;fKk; njd;dpe;jpahit Nehf;fpg;
gutpapUe;jJ.
kuG topahd ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; ,];yhkpah;fs; jhf;Fjy;fis elhj;jpdh;.

,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fisr; rpijj;J ,e;Jr; rpw;gq;fs; Vida fiyg; ghuk;gupaq;fisAk;
rpijj;jdh;. ,jdhy; fh;ehlf Njrj;jpy; Nkyhd epiy ngw;wpUe;j ,e;Jg; ghuk;gupak;
jsh;TWk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. by;ypr; Ry;jhdpah;fNs fu;ehlf ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by;
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdu; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bidg; ghJf;Fk; KfkhfNt tp[aefug;
NguuR vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
tp[aefug; NguuR gw;wp mwpag; gy %yhjhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;

mtw;iw njhFj;J mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ
1. ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs;
2. njhy;nghUs; Mjhuq;fs;
3. may; ehl;lth; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vd %d;W tifahf Nehf;f KbAk;.
,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fspy; tlnkhop> jkpo; fd;dl nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; tp[aefuhl;rp

gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wd. rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kJuh tp[ak; vd;gJ
tp[aefu Njhw;wk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ ,e;E}ypy; tp[aefu kd;duhl;rpf;F Fkhu
fk;gzh; vd;Wk;rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l gpugd;dhkpuj
; ; vd;Wk; E}y; Mde;juhah;
vd;gtyhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. jpURuq;ff; Nfhapy gz;ghl;il ,];yhkpa gil vLg;gpy;
,Ue;J ghJfhjj tuyhw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; khjtu;> rhadh
vOjpa ciu E}y;fSk; tp[aefu murh; tuyhw;wpid vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.
rhadhr;rhupahh; vOjpa ciu khjt;a jhJ tpUj;jpahfk;. khj;thr; rhupahh;
vOjpaJ Ntjgh\pak; vd;Dk; E}yhFk;. ,jdhy; itjPf kuGf;fyhrhuk; tp[aefuh;
Ml;rpapy; kPSUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.
njYq;F nkhopapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w E}y;fspy; MKf;j khy;ajh vd;Dk; E}y;

fpU\;zNjtuhaupd; gilvLg;G gw;wpAk; mtuJ ,e;J rka Mr;rhu;aj;ijAk;
,iwtopghl;ilAk; vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. Vfhjrptpujk; fpU\;z Njtuhauhy;
mD];bf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ehd;Fahkg; ahkg; G+irfs; ,lk; ngw;wjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,];yhkpa jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhf fpU\;zNjtuhah; Nkw;nfhz;l vjph; eltbf;iffSk;
,e;E}ypy; tpyhthupahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
kJiuj; jytuyhW> NfhapnyhOF Kjypa E}y;fs; tp[aefu mur gw;wp

Njhw;wk; ngw;w jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;. NfhapnyhOF vd;Dk; E}y; tp[aefuhl;rpapy;
jpUtuq;ff; Nfhapy; ngw;w gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jdpg;ghly;
jpul;L fupjhrupd; ,U rka tpsf;fk;> Vfhk;gehjUyh Kjypa E}y;fSk; tp[aefu
ehaf;fh; gz;ghL gw;wp rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; eilngw;w gz;ghl;lk;rq;fspd; tpUj;jp gw;wpa njhy;

nghUl;fis mtjhdpfF ; k; NghJ fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; nrg;NgLfSk rhd;whf mike;jd.
,f; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; jkpo;> tlnkhop> njYq;F nkhopfspy; nghopag;gl;Ls;sd.
tp[a efu murh;fshfpa mupfudpd; nrg;NgLfs;> tpUg;gd;d cilahh; nrg;NgLfs;
Mfpad murh;fsJ gzpfisf; $Wfpdw ; d. tp[aefuk; tpUyhl;rfu; Nfhapy; mth;fs;>
NfhGuk;> Nfhl;il> njg;gf;Fsk;> rpw;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; vQ;rpa ghfq;fSk; njhy;nghUl;
rpd;dq;fshf rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kd;dh; jpU cUtk;> ehzak; vd;gdTk; tp[aefu
Ml;rpf;fhy vr;rq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. epf;nfhy]; nfhz;b vd;Dk; gpwehl;L
mwpQUk; tp[aefu Ml;rp gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.
tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Njhw;w #oYk; jkpo;e hl;b y; mjd; nry;thf;F k;.
tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; rq;fkh;> rhUth; JSth vd;Dk; murtk;r Ml;rp

,lk;ngw;wJ. 1323k; Mz;L rq;fk kugpdh; tp[aefu Ml;rpia Muk;gpj;jdh;.
mupfud;> MfpNahUk; rq;fk kugpy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. fupfuh; Gf;fNu tp[aefu
Ml;rpapy; Kjd;ik muruhth;. rhSt kugpy; Ml;rp nra;j rhSt eurpk;kd;
gzpfspy; mf;fhy itzt rka tsh;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rhSt murtk; rj;jth;fs; fp.gp.1485Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.
JSt kugpdh; fp.gp.1500 Ml;rpia Muk;gpj;jdh;. JSt mur tk;rj;jpdupy;

xUtuhfNt Kjyhk; gpU\;z Njtuhah; gzp nra;jhh;. JS tk;rj;jpy; mr;Rj;
Njtuh> ,uhkuhah;> rjhrptuhth; KjypNahUk; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. tjahuz;ah; vd;Dk;
mikr;rh; ,t;thl;rpia Muk;gpj;jjhfTk; mtNu rq;f Fyj;jhUf;F ,t;thl;rpia
xg;gilj;jhh; vdTk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpj;ahuz;lh Jq;fgj;jphp ejpf;fiuapy; tp[a efuj;ij Jq;fyj;jpuh ejpf;fiu

tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gk; Guhzg; ngUikAk; cila ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,uhkhzaf;
fijapd; fskhf fp]; f pe; i j tpsq; f panjdTk mt; t plNk tp[aefukhf
mike;jjhfTk $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjyhk; fupfud;> Kjyhk; Gf;fd; MfpNahiuj;
njhlh;e;J Gf;fspd; kfdhfpa Fkhufk;gid tp[aefug; NguuR jkpof;jpw;F gug;gpa
KjyhtJ murd; Mthh;. jkpo; ehl;by; tp[aefu NguuR gutpaikf;F Fkhu
fk;gzd; vd;Dk; murNd fhuzk; vd;gu;.
Fkhufk;gzd; Ml;rpff; hyj;jpy; gy;tif ny;thf;if ntspgg

; Lj;jpdhd;.; ,jdhy;
kJiu> jpUtuq;fk;> jpUthidf;fh> jpy;iy Kjypa Myaq;fspy;k; jilg;gl;l
topghLfs; kPz;Lk; ,lngw tha;g;Ngw;gl;lJ. Fkhu fk;gzd; ghz;b ehl;ilAk;
jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhd;. Fkhufk;gzd; Ml;rp kz;lNyRtuh; Ml;rp
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. kz;lyq;fis Ml;rp nra;jikahy; kz;Ny];tuh;fs; vd
murh;fs; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
,t;turh; Ml;rpapy; Njh;j; jpUtpohf;fs; eilngw;wd . Njtubahh;fs; Nju;fspy;

mkh;e;J gy;tif ,irf; fUtpfis ,irj;jdh;. jpUf;fhu;j;jpifapy; jPgNkw;wp
kQ;rs; ePh; njspj;J topghL nra;jdh;.
tp[aefu kd;d h;fSk; ,e;J rka tpUJfSk;.

tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; jkJ clypy; tpUghl;rfh; vd;Dk; FwpaPl;il nghwpj;jdh;.
irt kf;fs; tpUghl;rfu; nghwpg;igf; Fwpg;gpl itzth;fs; =uhk yl;rpiziag;
nghwpj;jdh;. kz;lNy];tuh; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. rhSt eurpk;kh murh;
=kd; ,uh[hjpuh[h uh[guNk];tuh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,uz;lhk; fupfhuh;
uh[tpahrd;> uh[ thd;kPfp Mfpa tpUJg; ngah;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf mf;fhy
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; fupfud; mth;fNs tp[aefuj;jpy; irtnewp
tsh;r;rpAk; itztKk; NtWgl;l rka newpfs; vd;gijak; mtw;Wf;fhf jdpj;jdp
gf;jp khh;ff
; q;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhh;. jpUf;fhshj;jp> jpUg;gjp> rpjk;guk;> =uq;fk;
Kjypa Myaq;fSf;F gy epge;jq;fis toq;fpa muruhfTk; ,uz;lhk; mjpfuiu
Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
fpU\;z NjtuhaUk; ,e;J rkaf; Nfhl;g hLk;.

fpU\;z Njtuhah; itzth; ml;ljpf;f[k; vd;Dk; mitf;fsg; Gyth;fs;
vz;kiuf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mg; Gyth;fs; irtthjpfshfTk; mj;itj nfhs;ifAil
Nahuhak; ,Ue;jdh;. itztuhf ,th; tpsqfpa NtisapYk; tp[a efuk;
tpUghl;rfiuNa topgl;lhh;. tpl;lhyh Nfhapyikj;J tpl;lhyh topghl;ilAk;
gug;gpdhh;. jyahj;jpiu nra;J jyq;fSf;fhd jhdjUkq;fisAk; toq;fpdhh;.
Myaq;fSf;F gjpdhapuk; tuhfd; toq;fpdhh; vd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
uh[NfhGuq;fs; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgq;fisAk; mikj;jhh;. fypq;f ehl;il ntw;wp
nfhz;l gpd; rpjk;guk; tlf;Ff; NfhGuj;ij ntw;wpr; rpd;dkhf mikj;jhh; vd
mtUila nrg;NgLfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
fpU\;z Njtuh[h; muruhf kl;Lkd;wp GytuhfTk; gzp nra;jhh;. ,tuJ M

Kf;j khy;ajh Mo;thh; tuyhWfisAk; itzt nry;thf;ifAk; $WtjhFk;.
mtUila mitf;fsg; Gyth;fs; vl;Lg; Ngupy Jh;[hjp vDk; Gyth; fshj;jp
kfhj;kpak; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j fupjhrh; ,Urka
tpsf;fk; vDk; E}iy vOjpdhh;. tp[a efuhl;rpapy; itztNk Nkyhd rf;jp
cilajhf tpsq;fpAs;sikia fhz;fpNwhk;.
fpU\;z Njtuhah; Ml;rpAld; ,ize;jjhf mr;Rjuhah; ,uhkuhah; vd;Dk;

murh;fs; tp[aefuj;ij Ml;rp nra;jdh;. mr;Rjuhah; Ml;rpapNyNa njd;dpe;jpah
kPJ gil vLg;G ,lk; ngw;wJ. mr;Rjuhah; ghz;b ehl;by; ,e;J fyhrhuk; gutg;
gzp nra;jhh;. mr;Rjuhah; fhyj;jpNyNa kJiu ehff;fh; nrQ;rpehaf;fh;> jQ;ir
ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; Ml;rp Muk;gkhapw;W. tp[aefuh; gil vLg;Gf;fspd; ,Wjp
epiyapy; jiyf; Nfhl;ilg; Nghh; Kjd;ik ngw;wJ. mjd; ngWNgwhfNt jkpofk;
ehaf;f mur tk;rj;jpdh; iftrkhdJ. tp[aefuh; ehaf;fiu jkJ FWepy kd;duhf
epakpj;jhh;.
tp[aefu fhy gz;ghl;L tpUj;jp
tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; tUzhr;rpuk jUkk; Nky; epiy ngw;wpUe;jJ. itzt topghLfs;

Mo; t hh; ghRu mbg; g ilapy; ,lk; n gw; w d. me; j zh; f Sf; f hf murh; f s;
irthyaq;fSf;F toq;fpa jUkk; gpukNjak; vd;Wk; itzt Nghapy; epge;jk;
jpUtpilahl;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. A+ irtk; itzt klkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
jpUthtLJiw> jUkGuk;> jpUg;gde;jhs; Kjypa MjPdq;fspy; me;jzh;fs;
jq; f papUe; J Nfhapy; gupghydq; f spy; <Lgl; l dh; . tP u irt klq; f spy;
me;jzuy;yhNjhh; gzp nra;jdh;.
irnewp Rkhh;j;jirtk;> irtrkak;> tPuirtk; vd tpuptila itztk;

tlfiyitztk;> njd;ifiy itztk; vd tpupTgl;lJ. itztg; gpuptpdupd;
gf;jp KiwikfSk; NtWgl;ld. gps;is NyhfhRrhupaq;fs; Ntjhw;j Njrpfh;
,g;gf;jpKiwikfis mwpKfk; nra;jdh;. khh;f;fl epahak;> khr;rhh;a epahak;
vDk; gf;jp cwtpy; itztk; gutpr; nrd;wJ.
Rkhh;j;j irtk; - rz;kj Njtiu topgl;lJld; mj;itj
Nfhl;ghLilNahuha; tpsq;fpdh;.
irtrkak; - njd;dhl;L irtk;> irtrpj;jhe;jk; tsuf; fhuzkhapw;W.
ghRgj fis Kfg; gpuptpdh; ,izf;fg;gl;ldh;.
tPuirth; - ypq;ftopghL> kNfRu topghLilNahuhf tpsq;fpdh;.
tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; fiykuGk; Nkyhd epiy ngw;wJ. irtitzt Myaq;fs;

Kjd;ik ngw;wd. uh[NfhGuk; fy;ahz kz;lgk;> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;> mk;kd;
re;epjhdk; vd;gd; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. Fjpiu aho; J}z;fs; NjNuhLk tPjpfs;
Rw;Wg; gpufhuq;fs; uh[NfhGuq;fs; rpw;gkhlq;fs; Guhz ,jpfhr fijr; rpw;gq;fs;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. Mya tpohf;fSld; njhlh;ghd fiykuGfs; tsh;r;rp ngw;wd.
fy;ahz kz;lgk;> njg;gf;Fsk;> Njh;mikg;G Kfg;Gf; NfhGuk;> jpUtpisahly;
rpw;gq;fs; NkNyOe;jd.
ehl;lhupay; fiy tbtq;fSk; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. guj ehl;baj;Jld;

Nfhyhl;lk;> gs;S> rpe;J Kjypa fPh;j;jid tbtq;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld. jpup$l
,uhrg;g ftpuhaupd; jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ,ir ehlf tbtkhf mika
mUzfphpehjhpd; jpUg;Gfo;> fe;jue;jhjp> fe;juDG+jp vd;gd ,irr; re;jg; ghf;fshf
tpsq;fpd.
rka ,y;f;fpaq;fspd; vOr;r p
irtrpj;jhe;j uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy; ckhgjp rpthr;rhpahupd; rpj;jhe;j ml;lf

E}y;fs; Kjd;ik ngw;wd. rptg; gpufhruJ gpuGypqf
; yPiy tPuirt tuyhw;wpyf;fpakhf
mike;jJ. Fku FUguupd; rfyfyh ty;ypkhiy> kPdhl;rpak;kd; gps;isj;jkpo;>
fe;jh; fypntz;gh> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo; vd;gdTk; gpujhdkhdit.
jyGuhz vOr;rpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapw;Guhzk; ckhgjpahy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
jpUthidf;fh Guhzk; NrJ Guhzk; fhQ;rp Guhzk; vd;gtw;Wld; rpthf;fpuf
Nahfpfs; jhAkhdth; ghly;fSk; mUzfpupehjhpd; Njhj;jpuq;fSk; gpujhdkhdit.
ehad;khh; topghl;bw;fhd ehy;th; ehd;kzp khiyAk; Kf;fpakhf ,lk;ngw;wJ.
MjPdq;fSld; njhlh;ghf jrfhhpak; rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp> ekrpthakhiy vd;gdTk;
irtrpj;jhe;j ciufSk; vOe;jd. rhadh; > khjth; MfpNahh; Ntjq;fSf;F
ciu vOjpdh;. KUf topghL> rpj;jh; kuGfs;> mk;kd; topghL vd;gd nghJkf;fs;
topghlhf vOr;rp ngw;wd. tPugj;jputopghL> tPu ehuhazh; topghL> tPueurpk;kh;
topghL tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. Nfhapy; kuGfSk; ftpd;fiy kuGfSk; tpUj;jpaile;jd.
Nfhapy; kuG fiy kuigAk; topghl;L kuigAk; cz;lhf;fpaJ. ,ireld tsh;r;rp
nghJkf;fs; rhh;e;jjhfTk; gf;jp G+h;tkhdjhfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ.
Kjyhk; Gf;fd; rhadUf;F cjtp nra;jhd;. mtdhy; ehd;F Ntjq;fs;

gpuhkzq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ciu vOjg;gl;lJ. ,uhkhaz ciuia ];tujPl;rpju;
vOj fpU\;zNjtuhau; cjtpdhu;. fpU\;zNjtuhaupd; muz;kidg; Gytuhfpa
rhdhtjpk;ku; kfhghujj;jpw;F fpU\;zre;jk; vd;Dk; ciuia vOjpAs;shu;.
tp[aefuhl;rpapy; ehlf E}y;fSk; vOe;jd. jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rpnra;j ehaf;fu; mitapy;
mg;igajPlr; pju; tlnkhop ,yf;fpaj;Jiwf;F ngUk;gzp nra;jhu;. rk];fpUjk;>

jkpo;> njYq;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,q;F rpwg;gplk; ngw;wd. fpU\;zNjtuhau;
MKf;jkhy;ajh vd;Dk; Mz;lhs; fijia ,aw;wpdhu;. irt rka kuG jOtpa
,yf;fpaq;fspd; tsu;rr; piaAk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf rpj;jhe;j ,yf;fpak;>
jyGuhzk;> rpj;ju; ghly;fs;> ciuE}y;fs; vd;W gy;Jiw ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jyGuhzq;fSs; ckhgjp rptk; rpjk;guf; Nfhapy; gw;wpg;
ghba Nfhapw;Guhzk;> fkiy Qhdgpufhrupd; jpUthidf;fh Guhzk;> epuk;g mofpa
Njrpfupd; NrJGuhzk;> vy;yg;g ehtyupd; mUzhry Guhzk;> rptQhd Kdptupd;
fhQ;rp Guhzk;> fr;rpag;g Kdptupd; jzpifg; Guhzk; Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
;
gy;yt Nrho fhyq;fspy; mUsg;gl;l Njhj;jpuq;fSf;F epfuhf rf;jp> KUfd;
Kjyhd nja;tq;fs; kPJ gy Njhj;jpuq;fs; mUsg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; FU ekr;rpthauJ
rpjk;gu ntz;gh> FkuFUguupd; fe;ju;fyp ntz;gh> kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;
jkpo;> rfyfyhty;ypkhiy> mUzfpupehjupd; jpUg;Gfo;> kapy; tpUj;jk; Kjyhd
itAk;> jhAkhd Rthkpfs; mUspa Njhj;jpuq;fs; vd;gdTk; gpujhdkhdit.
,f;fhyj;jpy; Mfkq;fSf;F vOjg;gl;l ciufSs; re;j Mfk tpUj;jp> ngsfu
MfktpUj;jp> rptjUNkhj;jpuk; Kjhyhtw;iwf; $wyhk;. jpu$luhrg;g ftpuhaupd;
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp fPuj; j
; id ,irehlf E}yhf miktJld;> mUzfpupehjupd;
re;jf;ftpijfSk; ,e;jtifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
irt rpj;jhe;j Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpa rhj;jpu

E}y;fSs; jrfhupak; rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp> ekr;rptha khiy Kjypait Fwpg;gplj;
jf;fit. ehy;tu; ehd;kzp khiy irtrka ehad;khu;fs; gw;wpa Njhj;jpukhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. -
tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; ,];yhkpau;fs; ,e;Jg; gz;ghLfis mopj;jdu;. ,e;Jf;fis

kjk; khw;wpdu;. Nfhapy; fisAk; gbkq;fisAk; rpijj;jdu;. mj;Jld; ,e;Jf;fis
,opthff;fUJk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpdu;. ,t;Ntisapy; ,tw;iwnay;yhk; vjpuf ; f
; j;
Njhd;wpaNj tp[aefu muR nfha;ry (nfsry) murpd; njhlu;rr ; pahfNt tp[aefu
muR tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ. tpj;ahuz;au; (1305-1387) vd;Dk; muritj; jiytu; ,jid
cUthf;fpdhu;.
tp[aefu muru;fspy; xUtuhd fupfuu; fhsf];jp> rpjk;guk;> jpUg;gjp> jpUtuq;fk;

Kjypa Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gzp nra;jhu;. ,tw;wpD}lhf fupfu muruJ irt>
itztg; gzp ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. tp[aefuj;jpd; Muk;gfhy muru;fs; irtrkaj;ijr;
Nru;ej
; tu;fs;. tp[aefu muru;fs; rq;fuupd; rpUq;Nfup klj;jpw;F $Ljy; khdpaq;fis
toq;fpdu;. rhSteurpk;kDf;F gpd;G Ml;rp nra;j muru;fs; itzt muru;fshtu;.
mtu;fs; irt> itzt Myaq;fSf;F NtWghbd;wp jhdq;fis toq;fpdu;.
rpj;jhe;j irtk;> tPu irtk;> fh\;kuP irtk; vd;gtw;wpd; tsu;r

; r
; p fhzg;gl;lJ.
grtGuhzk; gpujhd E}y;. ,J tPuirtf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $Wfpd;wJ. gpuGypq;fyPiy>
tpUghl;rfu; Nfhapy;> tpUghl;rk; nghwpj;jy; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. irtrka
newpapy; tpUghl;rfu; topghL gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. itztk; gw;wpj; njYq;F>
fd;dl nkhopg;ghly;fs; vOe;jd. fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;jpy; njYq;F ,yf;fpaKk;
Kjd;ik ,lk;ngw;wJ. fpU\;zNjtuhaNu tp\;Zrpj;jPak; v d ; D k ; E}iy
vOjpAs;shu;. ,Jrpwe;j vspaeilf; fhg;gpak;. ml;ljpf;f[k; vd;Dk; vl;L
E}y;fis vOjpa Gytu;fs; gpujhdkhdtu;fs;.
irtrkaj;jpy; fhsj;jp kfhj;kpak; fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,];yhkpa

kjj;ijf; fz;ldk; nra;jjd; %yk; tp[aefuj;jpd; Gfo; gutpf; fhzg;gl;lJ.
itztk; tlfiy itztk;> njd;fiy itztk; vd tpuptile;jJ. jpUtuq;fj;jpy;
tho;e;j kj;Jtu; Ntjhe;jj;ijg; Nghjpj;jhu;. mUzfpupehju; ghly;fs; KUf
topghl;il vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltd. fhsKfu;> ghRgju; Kjypa irtrkag; gpuptpdu;fSk;
fhzg;gl;ldu;.
2.1 : tl ehl;L itzt gf;jp newp
mwpKfk;
njd;dhl;by; Vw;gl;l gf;jp ,af;f tsHr;rpiaj; njhlHe;J tl ,e;jpahtpYk; gf;jpnewp
tsHr;rp fz;lJ. tl ,e;jpahtpy; 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,g;gf;jp newp tsHr;rpailaj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; tl,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpaHfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy;
,e;Jrkak; jsH;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. ,jid eptHj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba Njit mf;fhy
mwpQHfSf;Fk; ,e;Jkj Ml;rpahsHfSf;Fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthfNt
tl,e;jpahtpy; gf;jpnewp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
tl,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhyr; #oy;
,e;J rkak; rka cl;G+ry;fshYk; me;epah;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fshYk;

kj;jpa fhyj;jpid mLj;Jte;j fhyg;gFjpfspy; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tl
Njhoik ehlhd ngu;rpahtpd; kPJ mNugpau;fs; gilnaLj;j NghJ> ehfupfj;ijAk;>
itu Ruq;fq;fisAk;> ntspehl;L thzpfj;jpYk; nropj;Njhq;fpa ,e;jpahitAk;
mtu;fs; fz;Zw;wdH. rpwpa fhy Nghuhl;lj;jpw;FG; gpd;dH ,e;jpahit ,];yhkpa
Ry;jhd;fs; ifg;gw;wpdu;. Mdhy; ,e;j JUf;fpaupd; gilnaLg;Gf;F Kd;du;
,];yhkpau;fs; ,e;jpa flNyhu gFjpfSld; thzpfk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
mtu;fs; ,e;J kfh rKj;jpuk; top mNugpahtpypUe;J Nfush te;jdu;. ,t;thW
,t;tpU tifahd ,];yhkpaHfSk; ,e;jpahtpy; 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; mjpf
nry;thf;FilatHfshf khwpdH.
,tHfspd; gilnaLg;Gf;fshYk; Ml;rp KiwfshYk; ,e;jpa fyhrhuj;jpy; ngUk;

ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;glyhapd. ,J kjk;> fl;blf; fiy> ,ir> cil Mfpatw;wpy;
mopahj khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. by;yp Ry;jhd;fs; fhyj;jpy; ehNlhb ,dk;
my;yJ Kfhk; vd;w nghUis nfhz;l cUJ nkhop gpwe;jJ. ,J rk];fp;Uj
gpufpUjp> JUf;fp> muG nkhop Mfpatw;wpd; fyg;gpdhy; cUthfpaJ. ,jdhy;
RNjr nkhopfs; nry;thf;fpof;fj; njhlq;fpd.
1600 fspy; Kfyha mur kuG ,e;jpa Jizf;
fz;lj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfis Mz;lJ. rpy ,];yhkpa kd;du;fs; ,e;J
kjj; i jAk; mjdJ fyhrhuj; i jAk; Mjupj; j du; . vLj; J f; f hl; l hf> mf; g u;
,e;Jf;fSld; ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;j Kw;g ; l;lhu;.,Ug;gpDk; Kfyha fhyj;jpy; Kfyha
rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; murpay; mikg;Gfs; kpfTk; typikahf ,Ue;jd> Kfyha
kd;du;fs; ,e;jpa kd;du;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;J nfhz;ldu;> ,e;jpa uhzpfis
kze;J nfhz;ldu;> mtu;fs; jq;fsJ JUf;fpa ngu;rpa fyhrhuj;ij ,e;jpa
KiwfSld; ,izj;J ,e;Njh-rhuhnrdpf; fl;llf; fiyia cz;lhf;fpdhu;fs;.
,jd; %yk; ,e;Jkjj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk; rPuope;jJ.
gpd;du; te;j mTuq;frPg; Nghd;w kd;du;fSk; ,];yhkpa
Mjpf;fj;ijj; jpzpj;jdu;. ,];yhkpa Mjpf;fKk;> kf;fis nfhLikg;gLj;JjYk;
xd;W Nru;e;J ,e;J rhk;uh[;[paj;ij tY ,of;fr; nra;jd. mTuq;frPg; kw;w
muru;fisg; Nghy; my;yhJ nghJkf;fs; ngupJk; tpUk;ghj gy nfhs;iffis
ifahz;lhu;. gy Nfhtpy;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,];yhkpau;fs; my;yhjtu;fs; ngUk;
tupfisf; fl; b du; . ,jdhy; ,e; J f; f s; ,d; d y; f Sf; F Kfq; nfhLf; f
Ntz;batHfshdhHfs;.,j;jifa #o;epiyapNyNa tlehl;by; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd;
Njhw;wj;jpidf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
tl,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; nghJthd nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk;
,e;Jrkaj;ij Fwpg;ghf itzt rkaj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf tl ,e;jpag;

gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; nraw;ghLfSk; mike;jd. nghJthf tl ,e;jpa
gf;jp newpahsHfs; md;Gk; mUSk; epiwe;j Kjy;tdhd tp\;Z kPJ ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUe;jdH> Md;khf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpahdit vdTk; mit gukhj;kh
vDk; ,iwtdpd; gFjpahfhik vdTk; ek;gpdH. gf;jp khh;f;fk; %yk; Kj;jp
vd;Dk; tpLjiy ngwyhk; vdTk; gf;jp vd;gJ fh;kk; Qhdk; fphpiafs; rlq;Ffspy;
NkyhdJ vdTk; ,tHfs; fUjpdH.
FUNjtUf;Fj; jdp khpahij vDk; gzpitf; fhl;Ljy; ,tHfsJ xU nghJ

kughf cs;sJ. ,tHfsJ nraw;ghLfshy; rk];fpUjk; ngw;wpUe;j nry;thf;F
,oe; J `pe; j p nkhop cUthdJ.,]; y hkpa kjk; gpd; gw; w pa Rgprk; vDk;
,iwf;nfhs;ifAk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ. ,tHfsJ topghl;L Kiwfspy; “ehk
rq;fhP ;j;jd Kiw” gpugy;ak; ngw;wnjhd;W. tl,e;jpa gf;jp newpahsHfs; jkpofj;J
gf;jp newpahsHfisg; Nghd;W rhjpg;gphpit jfh;jJ ; vy;NyhUk; xUth; vDq;
Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf QhNd];tuH> gpuhkzH>Nrdh>
ehtpjH> JHf;fhuhk; - tHj;jfH>Nfhuh>FatH.
tl,e;jpa gf;jp newpahsHfs; jpUehk cgNjrj;ijj; jPl;ir %yk; ngWtij

tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,tHfsJ nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthf ,e;JkjKk;
,];yhk; kjKk; ,ize;J rPf;fpak; cUthdnjdyhk;. ,e;Jkjj;jpy; ,Jtiu
mjpf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j Ntjhfk tpjpKiwfis ,tHfs; tpsq;fg;gLj;jtpyi ; y.
khwhf gf;jpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdH. me;j gf;jp mbg;gilahd
fijak;rq;fisf; nfhz;l ,jpfhr> Guhzq;fSf;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdH.
Fwpg;ghf ghftj Guhzk;>tp];ZGuhzk; Nghd;wit Kf;fpak; ngw;wd. nghJthf
,tHfs; jhk; ghLk; gf;jpg;ghly;fis jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; toq;fpa RNjr nkhopfspy;
ghbAs;sik Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$baJ. `pe;jp> kuhj;jp> tq;fhsp> F[uhj;jp Nghd;w
nkhopfspy; ,g;gf;jpg; ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tHfs; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhs;Sk;
gf;jp ghtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,g;gz;gpid njd;dpe;jpa gf;jp
newpahsHfsplkpUe;J ,tHfs; ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk;. mjhtJ cwTKiwapy;
,iwtDld; ,ize;J nfhz;L topghL ,aw;WtJk; ,tHfsJ nghJthd
nfhs;ifahf mikfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> JsrpjhrH `jhrpa ghtk;> kPuhgha; -
kJu ghtk;.
(01) = irjd;ah;
irjd;a upd; gpwg;G
fp.gp. 1486,y; irjd;aH ehjpah khtl;lj;jpYs;s khahg;G+upy; re;jpu fpufzj;jpd;

NghJ ,tu; gpwe;jhu;> ,tuJ je;ij> Ntj fyhrhuj;ijr; rhu;e;j gpuhkzuhd
[fe;ehj kp];uu;; ,tuJ jha; rrP Njtp. gpugy N[hjpluhd gz;bju; ePyhk;gu
rf;utu;j;jp mtu;fs;> ,f;Foe;ij tUq;fhyj;jpy; xU kfhGU\uhf tUthu; vd;gij
Kd;Diuj;jhu;. mjd; fhuzj;jpdhy; Foe;ijf;F tp\;tk;guu; vd;W ngau; R+l;bdhu;.
mtuJ nghd;dpw Nkdpiaf; fz;l mf;fk;gf;fj;Jg; ngz;fs; mtiu nfsup vd;W
miof;f> mtuJ jhNah Ntg;g kuj;jpd; (epk;g kuj;jpd;) mbapy; gpwe;jjhy; mtiu
epkha; vd;W mioj;jhu;.
fy; t p
khahg;G+Uf;F mUfpypUe;j fq;fhefuj;jpy; fq;fhjh] gz;bju; elj;jpte;j gs;spapy;
vl;L tajpy;> ,tu; Nru;ff
; g;gl;lhu;. ,uz;L tUlj;jpy; ,tu; rk];fpUj ,yf;fzj;jpYk;
myq;fhuj;jpYk; ty;Yeuhdhu;. mjd; gpd;du; ,tuJ fy;tp ngUk;ghYk; Rafy;tpahf
mtuJ tPl;bNyNa mike;jJ> gz;bjuhfj; jpfo;e;j jdJ je;ijf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
gy Gj;jfq;fis mtuhy; mq;F gbf;f Kbe;jJ. Gfo;ngw;w gz;bjuhd uFehj
rpNuhkzpaplk; ghlk;gapd;w jdJ ez;gu;fSld; Nghl;bapl;lgb> mtu; ];kpUjpiaAk;
epahaj;ijAk; jhdhfNt gapd;whu;. gj;J tajpw;Fg; gpd;> irjd;au; ,yf;fzk;>
myq;fhuk;> ];kpUjp> epahak; Mfpatw;wpy; kjpf;fj;jf;f gz;bjuhdhu;.
,y;yw tho;T
gjpdhd;F tajpy; ty;yghrhupaupd; kfshd yf;\;kpNjtpia jpUkzk; nra;jhu;.
fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ,tu; trpj;j fhyj;jpy;> ,tuJ kidtp ghk;G fbj;jjhy;
,t;Tyfpid tpl;Lr; nrd;whs;. tPL jpUk;gpa ,tu;> jdJ jha; tUj;jk; Njha;e;j
kdJld; ,Ug;gijf; fz;lhu;. kdpj tho;tpd; epr;rakw;w jd;ikiag; gw;wpa ePz;l
ciuapd; %yk; jdJ jha;f;F MWjy; $wpdhu;. jhapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fp>
uh[ gz;bju; ]ehjd kp];uupd; kfshd tp\;Zgpupahit ,tu; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhz;lhu;.
jPl;ir ngwy;
gjpdhW tajpy; ,tH fhahtpw;Fr; nrd;w NghJ Gfo;ngw;w khjNte;jpu G+upapd;
rPlUk; it\;zt re;epahrpAkhd <\;tu G+upaplkpUe;J Md;kPf jPl;iria Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;. mjd; gpd;du;> mtu; xU thjkpLk; gz;bjuhfNth> rz;ilapLk;
];khu;jj
; uhfNth> Fw;wq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; myq;fhu tpjt
; hdhfNth ,Uf;ftpyi
; y.
fpU\;zupd; jpUehkj;ij cr;rupj;J gutrj;jpy; %o;fpatuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;> gf;jpg;
gutrj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; cw;rhfkile;j eguhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
gf;jp ,af;fg; gzpfs;
(m) tPLNjhWk; nrd;W ,uhkehkj;ijr; ghlr; nra;jy;
irjd;aH jdJ rPlHfSf;F> nry;Yq;fs;! efuj;jpd; tPjpfSf;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;> tPLtPlhfr;
nrd;W xt;nthU kdpjidAk; re;jpAq;fs;> mtid J}a tho;Tld; ùpapd;
jpUehkj;ijg; ghlr; nrhy;Yq;fs;> gpd;du; jpdrup khiy Neuj;jpy; cq;fsJ gpur;rhug;
gzpapd; gyd;fis vdf;Fj; njuptpg;gPuhf vdg; gzpj;jhH. ,f;fl;lisiar; rPlHfs;
Vw;W mjid jpdKk; epiwNtw;wpdu;. xUKiw [fha;> kjha; vd;Dk; ,uz;L
egu;fs; kfhgpuGtpd; fl;lisiaf; Nfl;L rPlHfis mtkjpj;jdu;> ,Ug;gpDk; gfthd;
mspj;j gf;jpapd; Nghjidfshy; ftug;gl;L tpiutpNyNa khw;wg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy;
Mr;rupaKw;w ehjpahtpd; kf;fs;> epkha; gz;bju; kpfr;rpwe;j gz;bju; kl;Lky;y>
mtu; epr;rakhf ty;yik nghUe;jpa flTshy; mDg;gg;gl;l J}jNu> vd;W $wpdu;.
(M) fpuhkk; NjhWk; nrd;W nfhs;iffis gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;

jdJ ,Ugj;jp%d;W taJ tiu ,tu; jdJ nfhs;iffis ehjpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wp
mjidr; Rw;wpAs;s ,ju fpuhkq;fspYk; efuq;fspYk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. jd;idg;
gpd;gw;WNthupd; ,y;yq;fspy; mw;Gjq;fis epfo;jj ; pf; fhl;bdhu;> gf;jpapd; me;juq;f
nfhs;iffisf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;> NkYk;> ,ju gf;ju;fSld; rq;fuP ;j;jdj;jpy;
<Lgl;lhu;. ehjpah efuj;jpypUe;j ,tuJ njhz;lu;fs; ùpapd; jpUehkj;ij
filtP j pfspYk; ,ju tP j pfspYk; ghlj; njhlq; f pdu; . gf; j u; f s; kpfTk;
kfpo;rr
; paile;jdu;> ];khu;jj
; gpuhkzu;fNsh epkha; gz;bjupd; ntw;wpapdhy; nghwhik
nfhz;L> irjd;aupd; Fzk; ,e;Jf;fisg; Nghd;W my;y vd;W kd;dd; re;j;
fh[paplk; Fw;wk; rhl;bdu;. kd;dDk; gyj;j vjpHg;ig fhl;ba NghjpYk; mtidAk;
ftHe;jpOj;J kdkhw;wpdhH irjd;aH.
(,) mikjpg; Gul;r p nra;jy;

ùp ehk rq;fuP j
; j
; dk; cldbahf epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ahuhtJ njhlu;ej ; hy;
mtu;fs; guhgl;rkpd;wp jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; kd;dd; fh[p fl;lisapl;l
NghJ irjd;au; cldbahf xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; xd;wpid Muk;gpj;jhu;.
mikjpahd Kiwapy; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; epfo;e;j ,g;Gul;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
Kjyhtjhf ,lk; ngw;wJ. irjd;aUk; ,tiug; gpd;gw;wpa ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
gf;ju;fSk;> tPjpfspy; Njhd;wp gy fPu;j;jdf; FOf;fshfg; gpupej
; du;. efuk; KOtJk;
`Nu fpU\;z ke;jpuj;ijg; ghbagb midtUk; fh[papd; tPl;bd; Kd;ghff; $bdu;.
$l;lj;jpidf; fz;L gae;jgb cs;NsNa ,Ue;j fh[papid gfthd; md;Gld;
miof;f> ntspNa te;j fh[p mtUld; rkag; gapw;rpfs; Fwpj;J ePz;l thjj;jpy;
<Lgl;lhu;. ,Wjpapy; fh[pAk; irjd;aiug; gpdg
; w;Wgtuhf khwp> rq;fuP j
; j; d ,af;fj;ijg;
ghJfhj;Jg; gug;gj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,d;Wk;$l gf;ju;fs; re;j; fh[papd; rkhjpf;Fr;
nrd;W jq;fSila kupahijiar; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. fh[p tho;ej ; fhyj;jpypUe;J
,d;Wtiu etj;tPgj;ijr; rhu;e;j ,];yhkpau;fs; ùp ehk ]q;fPu;j;jdj;jpw;F
Mjutspg;gtu;fshf cs;sdu;.
(<) rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fk; Muk;gpj;jy;
irjd;au; rq;fuP ;j;jd ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;j FWfpa fhyj;jpy;> gyUk; mtiug;
gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;;. tPLfspYk; tPjpfspYk; fPu;j;jdk; fhl;Lj; jPiag; Nghyg;
gutpaJ. me;j rq;fuP ;j;jd ,af;fk; tq;fhsj;ij Mz;L te;j ,];yhkpau;fisAk;>
[hjpapd; mbg;gilapy; GNuhfpju;fshf ,Ue;j ,e;Jf;fisAk; mr;RWj;JksTf;F
vOr;rp fz;lJ. gfthd; = irjd;au; ehk ]q;fuP j ; j
; dk; FwpjJ
; > jdJ rpf\
; h\;lfj;jpy;
$WtJ ahnjdpy>; ,e;j ]q;fuP j ; j
; d ,af;fk; fhyq;fhykhf ek; ,jaj;jpy; gbe;Js;s
vy;yh mOf;ifAk; Rj;jg;gLj;jp> fl;Lz;l tho;tpy; njhlUk; gpwg;G> ,wg;G vd;Dk;
jPia mizf;fpwJ. epyT jd; Fspu;e;j xspapdhy; vy;yhUf;Fk; ed;ikaspg;gijg;
Nghy> ,e;j rq;fuP ;j;jd ,af;fk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F khngUk; tug;gpurhjk;;. ,J
nja;tPf Qhdj;jpw;F cap&l;LfpwJ> Nguhde;jg; ngUq;fliyg; ngUfr; nra;fpwJ>
vg;nghOJk; ehk; tpUk;Gk; mkpu;jj;ij KOikahfr; Ritf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
mjidj; njhlu;e;J tq;fhsj;ij mg;NghJ Mz;L te;j re;j; fh[p vd;w ,];yhkpa
kd;duplk; mtu;fs; Gfhu; nfhLj;jdu;. mtu;fspd; Gfhiuf; Nfl;l fh[p> tsu;e;J
tUk; rq;fuP ;j;jd ,af;fj;jpidj; jLf;f Kad;whu;. mtuJ fl;lisapd; Ngupy;>
irjd;aiug; gpd;gw;WNthu; xUtupd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;w fhtyu;fs; mtu;fspd;
kpUjq;fj;jpid cilj;jdu;. ùp ehk rq;fPu;j;jdk; cldbahf epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk;> ahuhtJ njhlu;e;jhy; mtu;fs; guhgl;rkpd;wp jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
fh[p fl;lisapl;lhu;. ,t;thW kd;dd; gyj;j vjpHg;ig fhl;ba NghjpYk; mtidAk;
ftHe;jpOj;J kdkhw;wpdhH irjd;aH.
(<) gf;jpr; nraw;ghl;bw;F ,y;ywj;ijj; Jwj;jy;
FLk;gk;> [hjp> ,dk; Mfpatw;Wld; jdf;Fs;s njhlu;ig Jz;bj;Jtpl;L> cyfj;jpd;

Fbkfdhf Mtjw;F cWjp G+z;lhu;;. ,e;j jPu;khdj;Jld; jdJ 24tJ tajpy;>
fl;thtpypUe;j Nfrt ghujpapd; topfhl;Ljypd;gb ,tu; re;epahr M];ukj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ,tuJ jhAk; kidtpAk; ,tuJ gpuptpw;fhff; fjwp mOjdu;>
,Ug;gpDk; irjd;aH FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa cyfpidj; Jwe;J> fpU\;zupd;
vy;iyaw;w Md;kf P cyfj;jpw;fhf nghJkf;fSld; Nru;ej
; hu;. irjd;au; NfhtzKk;
ntspahilAk; kl;LNk mzpe;jhH. ,tuJ jiyapy; Kb ,y;iy> iffs; re;epahr
jz;lj;ijAk; (Fr;rpiaAk;) fkz;lyj;ijAk; jhq;fpapUe;jd.
(c) thjq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;sy;
gy ,lq;fs; ahj;jpiu nra;j irjd;aH G+up vDk; ,lj;ij mile;j NghJ mq;F
Gfo; ngw;w ]hu;tngskUld; thjj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhH. jd;dplkpUe;J Ntjhe;j
R+j;jpuq;fisf; Nfl;Fk;gb ]hu;tngsku; k`hgpuGtplk; Ntz;L Nfhs; tpLf;f>
mtu; nksdkhfr; rk;kjpj;jhu;. ]hu;tngsku; VO ehs;fs; fk;gPuj;Jld; ciuj;j
tp\aq;fis irjd;au; nksdkhff; Nfl;lhu;. mjd; ,Wjpapy;> ]hu;tngsku;>fpU\;z
irjd;aNu! vd;Dila ghuhazj;ijAk; tpsf;fTiuiaAk; Nfl;l jhq;fs; VJk;
$whJ ,Ug;gjhy;> jq;fSf;F Ntjhe;jk; Gupatpy;iy vd;W ehd; epidf;fpNwd;
vd;W $wpdhu;. jhd; R+j;jpuq;fis kpfTk; ed;whfg; Gupe;J nfhz;ljhfTk;> Mdhy;
rq;fuhrhupau; mspj;j tpsf;fTiuia Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy vd;Wk; irjd;au;
gjpyspj;jhu;. ,jdhy; Mr;rupaKw;w ]hu;tngsku;> R+j;jpuq;fspd; mu;j;jq;fisg;
Gupe; J nfhz; l jhq; f s; me; j R+j; j puq; f is tpsf; F k; tpahf; f pahdj; i jg;
Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iyah? R+j;jpuq;fisj; jhq;fs; Gupe;Jnfhz;Bu;fs; vdpy;> jq;fsJ
tpahf;fpahdj;ij ehd; mwpe;Jnfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;> vd;W $wpdhu;.
mjd; gpd;du;> k`hgpuG vy;yh R+j;jpuq;fisAk; jdJ
nrhe;j topapy; rq;fuupd; mj;itj ciuiaj; njhlhky; tpsf;fpdhu;. irjd;au;
toq;fpa tpsf;fq;fspy;> nka;g;nghUs;> moF> thjq;fSf;F ,ilNa ,Ue;j
nghUj;jk; Mfpatw;iw ]hu;tngsku; ed;F Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;> mt;tpsf;fq;fs;>
gpuk;k R+j;jpuq;fis ,t;tsT vspikahf tpsf;ff;$ba egiu jw;NghJjhd;
Kjd;Kjypy; fhz;gjhf mtiu xg;Gf;nfhs;s itj;jd. NkYk;> Ntjhe;j R+j;jpuj;jpwF ;
k`hgpuGtplkpUe;J ngw;w tpsf;fq;fis Nghd;w ,aw;ifahd tpsf;fq;fis rq;fuupd;
tpahf;fpahdk; xUNghJk; toq;fpa jpy;iy vd;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du;>
k`h gpuGtpd; njhz;luhfTk; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;Diug;g tuhfTk;
]hu;tngsku; khwpdhu;. FWfpa ehs;fspy; mtu; mf;fhyj;j pd; kpfr;r pwe;j
it\;ztu;fspy; xUtuhdhu;.
(C) ahj;jpiufs; %yk; gf;jp gw;wpa ciuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;
njd;dpe;jpah gazkhd irjd;aH ,uhkhde;juhaiu Nfhjhtupf; fiuapy; re;jpj;J>
mtUld; gpNuk gf;jpiag; gw;wpa jj;Jt ciuahliy Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,tu; jdJ
gazk; KOtJk; it\;zt jUkj;ijAk; ehk rq;fuP j ; j
; dj;ijAk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;.
kiof;fhyj;ijf; fopg;gjw;fhf =uq;fj;jpy; Ntq;flgl;lu; vd;gtupd; tPl;by; ehd;F
khjq;fs; jq;fpdhu;. mf;FLk;gk; KOtijAk;> Ntq;flupd; gj;J taJ kfdhd
Nfhghyd; cl;gl midtiuAk; mtu; ,uhkhD[ it\;ztj;jpypUe;J fpU\;z
gf;jpf;F khw;wpdhu;. fd;dpahFkup tiu njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gazk; nra;j irjd;au;
gPk ejpf;fiuapYs;s gz;lupG+upd; topahf ,uz;L tUlj;jpy; G+upf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.
jdJ gazj;jpd; NghJ> ,tu; Gj;jkjthjpfs;> i[du;fs;> khahthjpfs; KjypNahiu
gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; re;jpjJ; > jd;id vjpuj
; j
; tu;fis it\;zt jUkj;jpwF ; khw;wpdhu;.
(v)mj; i tjpfis vjpHj; j ik

flTSf;F cUtk; ,y;iy vd;W epidj;J> mjid ep&gpg;gjw;fhd tPz; Kaw;rpapy;
<Lgl;L> Ntjq;fspd; mu;j;jq;fis jpupj;Jf; $wf;$ba khahthjpfs; (mj;itjpfs;)
gyiuAk; irjd;au; jdJ gazj;jpd;NghJ vjpu;nfhz;L ntd;whu;. Md;kPfj;
jd;Dzu;tpid mila rk];fpUj nkhopapy; Ntjhe;j R+j;jpuj;jpidg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j mtu;fisj; jdJ gpurhuj;jpd; typikahy; gf;jpj; njhz;il
Vw;fr; nra;jhu;. ]hu;tngsk gl;lhrhupau; vd;w gpurpj;jp ngw;w khahthjpapid
rh];jpu thjj;jpdhy; irjd;au; ntd;whu;. irjd;au; jdJ fhuzkw;w fUizahy;>
]hu;tngsk gl;lhrhupaupd; Kd;G jdJ MW fuq;fisf; nfhz;l cUit
ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,U fuq;fspy; ,uhkupd; tpy; kw;Wk; mk;gpidAk;> ,U fuq;fspy;
fpU\;zupd; Gy;yhq;FoiyAk;> ,U fuq;fspy; irjd;aupd; fkz;lyk; jz;L vd;gtw;iw
Ve;jpagb> jhd; KOKjw; flTs; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpdhu; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
mJtiu kpfg;ngupa khahthjpahf ,Ue;j ]hu;tngsku; mg;NghJ ];uP irjd;aupd;
jhkiuj; jpUtbfspy; ruzile;J> kpfg;ngupa gf;juhf khwpdhu;.
thuzhrpapy; jq;fpa irjd;au; ùp ehk ]q;fPuj ; j
; dj;jpd; %ykhf Mapuf;fzf;fhd
kf;fisf; ftu;ej; hu;. ,tw;iwf; Nfs;tpgg
; l;l khahthjpfspd; jiytuhd gpufhrhde;j
ru];tjp> Xu; cz;ikahd re;epahrp> ,JNghy vy;yh jug;gl;l kf;fSlDk; ,ize;J
ghb MLtJ jtW> vd; W jdJ fUj; i jj; njuptpj; j hu; . khahthjpfspd;
,f;Fw;wr;rhl;Lfspd; fhuzj;jpdhy;> kpfTk; Ntjidg;gl;l irjd;aupd; rPlu;fs;> xU
fUj;juq;fpw;F Vw;ghL nra;jdu;. mjpy; fye;Jnfhs;s te;j irjd;au;> thrypy;
kf;fs; fhy; fOTk; ,lj;jpd; mUfpy; mku;e;jhu;. jdJ rf;jpapdhy; clypypUe;J
R+upaidf; fhl;bYk; gpufhrkhd Md;kPf xspapid ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mjidf;
fz;l khahthjpfs; cldbahf mtUf;F kupahij nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpaNghjpYk;>
gpufhrhde;j ru];tjp irjd;a k`hgpuGtplk;> Ntjhe;jj;ijg; gbf;fhky; tPjpfspy;
,t;thW ghb MLtJ Vd;? vd;W tpdtpdhu;. irjd;au;> ehd; kpfg;ngupa Kl;lhs;
vd;gjhy;> Ntjhe;jj;ijg; gbf;fhky; ehk ]q;fPu;j;jdj;jpy; <LgLk;gb vdJ FU
vdf;Ff; fl;lisapl;Ls;shu;. vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;.
Ntjq;fisg; gbj;J jw;ngUikAld; tpsq;Fk; khahthjpfis
gfthd; kiwKfkhfj; jhf;fpdhu;. NkYk;> jdJ Md;kPf FU jd;idg; gpd;tUk;
];Nyhfj;ij vg;nghOJk; epidtpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpajhf vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.
“rz;ilAk; rr;ruTk; epiwe;j fyp Afj;jpy>; Md;kf P Kd;Ndw;wkila ùp ehkj;ijj;
jtpu> ùp ehkj;ij jtpu> ùp ehkj;ij jtpu> NtW topapy;iy> NtW topapy;iy>
NtW topapy;iy.” (gpU`d; ehujPa Guhzk;) gy;NtW thjq;fspd; ,Wjpapy;>
kpfg;ngupa gz;bjuhd gpufhrhde;j ru];tjpAk; mtuJ rPlu;fSk; irjd;auplk;
ruzile;J kpFe;j cw;rhfj;Jld; `Nu fpU\;z ke;jpuj;ijg; ghlj; njhlq;fpdu;.
,e;j khngUk; khw;wj;ijf; fz;l thuzhrp kf;fs; Kd;ig tpl mjpfkhf irjd;aupd;
]q;fPu;j;jd ,af;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.
(V) Ngjkw;w gf;jp epiyia ntspg;gLj;jy;
kpfTau;e;j gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jNghjpYk;> gfthd; irjd;au;> mj;jifa
ntspg;Gw milahsq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. r%f me;j];ijg;
gw;wp fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky;> xUtu; gf;juhf ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;> mtu; jho;e;j
gpuptpduhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;> mtu;fspd; tPlb ; y; jq;fp czTk;
mUe;jpdhu;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,iwad;gpd; kpfTau;e;j cgNjrq;fis jho;e;j Fbapd;
cWg;gpduhd ,uhkhde;juhauplk; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. irjd;aupd; kw;WnkhU rPluhd
ùpjh]; jh$u; ,];yhkpa FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;; ,Ug;gpDk;> mtiu “fpU\;zupd;
jpUehkj;ij toq;Fk; Md;kPf FU>” my;yJ ehkhrhupau; vd;Dk; kpfTau;e;j
epiyf;F cau;j;jpdhu;. r%f epiy Kf;fpaky;y> Md;kPf Kd;Ndw;wNk Kf;fpak;
vd;gij irjd;au; epiyehl;bdhu;.
(x) irjd;ahpd; Nghjidfspd; Kf;fpakhd mk;r q;fs;

FUtplk; kjpgG
; k; khpahijAk; gzpTk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;> mwnewpiaf; filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;Lk;> mwg;gz;ig tsh;jj ; y;>mikjp nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;> rj;jpanewpapy; epw;wy;
vd;gd ,tH Nghjpf;Fk; mbg;gilfshFk;. irjd;aH kdpjDf;F kdpjd; vt;tpj
NgjKk; ,y;iy flTswpitg; ngw;wtd; vtdhapDk; mtd; gpuhkzdpYk; nghpatd;
vDk; nfhs;if cilath;. Jsrpapd; kfpik gw;wpj; jdJ ghly;fspy; Nghw;wpAs;shH.
,tuJ gf;jp ,af;fj;ij gug;gpa rPlh;fSs; Kjd;ikahdth;fs ;epj;jpahde;jh;>
[PtNfh];thkp>gyNjth;>fhpjh]; MfpNahuhtH.
(02) ,uhkhde;ju;
,uhkhde;j Uk; itztg; gf;j pnewpAk;
itztgf;jpkhh;f;fk; ,U gpuNjrq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. tl ,e;jpa
itzt gf;jpahsh;fSk; njd;dpe;jpa itztg; gf;jpahsu;fSk; ,t;tifapy;
mlq;Fth;. tl,e;jpag; gf;jp newpahsh;fspy; ,uhkhde;jh;> fgPh;jhrh;> kPuhgha;>
Jsrpjhrh; KjypNahh; gpujhdkhdth;fs;. njd;dpe;jpa itzt gf;jpahsh;fspy;
Mo;thh;fs;>aKdhr;rhupahh;> ahjtg; gpufhrh ,uhkhDrh; Mfpnahh; mlq;Fth;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Mo;thh;fs; itzt gf;jp newpiaj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jkhfg; ghl
,uhkhDrh; mg;gpuge;jf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gf;jp newpahfg; gug;gpdhh;. ,uhkhDrh;
jkpo; ehl;ilr;Nrh;e;jth;. mj;jifa ,uhhDruplk; itztg; gapw;rp ngw;wtNu tl
,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;f Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhfpa ,uhkhde;jh;. ,e;j itzt kuG
uPjpahd tsh;r;rpNa njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Cw;nwLj;j gf;jp newp tl,e;jpahtpy; gutpa
tuyhwhf cjpj;jJ.
tl,e;jpa itzt gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; kfhghftjuhfTk;
tpsq;fpath; ,uhhde;jh;. jpUkhy; kPJ mjPj gf;jpAilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhk
gf;jpNa epue;jukhdJ vd;gJ ,tuJ nfhs;if. itzt newpapy; gpujhdkhd
rkur rd;khh;ff ; j;ijf; filg;gpbj;jth;. ,uhk uh[;[paj;ij cyfpy; Njhw;Wtpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifAilatuhf tho;e;jth;. ,uhk Ml;rp> Vfgj;jpdptpujk;>
xU flTl; nfhs;if vd;D k; %d;W Nfhl;ghLfisAk; itzt newpAld;
,ize;jtuhf ,uhkhde;jh; tpsq;fpdhh;. murpay; r%f Nfhl;ghLfSld; itzt
newpiaAk; ,uhk gf;jpiaAk;,izj;jhh;. jtW nra;gth;fis jz;bg;gJ ghtkhd
fhupakhFk; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifAilatuhf ,uhkhDrh; tpsq;fpdhh;. jtW nra;gth;fs;
kd;dpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,tuJ tho;tpay khh;f;fk; ,uhtz tuyhw;Wld;
njhlh;GilaJ. ,uhtzd; Fw;wk; nra;j NghJk; ,uhkgpuhd; ,uhtzidg;
ghh;j;J,d;W Ngha;g; Nghu;f;F ehis th vd;W $wpa ,uhk jUkjij cyfwpar;
nra;jtNu ,uhkhde;jNu. mjdhy; ,uhkjhrh; vd;Dk; tpUJilatuhf ,uhkhde;jh;
tpsq;fpdhh;.
tl,e;jpahtpy; myfhghj; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,uhkhDrh; Njhw;wk; ngw;whh;.
,uhkhDrupd; Neubr; rPluhfTk; khdrPf rPluhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhk juprdk;
ngWtJk; ,uhk ehkk; XJtJk; ,tuJ jpdrupf; flikfs;. tl ,e;jpag; gf;jp
,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. Mj;kf P mDG+jpkhdhf tpsq;fpa ,uhkhde;jh;>
ehkn[gk; g[id> gpuhh;j;jid> gf;jpapd; G]; khu;f;fk; vd;gtw;Wld; jyahj;jpiu>
mDkd; Mya mikg;G> MQ;rNea topghL vd;gtw;iw itzt ifq;fupakhf
Vw;whh;.
,uhkhde;juJ itztr; rPlh; kunghd;Wk; fhzg;gl;lJ. rpth[p kd;did
,uhkhde;jh; jkJ rPluhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. kd;dh; gil vLg;gpd; NghJ mw;Gjq;fs;
%yk; gil vLg;ig gpd;thq;fr; nra;jhh;. mj;NjhL fgPh;jhriuAk; ,uhkhde;jh;
jkJ rPluhf Vw;whh;. ,t;NtisapNy fgPh; jhrUf;Fk; ,uhkhde;jUf;Fk; ,ilapy
Md;kPf tpthjk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. Nfhapw; NfhGug; gf;fk; fhy; ePl;b cwq;f $lhJ
vd;w fUj;Jf;F ,iwtd; ,y;yhj gf;fk; vJ? mg;gf;fj;jpw;F ehd; fhiyj; jpUg;gp
ePl;bf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd; vd;Dk; Mj;kPf tpthjq;fs; fgPh; - ,uhkhde;jupilNa
,lk;ngw;wik rka rpe;jidfSf;Fk; jj;Jt rpe;jidfSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpd.
tl,e;jpahtpy; itzt gf;jp ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;J itj;j ngUik ,tiur;

rhUk;. mj;NjhL gQ;rhg; ehl;bYk; tq;fhsj;jpYk; Njhd;wpa gf;jp ,af;fj;ij
Cf;Ftpj;j ngUikAilatuhfTk; ,uhkhde;jh; tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhkgpuhd; ngw;w
mUis ,t;Tyfpy; epiyngwr; nra;jth; ,uhkhDrh; mJNt ,uhk ,uhr;rpak;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
(03) kPuhgha;
,tu; tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp 16k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp Nkh;j;jh vDk; rk];jhdj;jpy;
1498 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. je;ijapd; ngau; uzh uj;drpq;. fztupd; ngau;
Ngh[;uh[;. ,th; uh[];jhd; khepyj;J ftpQhdr; nry;tp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. rpW
tajpNy rq;fjP Qhdk; ngw;wth;.FLk;gge;jq;fis jfh;jJ; tpl;L mr;rkpd;wp Rje;jpukhf
fpU];zgf;jpia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.1521k; Mz;by; fztd; Nghhpy; ,we;jJk; ,th;
ifk;ik Nehw;W JwtpfN ; fhyj;jpy; tho;eJ
; jdJ gf;jpia mjpfhpjj; hh;.kPuh fpU];zNd
jd; fhjyd; vd;W ghbdhh;.kPuhgha; 400 ghly;fis ghbAs;shh;.
,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; Kf;fpakhdit
1. fPjNfhtpe;jBfh
2. uhfN]hul;
3. uhfky;fhh;
4. uhfNfhtpe;
5. kPuhzpfh;gp
6. Uf;kpzpkq;fsk;
,thpd; ghly;fs; thj;ry;a gf;jp>jh];agf;jp vd;gtw;NwhL ehafd;> ehafp ghtidAld;

mike;jit.,thpd; gf;jpapy; kJughtk; mjpfk;. gf;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; rputzk;>
];kuzk;> ghjNrit> mh;rr ; id> jh];ak;> ]f;]k;> Mj;kepNtjdk; vDk; 9 tifahd
epakq;fSk; ,thpd; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(m) muz;k id tho;T
kPuhgha; N[hj;G+u; muir epUkhzpj;j uht;N[hjhtpd; kfdhd uht;J}jhtpd;

,isakfdhd uj;jd; rpq;> tPuFkhup jk;gjpfspd; kfshf xU itztf;FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;jhu;. jd;Dila Vohk; tajpy; jd; md;idia ,oe;j kPuh gpd;du; jd;
ghl;ldhuhd uht;J}jhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;L fy;tpAk; gapd;whu;. mur FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;j
,tu; itzt rka kugpy; tsu;ff ; g;gl;lhu;. Foe;ijg; gUtk; KjNy fpupju Nfhghyd;
vDk; fpU\;zu; rpiy kPJ njhlq;fpa <LghL ehsiltpy; Mz;lhs; Nghy fz;zid
jd; kzthshdhf tupj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. FLk;gj;jpd; tw;GWj;jypd; Ngupy; 1516-y;
gjpndl;L tajpy; Ra tpUg;gkpd;wp Ngh[uh[d; vDk; rpj;Njhu;fu; ,sturDf;F
kzKbj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhu;.
Ngh[uh[d; FLk;gj;jpd; Fynja;tkhd Js[ gthdp vDk; Ju;f;if topg;ghl;il
Nkw;nfhs;shj kPuhghapd; fpU\;z topghl;bw;F vjpu;g;G fpsk;gpaJ. 1521 ,y;
jpy;yp Ry;jhdpd; ,Ryhkpa rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; xd;WNru;e;J
Nghu;Gupe;j NghJ ,we;j muru;fspy; kPuhtpd; fztu; Ngh[uh[Dk; xUtu;. khkdhu;
mutizg;gpy; muz;kidapy; tho;e;j kPuh> gpd;du; mtiuAk; ,of;f fz;zd;
xUtNd Jiznad rpj;Njhu;fu; muz;kidapNyNa tho;e;J tuyhdhu;.
(M) nfhiyKaw;r p
Muk;gk; KjNy ,tupd; fpU\;z gf;jpf;F ,Ue;Jte;j vjpu;g;G> mLj;J gjtpf;F

te;j Ngh[uh[d; jk;gpahd tpf;ukhjpj;ahthy; cr;rj;ij mile;jJ. me;juq;fkhd
,tupd; gf;jp ehsiltpy; muz;kidtplL; rhJf;fspd; $l;lj;NjhLk; rhkhd;au;fNshLk;
jd;idkwe;J MLtJk; ghLtJkhd Nghf;fpdhy;> murFLk;g kjpg;gpw;F fsq;fk;
tUnkd vz;zp tpf;ukhjpj;ah jd; jq;ifahd cjhghNahL Nru;e;J gyKiw
kPuhit nfhiynra;a Kaw;rpj;jhd;.
1. fz;zDf;F epNtjdk; (gilj;j) nra;j gpurhjj;jpy; eQ;irf; fye;J> mjid

kPuhit mUe;JkhW nra;jhd;. gpd;du; fz;zd; mUshy; eQ;R ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. kPuhtpd; gLf;ifapy; ,Uk;G Kl;fis epiwf;f> fz;zd; mUshy; mitfs;
Nuhrhkyu; ,jo;fs; MdJ.
3. nfhba ghk;G milj;j G+f;$ilia nfhLj;J fz;zDf;F mu;g;gzpf;FkhW
nfhLf;f> myq;fupg;gjw;F kPuh mg;G+f;$ilia jpwe;j NghJ mJ mofpa
G+khiy Mapd.
(,) gf;jp ntspg;ghL
,thpd; ,iwgw;wpa fUj;jpy;, iwtd; xUtNd rj;jpak;> fpU];zh; vq;F k;

epiwe;jth;>vy;yhk; ty;yth;> gf;jh;fsplk; ngUq;fUiz itj;jth;>mth;fis
Mgj;Jf;fspy; fhg;gth; vd ciuf;fpd;whH.Mz;lhisg; Nghy kPuhghAk;; fpupju
Nfhgyd; kPJ gf;jp nfhz;bUe;jhH. fz;zid kzhsdhfNt ,tH fUjpdhH.
cyf [Ptuhrpfs; vy;yhk; Mj;kh vd;Wk; gukhj;kh mtd; xUtd; jhd;> mtd;
jhd; fpU\;zd; vd;gNj kPuhtpd; NjlyhFk;. uh[Gj;jpu FLk;gq;fspy; ,d;iwa
uh[];jhd; ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapYk; njhlu;e;J tUk; FyNjtp topghL kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. mjhtJ jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd; tiu xU ngz; mts; je;ij tPl;L
Fy Njtp topghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tJk; jpUkzk; Mdgpd; jd; fztd; tPl;L FyNjtp
topghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tJk; mtu;fs; tof;fk;. mij cilf;fpwhH kPuhgha;. Nfhgyid
kl;LNk Fk;gpl;l mtSf;F NtW ve;j cUt topghLfSk; xj;Jtutpy;iy. fztd;
Ngh[uh[d; Nghupy; ,we;j gpd; mur tk;r tof;fg;gb kPuh cld;fl;il Vwp ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kPuhNth muz;kidapy;. jd; NfhgyDld; ciuahbf; nfhz;Lk;
rhJf;fSld; ghbf;nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhs;. ,it ahTk; kPuhghapd; gf;jpapd;
ntspg;ghLfNs. .
gpUe;jhtdj;jpy; fpU\;z irjd;a kfhgpuGtpd; rPluhd &gNfh];thkp ,Ue;jhu;.

kPuh mtiug; ghu;ff ; tpUk;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mtUf;F mDkjp fpilf;ftpy;iy.
jd;Dila ,lj;jpw;F ve;j xU ngz;izAk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy vd;W kPuhtpw;F
mtu; gjpyspj;jhu;. Nfhgj;jpy; kPuh>”gpUe;jhtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midtUk; ngz;fNs.
fpupjudhd Nfhghyd; kl;LNk Gz;zpa GU\d;. mtidj; jtpu> ,d;ndhU fpU\;zd;
gpUe;jhtdj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ vdf;F ,d;Wjhd; njupAk; vd;W” gjpyspj;jhu;. [Pth
nfhird; jd; nra;iff;fhf ntl;fg;gl;lhu;. kPuh xU rpwe;j gf;ij vd;gijg; Gupe;J
nfhz;lhu;. jhNd kPuh ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W> mtUf;F kupahij nra;jhu;.
kPuh tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; Kfyha kd;du; mf;gupd; Ml;rp eilngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.

gy muRfs; mtUf;F fl;Lg;gl;L fg;gk; nrYj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mf;gu; rpwe;j
fyhurpfu;. mtu; muz;kidapy; “jhd;Nrd;;” vd;w kpfr;rpwe;j ghlfu; ,Ue;jhu;.
xUKiw jhd;Nrd; ghl> mjpnyhU ghlypy; nka;k;kwe;j mf;gu;> “,J ahUila
ghly;? vd;W Nfl;lhu;. “,J rpj;J}u;fl; uhzp kPuhghAilaJ. mts; rpwe;j fpU\;z
gf;ij vd;whu; jhd;Nrd;. “kPuhtpd; ghliy ehd; Nfl;fNtz;Lk;”; vd;W mf;gu;
nrhy;y> mts; muz;kidapy; ,Ug;ghs;. uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; ekf;F vjpupfsy;yth?;”
vd;whu; jhd;Nrd;. “khWNtlj;jpy; nry;Nthk;;” vd;whu; mf;gu;.
mf;gUk; jhd;NrDk; Fjpiufspy; Gwg; gl;Lr; nrd;W> xU mlu;e;j fhl;by; re;epahrp

Ntlkpl;Lf;nfhz;L rpj;J}u;fl; muz;kid nrd;wdu;. mq;F kPuhghapd; neQ;RUFk;
ghliyf; Nfl;L nefpo;e;jdu;. midtUk; nrd;wgpd; mf;gu; kPuhtpd; ghjk; gzpe;J>
jd; fOj;jpypUe;j Kj;Jkhiyia vLj;J kPuhtplk; nfhLj;J> ,ij cq;fs;
fz;zDf;F mzptpAq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yp tpilngw;whu;.
mtu;fs; fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;W Ntlk; fiyj;J FjpiuNawpr; nry;y> jw;nrayhf

,ij rpyu; ghu; j ; J tpl; l du; . tptukwpe; j uh[FLk; g k; gupjtpj; J > kP u hit
rpiwapyilj;jdu;. re;epahrpfs;> gf;ju;fs; tUtijAk; epWj;jpdu;. mg;NghJk; mts;
fz;zidg; ghLtij epWj;jtpy;iy. ghypy; tp\k; fye;J nfhLj;jdu;. ghiyf;
Fbj;jhs;. mtis tp\k; vJTk; nra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; fz;zd; tpf;ufk; fUePykhf
khwptpl;lJ. ghu;j;jtu; mjprapj;jdu;. gpwF xUKiw G+i[f;fhd khiy ,Ug;gjhfr;
nrhy;yp xU gpuk;Gg; ngl;bia mtsplk; nfhLj;jdu;. mts; rhfl;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;
mjpy; fUehfg; ghk;ig itj;jpUe;jdu;. fz;zDf;F kzKs;s ky;ypif khiy
gpbf;FNk vd;nwz;zpagb mts; ngl;biaj; jpwe;jhs;. mjw;Fs; mts; tpUk;gpagbNa
ky;ypif khiy ,Ue;jJ! ghk;G khiyahapw;W! Ngh[uh[d; ,we;J> mtdJ jk;gp
Ml;rpnra;J nfhz;bUe;jhd;. Nkw;fz;l rjpNtiyfisr; nra;jts; murdpd;
jq;ifjhd;. fz;zid topgl ,j;jid jilNaw;gLfpwNj vd;W tUe;jpdhs; kPuh.
xUehs; ,uT fz;zd; cUtj;ijg; ghu;jJ ; kdjhug; Ngrpfn

; fhz;bUe;jhs;. fz;zDk;
Ngrpdhd;. murdpd; jq;if Cjh ufrpakhf mq;Fte;jhs;. rpiwf;Fs; Ngr;Rf;Fuy;
Nfl;fpwNj vd;W> ,Uspy; this tPrpdhs;. fz;zd; kiwe; jhd;. ,utpy; NtnwhU
MltDld; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhNa” vd;W kPuhit ehL flj;jpdu;. mts; fpU\;z
tpf;ufj;Jld; rhJf;fs; rq;fq;fisj; Njbr;nrd;W Mbg;ghb> rhJf;fs; nfhz;LtUk;
gpurhjj;ij cz;L tho;e;J> fz;zd; Mizg;gb gpUe;jhtdk; te;JNru;e;jhs;.
fpupju Nfhghyd; vd;w ehkk; mtSf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhdJ.
(<) ehafd; ehafp ghtid
khDlf; fhjy; xU MizAk; ngz;izAk; te;jilfpd;w NghJ Vw;glf; $ba

czHtiyfis kPuhgha; fz;zgpuhd; kPJ nfhs;fpd;w fhjypy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpdw
; hH
“cz;Zk;NghJk; cd;epidNt vdf;Fj; je;jha;
cwq;Fk;nghOJk; fdtha; te;J mizj;jha;
capupy;yh clyha; vd;id elf;f tpl;lha;
cd;ehkNk nrhy;yitj;jha; vd;id fz;zh...”
Njtfp tapw;wpy; [dpj;jtd; ePNa>NfhFyj;jpy; yPiyfs; Gupe;jJk; ePNa>ghQ;rhypapd;

Jau; jPu;j;jJk; ePNa>vd;fhjy; vd;W czu;tha; fz;zh? Vd fz;zid Nehf;fp
tpdh vOg;Gfpd;whH. kd;dDld; tho;f;if vd;W MdNghjpYk; kdjpy; vd;Wk;
epiyj;J ,Ug;gtd; ePNa vdf; $Wk; kPuhgha; cz;ikapy; kd;did kdjhu
kze;jpUf;ftpy;iy. cwtpdHfspd; gpbthjj;jpdhNyNa jpUkz ge;jj;jpDs; Eioa
Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ.
“khatNd cd;kdjpy; ,lKz;lh vdf;F

kPuhtpd; fhjy; kWg;gJ Vd; fz;zh?” vd Vq; f pj; jtpf; f pd; w hH.
fz;zid Nehf;fp>cd; tprpj;jpukhd tpNehjkhd cyfk;vdf;F tpUg;gkpy;iy>
mq;Nf Fg;igfs; epiwe;jpUf;fpwJ>,Uf;Fk; vtUk; Gdpjkhdtuha; ,y;iy> ve;j
eiffisAk; ehd;,dp> mzpag;Nghtjpy;iy>fz;Zf;F ikapNld;>fhu;$e;jy;
KbNad;>kq;fyg; ngz;fspd;>myq;fhuq;fs; fise;Njd;>kiyfis Ve;jpa fpupju
Nfhghyd;>vd; jiytd;.,dp>vdf;F ve;j kzkfDk;Njitapy;iyvd kJu ghtj;jpd;
cr;repiyf;Nf nrd;W jd; gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdhH. mtuJ kJughtk; epiwe;j
gf;jpAzHr;rpg; ghly;fSs; rpy:
“Nghuhl;lNk vd; tho;f;if vd;whdNghJk;

NghuhJ ,d;Dk; ,d;dy;fs; je;jNghjpYk;
NfhzhJ vd; kdk; mwpthNah ePAk;
NfhghyNd kdk;ftu; fs;tNd fz;zh”
cz;Zk; ftsk; vd; cs;spwq;ftpy;iy

cs;spUe;J ePAk; vid cz;zitg;gjpy;iy
cd;Dapuha; ehd; thoNtz;bj; jhNd
cdf;fha; n[d;kk; vLj;NjNd fz;zh”
“kyUk; kyu;fspd; cs;spYk; capuha; eP

fdtpd; fw;gidapy; fhjy;,izaha; eP
kjpkwe;j NtisapYk; vd;kdjpy; eP
vd;Ds; cau;e;j cj;jkNd fz;zh”
“frby;yh ntz;izaha; cUfpNdd; ehDk;

fs;skpd;wp fhjiy tsu;j;jpl;Nld; ehSk;
fglkpy;yh kdjhy; trpak; nra;jtNd
fhe;j fz;zofNd kd;dNd vd; fz;zh”
“cyfNk vd;id gopj;jpl;l NghJk;

cdf;fha; capu; tho;Ntd; ehDk;
cdjd;ig ngwNt ,j;jid jtKk;
cd;kdjpy; ciwaNt fhj;jpUg;Ngd; fz;zh”
(c) ,Wjpf; fhyk;
gpd;dhl;fspy; FU utpjhrUf;F rPluhd ,tu;> mur FLk;gj;jpd; njhy;iyfs; jhshJ

gy ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Wk; epiwTg;ngwhJ ,Wjpapy; fz;zd; tho;ej ; gpUe;jhtdj;ij
te;jile;jhu;. mq;F jd;id Nfhgpau;fspy; xUtuhf czu;e;j mtu; tl ,e;jpah
KOJk; ahj;jpiuahf nrd;W jk; fUj;Jfis ghly;fs; %yk; tl;lhu kf;fs;
nkhopahd tpu[ nkhopapy; gug;gpdhu;. gpwg;G> ,wg;G vd;Dk; Row;rpapdpd;W tpLgl;L
Ngupd;g epiyia mila fpU\;zgf;jp mtrpak; vd;whu;. ,tuJ gf;jpg;ghly;fs;
,dpikahdit. gf;jp newpiar; Ritahd ghly;fs; thapyhfg; gug;gpdu;. vspa
gf;jpAk;> ek;gpf;ifANk tPL Ngw;wpid mila ey;top vd;whu;. gpwg;ghy; vtUk;
cau;e;jtu; ,y;iy. cau;tpw;F fhuzk; nray; vd;Dk; fUj;ijg; gug;gpdhu;.
,Wjpf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; kPuhgha; fz;zd; muR Gupe;J kiwe;j Jthuif te;J>

fz;zd; tho;ej ; pUe;j gFjpfisf; fz;L Mbg;ghbdhs;. mg;NghJ rpj;J}u;fl;bypUe;J
mu r tk ;r j;j pd u; k Pu htp lk ; te ;J> k Pu h n r d ;w gp wF e hl; b d ; ts k;
rPu;Fiye;Jtpl;ljhfTk;> kPz;Lk; ehL jpUk;gNtz;Lnkd;Wk; mtsplk; Ntz;bdu;.
“ehd; fz;zidf; Nfl;fpNwd;” vd;W Jthuif Mya fu;g;gf;fpufk; nrd;whs;.
mg;gbNa fz;zd; tpf;ufj;Jf;Fs; fye;Jkiwe;jhs;.
(04) fgP h ;j hrh;
(m) gpwg; G
fhrpapy;> nerTj; njhopy; nra;J te;j> ,];yhk; kjj;ijr; Nru;e;j Ehh; myp> epkh
jk;gjpau;. fpilg;gjpy; kdepiwT nfhz;L> tUNthu;f;F tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;J
ey;ywk; elj;jp te;jdH. me;jj; jk;gjpfF
; gyfhyk; fle;Jk; gpsi
; sg;NgW fpll
; tpyi
; y.
xU rkak; tPl;bw;F te;j xU nghpatUf;F tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;jdH. mjid
kfpo;r;rpAld; Vw;w mtu;> “,e;j ew;nray; njhlu cq;fSf;F xU kfd; fpilf;Fk;”
vd;whu;. “taJ Kjpu;e;j fhyj;jpy; gps;is ghf;fpak; vt;thW fpl;Lk;? ” vd;wdu;.
mtNuh> “vd; MrPu;thjk; ngha;f;fhJ “ vd;W $wpr;nrd;whu;.
xUehs; Ehh; myp fq;iff; fiuf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mtuplk; gl;L E}YUz;il xd;W
,Ue;jJ. mJ if jtwp fq;ifapy; tpOe;J mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. mij vLg;gjw;fhf
Xbdhu;. Mdhy; Kbatpy;iy. rw;W J}uk; nrd;wtu; Xbte;j fisg;ghy; xU
kuj;jbapy; mku;e;jhu;. mg;NghJ xU Foe;ijapd; mOFuy; Nfl;lJ. Fuy; te;j
jpf;fpy; Nehf;fpaNghJ mofhd Mz;Foe;ijnahd;W gLj;jpUg;gijf; fz;lhu; jkhy;.
mf;fk;gf;fk; kdpju;fNsh tPLfNsh ,y;iy. ,Jjhd; ,iwtd; je;j Foe;ij vd;W
kfpo;ej; mtu;> Foe;ijia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,y;yk; te;JNru;ej
; hu;. me;jf; Foe;ijNa
fgPu;jhru;. ,e;jf; Foe;ij ,e;J tpjitg; ngz; xUj;jpf;Fg; gpwe;jJ vd;fpd;w
fUj;Jk; cz;L.
,NjNtis fgPHjhrhpd; gpwg;G njhlHghf> NtW rpy fUj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd.

itFz;lj;jpy; kfhtp\;Z RfKdptiug; ghu;j;J> “Rfh> G+Tyfpy; mju;kk;
jiyJ}f;FfpwJ. vdNt eP mq;F gpwe;J ehk kfpik> kj xw;Wik Nghd;wtw;iw
tsu;f;fNtz;Lk;’’ vd;whu;. mjw;F Rfu;> “Rthkp> ehd; fu;g;gk; Gfkhl;Nld;’’ vd;whu;.
“eP fhrpapy; Foe;ijahfNt mtjup’’ vd;whu; kfhtp\;Z. mt;thW te;j Rf
KdptNu fgPu;jhru; vd;gu;. fgPu;jhrupd; fhyk; fp.gp. 1440 Kjy; 1518 tiu vd;gu;.,jpy;
rpy Kuz;ghLfs; cs;sd.
(M) FUgf;j p
fgPu;jhru; rpWtajpy; tsu;g;Gj; je;ijapd; kuGg;gb kR+jpf;Fr; nrd;W my;yhitj;

njhOthu;. m];jhde;jh; vd;Dk; nghpahh; ,tUf;F ,e;J kjj;ijg; Nghjpj;jikahy;
,th; ,];yhk; rkaj;NjhL ,e;J rkaj;jpidAk; mwpe;J te;jhh;. ,tUf;F
,aw;ifahfNt uhkgf;jpAk; ,Ue;jJ. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; uhkhde;ju; vd;gtu;
kfhFUthf tpsq;fp te;jhu;. mtuplk; uhkehk cgNjrk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gJ
fgP u pd; Mir. Mdhy; mtu; ,]; y hkpau; vd; W > uhkhde; j upd; rP l u; f s;
mDkjpff ; tpyi
; y. uhkhde;ju; mjpfhiyapNyNa fq;ifapy; ePuhLk; tof;f Kilatu;.
,ijawpe;j fgPu;jhru; xUehs; uhkhde;ju; nry;Yk; ghijNahuk; gLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.
mt;topNa te;j uhkhde;jupd; ghjk; fgPu;kPJ gl’’uhk; uhk;’’ vd;whu; uhkhde;ju;.
rl;nld vOe;j fgPu;jhru;> “Rthkp> jq;fspd; ];gupr jPl;irAk; fpilj;jJ; uhkehk
cgNjrKk; ngw;Nwd;” vd;W nefpo;e;jhu;. uhkhde;jUk; kfpo;e;J>“uhkehkk; n[gpj;J
Nkd;ikailthahf” vd;W MrPut ; jpj;jhu;.
(,) thjj;jpy; <Lgly;
kr;Nre;jpuehju; vd;gtupd; rPluhd Nfhuf;fu; vd;gtu; kfhrpj;jp ngw;wtu;. mNjrkak;

mfe;ijAk; ,Ue;jjhy; kw;wtu;fis thjpy; nty;y Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;whu;. mg;gb
mtu; fhrpf;F te;jNghJ uhkhde;jiu thJf;F mioj;jhu;. uhkhde;jupd; rPlu;fs;>
“,tu; kpFe;j mfe;ij nfhz;ltu;. ,tUld; thjpl Ntz;lhk;” vd;W FUitj;
jLj;jdu;. mg;NghJ mq;Fte;j fgPu;jhru; uhkhde;jiu tzq;fp> “FUNt> ehd;
thjhl mDkjp jhUq;fs;” vd;whu;. uhkhde;ju; mikjpahf ,Uf;fNt> mijNa
mDkjpahf vz;zp ntspNa te;j fgPu;jhru; “Nfhuf;fNu> thjhl thUk;” vd;whu;.
“ckJ khatpj;ij vd;dplk; Ntz;lhk;. fPNo ,wq;fp th’ vd;whu; Nfhuf;fu;. fgPu;
fPNo tu> Nfhuf;fu; uhkhde;ju;Nghy fgPUf;F fhl;rp je;jhu;. ,ijf;fz;l cz;ik
ahd uhkhde;ju;> “uhkr; re;jpuh! ePjhd; fgPiuf; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;” vd;W Ntz;bdhu;.
mg;NghJ fgPUf;F xU Gj;Jzu;rr ; p Vw;gl;lJ. mtu; Nfhuf;fupd; FU kr;Nre;jpuiug;Nghy
fhl;rp je;jhu;. tpag;gile;j Nfhuf;fu; kfhtp\;ZNghy fhl;rp je;jhu;. clNd fgPu;
rug%u;j;jpahf fhl;rp je;jhu;. ,g;gb gw;gy rpj;Jtpisahly;fs; ele;jd. Nfhuf;fu;
fgPupd; FU gf;jpia czu;e;J> “uhkhde;jupd; cau;e;j rPld; eP. Qhdk; ngw;W
ePôp tho;thahf” vd tho;jj ; p mq;fpUe;J mfd;whu;
fgPHjhrhpd; r%f Nkk;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidfs;

(m) rkaq;f Sf;f pilapyhd ey; Y wT
fgPuj
; hru; ,e;J> ,Ryhkpak; Mfpa ,Ukjq;fspd; rlq;FfisAk; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk;
ntWj;J mtw;wpd; kPJ Nfs;tpfis vOg;gpatu;. fgPuj; hru; uhk;-uhPk; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
xUtiuAk; NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;j;jtu; my;yu;. ,tuJ rpe;jidfspd; ntspg;ghLfs;
,iwtidg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;> ,iwtopghl;ilg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; vd ahTk;
,e;J-K];yk P ; kjf; Nfhl;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;Nj ntspg;gl;ld. mit ,e;JK];ypk;
ey;Ywit tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fkhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,tuJ ghly;fspy; rpy rPf;fpa
kjj;jpd; Mjpfpue;jj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. nerthsuhf tho;e;J> rkaey;Ywtpw;F
ngUk;gq;fhw;wpa rpwe;j ftpQuhd fgPu;jhrupd; ngaupy; mtuJ epiditg; Nghw;Wk;
tz;zk;“re;j; fgPu’; vd;w rpwe;j nerthsUf;fhd tpUij kj;jpa muR fle;j
Ik;gJ Mz;Lfshf (1965,y; ,Ue;J) toq;fp tUfpwJ.
jdJ rpe;jidfis ,Urkaj;jhiuAk; Nehf;fpNa vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhu; fgPu;jhru;.

,tu; ghu;itapy; kjNtWghLfs; kiwe;J Nghfpd;wd. ,iwtd; xUtNd> cUtkw;w
mtid czur; rlq;FfSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk; Njitapy;iy> ,iwtid ntspapy;
NjLtJ mwpahikapd; tpisT. ,iwtd; ek;Ks;Nsjhd; ,Uf;fpwhd;> mq;Fj;
NjbdhNy mila KbAk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fs; gy ghly;fspYk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
“X! gzpahsNd> vd;id eP vq;Nf NjLfpwha;?
,Njh> ehd; cd; mUfpNyNa ,Uf;fpNwd;.
ehd; jpUf;NfhapypYk; ,y;iy; kR+jpapYk; ,y;iy;
fh/ghtpYk; ,y;iy; ifyhaj;jpYk; ,y;iy”
(M) rlq; F fSk; rk; g pujhaq; f Sk; : ,iwtopghl; b w; f hd rlq; F fspYk; >
rk;gpujhaq;fspYk; cld;ghby;yhjtu; fgPuj
; hru;. ,iwtd; ek; cs;Nsjhd; cs;shu;.
mtiu ntspapy; NjLtJ mwptPdk; vd;gijg; gy ghly;fspYk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
md;gpd; topNa ,iwtid milAk; top vd;gJ fgPu;jhrupd; ,iwf;nfhs;if.
md;gpd; Ngnuhspia fz;ltNu ca;T ngw ,aYk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.“ehd;
rlq;FfspNyh mit rhu;e;j rk;gpujhaq;fspNyh ,y;iy. Nahfg; gapw;rpapNyh
JwtpNyh ,y;iy. eP vd;id ehLk; cz;ik Mu;tydhf ,Ug;gpd; cldbahff;
fhzKbAk;. fz;zpikg; NghjpNyh ifnehbg; NghjpNyh vd;idr; re;jpf;f KbAk;“vd
,iwtd; vLj;Jiug;gJ Nghy; ghly;fisg; ghLfpd;whH fgPHjhrH.
G+e;Njhl;lj;jpw;F eP Nghf Ntz;lhk;.

vd; ez;gNd> mq;Nf NghfhNj.
cd; clk;gpNyNa kyu;tdk; cs;sJ.
Mapuk; ,jo;j; jhkiu kPJ eP mku;e;J nfhs;.
mq;fpUe;jgbNa vy;iyaw;w Nguoif
mff;fz;zhy; fz;L ePz;l Neuk; cw;W Nehf;F”
(,) tho;t pay; mwpTiufs;:
fgPu;jhrupd; ghly;fs; tho;tpay; mwpTiufs; gytw;iwAk; vspa tifapy;

$wpr;nry;fpd;wd. “ehd” vd;Dk; mfq;fhuKk; “vdJ” vd;Dk; kkfhuKk; ,Uf;Fk;
tiu> nra;Ak; tpidfs; gadpd;wpNa xopAk;. nrUf;Fzu;Tk;> cilikg; gw;Wk;
kuzpf;Fk; NghJ nray; KbTf;F tUfpd;wd vd;fpwhH fgPHjhrH.
“ghu;! tho;itAk; kuzj;ijAk; ghu;!
mtw;Wf;fpilNa Ngjkpy;iy; gpuptpid ,y;iy.
tyf;ifAk; ,lf;ifAk; xd;Wjhd;. xd;Nwjhd”
vd tho;tpy; Kuz;gl;Lj; jphpAk; kdpjHfSf;F vr;rhpf;if tpLf;fpd;whH. “jtWfs;

fjit milf;fpd;wd. mg;G+l;bid md;ngDk; rhtpahy; jpw” vd tho;tpy; md;gpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cgNjrpj;jhH. kdpj tho;tpy; Jd;gq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F MirNa
fhuznkd fgPHjhrH vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH. kuzkpyhg; ngUtho;T vd;Dk; Mo;flypy;
miye;J jpupAk; me;j ,d;ghDgtk; vd; Ntz;Ljy;fisnay;yhk; mbNahL
mfw;wptpl;lJ. tpUl;rk; tpj;jpDs; mlq;fp apUg;gJ Nghy; vy;yh tifahd gpzpfSk;
Mirapy;jhd; mlq;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd vd;fpwhH.
(<) cld; fl;il VWjiy kWj;jy;
,we;j fztDld; cld;fl;il VWjy; vd;w ngz;nfhiyfs; mf;fhyj;jpy; gutyhf

,Ue;jJk;> mr;nraypd; mtyk; GupahJ mJ cau;thff; fUjg;gl;l r%fj;jpd;
; hrupd; gy ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. “,we;Jtpl;l fztdpd;
kdepiyAk; fgPuj
cly; mUNf ifk;ngz; cl;fhu;ej ; pUf;fpwhs; mts; rpijiaf; fz;L mQ;Rtjpy;iy
,e;j mw;g clk;igg; gw;wpa vy;yh mr;rq;fisAk; tpl;nlhopg;ghahf” vd tpjitg;
ngz;iz ijhpa%l;Lfpd;whH.
“fztid ,oe;j fhupifaplk;>

cld;fl;il Vwpj; jd;id vupj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW
ahu; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jhu;fs;?
gw;ww;w epiyapy; Ngupd;gk; fhz;
vd ahuhtJ nrhy;ypj;ju Ntz;Lkh vd;d?
,iwtid milAk; Ngupd;gg; NgW milAk; epiy> ifk;ngz; fztDld;

cld; f l; i l Vw; w g; g LtJld; xg; g plg; g LtJ ngz; f s; vj; j ifa Jd; g k;
mDgtpj;Js;sdu; vd;gijAk;> ve;j msT kf;fspd; kuj;Jg;Nghd kdk; ngz;fspd;
capu;f;nfhiyapid xU nghUl;lhfNt kjpf;fhky; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L tho;e;Js;sJ
vd;gijAk; ,g;ghly;fs; fz;Kd; epWj;Jfpd;wd.
fgPH jhrhpd; gf;jp ,af;fg; gzpfSk; rpe;jidfSk;
(m) gf;jp gw;wpa mtHjk; fUj;Jf;fs;
fgPuj; hrupd; ftpijfs; gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jdpaplk; ngw;Wg; Nghw;wg;gLgit. fgPuj

; hrupd;
ftpijfs; gf;jpapD}lhf kjey;ypzf;fj;ij tsu;ff ; pd;wd uhkid jd;Ds; czu;tJ
gf;jp vd;fpwhH fgPHjhrH. ePu;j;Jsp flypy; mlq;Fk; vd;gij ahUk; mwpthu;fs;.
ePuj
; J; spf;Fs; fly; mlq;Fk; vd;gij ahUk; mwpahu;fs;. mjhtJ cyfk; ,iwtdpd;
gilg;G vd;gij ahUk; mwpthu;fs;. ,e;j ,iwtdpd; gilg;ghfpa njhz;lu;
cs;sj;Js;Ns ,iwtNd mlf;fk; vd;gij ahUk; mwpahu;fs;. vd;W ghbAs;shu;;.
,J guhgf;jp vdg;gLk;.
(M) Ngjq;fs; fle;j gf;jp epiy

kjFUTk;> Nghu; tPuDk;> tpahghupAk;>
kw;Ws;s Kg;gj;jhW rhjpapdUk; -
xd;W NghyNt ,iwtid ehLfpwhu;fs;.
me;j Qhdp vd;d rhjpahf ,Ug;ghd;
vd;W Nfl;gJ %lj;jdk;.
Kb jpUj;Jk; ehtpjDk;
,iwtidj; NjbapUf;fpwhd;.
Jzp Jitf;Fk; tz;zhj;jpAk;>
kuq;nfhy; jr;rUk; ,iwtidj; NjbapUf;fpwhu;fs;”
vd;w ghlypy;>“kjFUTk;”>“Nghu; tPuDk;”>“tpahghupAk;”> kw;Ws;s “Kg;gj;jhW

rhjpapdUk;” vd “tUzhr;rpuk jUkk;” gpupj;Jiuf;Fk; gpuhkzu;> rj;jpupau;> itrpau;>
R+j;jpuu; vd;W ehd;F gpupTfisAk; Rl;Lfpwhu;. ,tu;fspy; xU gpuptpdu; kl;Lk;
,iwtidj; Njl tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. midj;Jg; gpupT kf;fspd; Mu;tKk; ,iwtid
mila tpUk;GtNj vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,jd; %yk; rhjp rka NtWghLfSf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ ,iwtopghL vd;w fgPu;jhrupd; gue;Jgl;l vz;zk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
(,) rkak; fle;j ,iwNghw;Wk; ghu;it:

fgPu;jhrupd; gy ghly;fspy; rkarhu;gw;w ,iwtzf;fKiwf; fUj;Jfs; tputpAs;sd.
“Mz;ltd; kR+jpapd; cs;Nsjhd; ,Uf;fpwhnddpy;
,e;j cyfk; ahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ?
eP Nkw;nfhz;l Gdpj ahj;jpiuapy;
fhz Neu;e;j fw;rpiyjhd; ,uhknddpy;>
cyfj;jpy; epfo;tdtw;iw mtdy;yhky; mwpthd; ahu;?
“ùp fPo;j;jpirapy; ,Uf;fpwhd;>
my;yh Nkw;wpirapy; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;fpwhNa>
eP cd; ,jaj;ij cs;Nehf;fpg;ghu;.
mq;Nf fuPk; uhk; ,UtiuAk; fhz;gha;”
fh[pahu; jpUf;-Fu;-Mdpy; nrhw;fisj; Njbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. ,J ,g;gb> mJ

mg;gb vd;W kw;wtu;fSf;F tha;fpopa cgNjrpf;fpwhu;. mtuJ ,jak; md;gpy;
eidatpy;iynadpy;> mtu; kw;iwNahu;f;F Mrhdhf ,Ue;J vd;d gad;? Nahfp
jd; Miliaf; fhtpapy; Njha;j;J epwNkw;Wfpwhu;. Mdhy;> md;gpd; epwk; ,d;dJ
vd mtu; mwpahu;. mt;thwhapd;> ,tu; Mil nts;shil Mapd; vd;? fy;yhil
Mapd; vd;? vd eilKiwapy; kdpjd; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gf;jpia tpghpf;fpd;whH.
(<) Jwtwj;ij kWj;Jiuj;J ,y;ywj;jpD}lhfNt gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jy;
,iwtid milaj; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;tij fgPuj ; hru; Mjupf;ftpy;iy. ,y;tho;tpy;

Kiwg;gb tho;eN
; j ,iwtid milaKbAk; vd;gij mtu; Mzpj;jukhf ek;gpaJk;
mtuJ gyghly;fspd; top njupfpwJ.
“Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fkpd;wp ntspNa miye;J jpupgtid
mtdJ ,y;yj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;g miog;gtNd
cz;ikapy; vdf;Fg; gpupakhdtd;.
tPl;by;jhd; md;gpd; rq;fkk;.
tPl;by;jhd; tho;tpd; Efu;r;rp.
cz;ik mt;thwpUf;f> ehd; Vd; tPl;ilj;
Jwe;J fhl;by; miya Ntz;Lk;?
rj;jpa juprdk; fhz gpuk;kk; vdf;F cjTkhdhy;>
ehd; tPl;bNyNa jisiaAk; tpLjiyiaAk; fhz;Ngd;”
(c) ehaf-ehafp ghtk; :

fgPu;jhru; ,iwtid Mz;tbtpy; fhz;fpwhu;. ,iwtid mila tpUk;Gk; jd;id
,iwtdpd; ehafpahf cUtfpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,tu; ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ehaf-
ehafp ghtj; i jNa mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L s; s d. ehafdhd ,iwia
milatpUk;Gk; ehafpahd jd;id> ehafDld; ,ize;Jtplj; Jbf;Fk; fhjypahfTk;>
kidtpahfTk; fw;gpjk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;.
“cd;id epidj;Nj vd; clk;Gk; kdKk; Vq;FfpwJ.
vd; MUapu;f; fhjyNd! vd; ,y;yj;jpw;F vOe;jUs;.
cd;id kze;J nfhs;sg; Nghfpwts; ehd;jhd; vd;W
kw;wtu;fs; nrhy;Yk;NghJ
vdf;F xNu ehzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Vnddpy; ,e;j tpdhb tiu cd; ,jaj;ij
vd; ,jaj;jhy; ehd; njhl;lNj ,y;iy.
mt;thwhdhy;> vd; fhjYf;F vd;djhd; nghUs;?
ghYk; fre;jJ; vd; gLf;ifAk; nehe;jJ.
tPl;bd; cs;Ns ,Ue;jhYk; Gwj;Nj epd;whYk;
vd;kdk; mikjpapd;wp miyfpwJ.
jhfk; jPuj; jz;zPu; Njit.
kzg;ngz;Zf;F kzhsNd Njit.
ahu; mq;Nf?
vd; fhjyDf;F ehd; tpLf;Fk; kliyf;
nfhz;L Nru;ff; ty;yhu; ahu; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;”
vd;w ghlypy; jd;idf; fhjypahf vz;zpf;nfhz;L> fhjydhd ,iwtid mila
tpUk;Gtij mtUf;F kly; vOjpj; njuptpf;fpwhu;. ,jpy; vq;FNk ,J ,iwtid
Nehf;fpf; $wg;gl;l ghlyhfj; njupahky;> fhjy;tag;gl;l fhjyp xUj;jpapd; ghlyhfNt
,g;ghly; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
(C) ,uhkehkj;j pd; rpwg;G

tl ,e;jpah KOf;f uhk ehkj;ij gug;gpatu; f;gPu;jh]u;. “ez;gNd> ùpapd;
ehkj;ij ,iltplhky; nrhy;Yq;fs;. “vd;DilaJ” vd;W nrhy;yp vd;d gad;
fz;Bu;fs;. ùp ehkk; nrhy;yhtpby; ahTk; khiaNa. ùpapd; Fzj;ijg; ghLq;fs;.
ghb Mbf;nfhz;Nl itFz;lk; VFq;fs;!” vd;fpwhu; fgPu;jhru;. fgPu;jhrupd; kPJ
md;Gk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;l gj;kghju; vd;gtu; fgPu;jhrupd; rPluhf ,Ue;jhu;. rfy
rh];jpuq;fspYk; ty;ytu;. uhkgpuhd; kPJ kpFe;j gw;Wf; nfhz;ltu;. xU Kiw
njhO Nehahsp xUtid mtu; re;jpj;jhu;. cly; KOtJk; Gz;zhfp> mOfp>
uj;jk; nrhl;lr; nrhl;l epd;w me;jj; njhONehahspia mtdJ cwtpdu;fs;
fq;iff;fiuf;F vLj;J te;jdu;. ve;j kUj;Jtj;jpdhYk; mtd; Neha; Fzkhfhj
fhuzj;jpdhy;> tho;f;ifia ntWj;j me;j Nehahsp jd; capiu tplj; Jzpe;jhd;.
mtd; cly; fq;if ePupy; mkpo;e;J Nghfhky; kpjf;Fk; nghUl;L mtd; fhy;fspYk;>
iffspYk; Flq;fisf; fl;Lk; gzpapy; cwtpdu;fs; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;
gj;kghju; mq;Nf te;jhu;. elg;gijf; fz;L> vd;d tp\ak; vd;W tprhupj;jhu;.
Rw;wp epw;gtu;fs; mtuplk; njhONehahspiag; gw;wp vLj;Jiuj;jdu;. mtd; xU
tpahghup vd;gij mwpe;j mtu; mtidg; ghu;j;J>”NehahspNa> eP tpahghupahf
tho;e;J clYf;Fj; Njitahd mj;jid nrsfupaq;fisAk; Fiwtpy;yhky; Njbf;
nfhz;lha;. Mdhy; Mj;khtpd; eyDf;fhf vd;d nra;jha;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mtd;
nksdkhff; fz;zPu; tbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. clNd gj;kghju;>”ftiyg;glhNj
kdj;J}a;ikNahL> ePAk; cd; eydpy; mf;fiw itj;jpUg;gtu;fSk; xNu rpej
; idNahL
uhk ehkj;ij %d;W Kiw njhlu;e;J cr;rupAq;fs;. cd;idg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;
njhO Neha; Xbg; Ngha;tpLk;” vd;W cgNjrpj;jhu;.
mtu; Ngr;rpy; ek;gpf;if itj;j njhONehahspAk;> mtdJ cwtpdu;fSk; %d;W
Kiw kdj;J}a;ikNahL uhk ehkj;ij cr;rupjj ; du;. Mr;rupag;gLk; tpjkhf ,Jehs;
tiuapy; tpahghupiag; gPbj;jpUe;j Neha; mg;NghNj kiwe;jJ. mtd; cly;
jq;fk;Nghy n[hypj;jJ. ,e;j mjpraj;ij epfo;jj ; pa gj;kghjiu me;j tpahghup
gy Kiw njhOJ fz;zPu; mQ;ryp nra;J jd; ed;wpf;flidr; nrYj;jpdhd;.
Rw;wpapUe;j kf;fs; $l;lKk; mtiuj; njhOjJ. ,e;j epfo;r;rpiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;lhu;
fgPu;jhru;. jdJ rPlu; gj;kghjiu mioj;jhu;. FUtpd; miog;igf; Nfl;L> gj;kghju;
tpiue;J nrd;W fgPu;jhriu re;jpj;J tzq;fpdhu;.
“xU njhONehahspapd; Nehia uhk ehkj;ij cr;rupg;gjd; %yk; eP Nghf;fpaij
mwpe;Njd;. mtid vj;jid Kiw uhk ehkj;ij cr;rupf;fr; nrhd;dha; ?” vd;W
Nfl;lhu; fgPu;jhru;. “%d;W Kiw FUNt” vd;whu; gj;kghju; gzpNthL. “,j;jid
rpwpa gyDf;fhf uhkehkj;ij %d;W Kiw cr;rupf;f Ntz;Lkh? efj;jpdhy;
fps;sp vwpaf; $ba ,iyia Nfhlhupahy; ntl;lyhkh? kdk;> nka;> thf;F
%d;wpdhYk; Rj;jkhf ,Ue;J uhk vd;w ke;jpuj;ij xNu xU Kiw nrhd;dhNy
ehk; gy n[d;kq;fspy; nra;j ghtk; mj;jidAk; me;j epkplj;jpNyNa vupe;J
rhk;gyhfp tpLNk! Ntj GU\dhYk; mstpl;Lr; nrhy;y Kbahj ngUik cila
uhk ehkj;ij my;g tp\aj;jpd; nghUl;lhf %d;W Kiw cr;rupf;fr; nra;jJ
jtwhapw;Nw” vd;whH. mtH uhk ehkk; gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ>
“”uhk” ehkk; xUkUe;J
“uhk” ehkk; mU kUe;J
xNu xU kUe;J xU kUe;J
cyfj;ij ca;tpf;f te;j kUe;J”
“[hdfpf;F [Ptd; je;jJ me;j kUe;J
[hjp kj Ngjkpd;wp nrhy;Yk; kUe;J
khUjpf;F ngUik je;jJ me;j kUe;J
khNjtd; ghuhl;bg; NgRk; kUe;J”
(v)fgP h ; j hrhpd; ,iwtopghl; L Kiw
xt;nthU gf;jDk; jdf;nfd xU flTis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L topghL nra;fpwhd;.

KOKjw; flTshd gpukj;ij ahUk; NjLthupy;iy. mtu;fs; mtjhuq;fis
ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. ve;j mtjhuKk; guk;nghUs; Mfh. Vnddpy; mtu;fs; jj;jk;
tpidg;gaidj; Ja;j;Nj fopf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. vdNt> ,itay;yhj Ntnwhd;Nw
guk;nghUs; Mjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. fgPHjhrH kdpjid Nehf;fp>“cd; Njtd;
cd;dUNf ,Uf;fpwhd;.ePNah mtidg; ghu;g;gjw;fhfg; gidkuj;jpy; VWfpwha;.
gpuhkz FU tPL tPlhfg; Ngha; ,iw ek;gpf;ifia tpijf;fpwhd;.kf;fisj; jd;ghy;

<u;ff
; pwhd;.tho;tpd; ep[khd eP&w;W cd;dUNf cs;sJ.ePNah topghL nra;tjw;fhf
xU fy;iy el;L itj;J> vjpNu KZKZf;fpwha;.“vd; Njtd; vt;tsT ,dpad;
vd;W ehd; xUNghJk; $Nwd;.%r;ir mlf;fp Nahfk; nra;tJk;> n[gkhiy
cUl;LtJk;>Gz;zpak; ghtk; vd;gJk; vy;yhNk tPz;.gad;glhJ. ntWk; mgj;jk;.
tha; ikiag; Nghw; Wgtu; > nrUf; F k; tQ;r idAk; mw; wtNu ,iwepiyia
milaKbAk; vd;gJ fgPu;jhru; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; ,iwtopghl;L Kiw.
(V),iwtid miltjw;f hd top
rlq;FfSf;Fk; rk;gpujhaq; fSf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l topiaNa fgPHjhrH Nghjpj;jhH.

nghwpGyd;fshfpa fjTfis milj;J itj;J %r;ir mlf;fp cyfj;ijj; Jwe;J
Nghjyhd topia fgPHjhrH KOtJkhf kWj;jhH.
“eP ve;j xd;Ws; Njha;e;jpUe;jhYk;>
me;epiyapYk; mtu; nja;tnkd;Dk;
xz;nghUisf; fz;lwpaf; fw;gpf;fpwhu;.
cyfpd; NghfEfu;r;rpf;F ,ilNaAk;
,iwtNdhL ,ize;J epw;Fk;
Ngupd;gj;ijf; fw;Wj; jUfpwhu;”
vdNt Ik;Gyd;fis mlf;fp> %r;rlf;fp> Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;shJ> cyf tho;tpNyNa

,iwtid mila topfhl;LgtNu cz;i kahd Qhdp vd;gJ fgPu;jhrupd;
fUj;jhfTs;sJ.
,jd;gb>,iwtid miltjw;fhd topfs; md;Gk; gf;jpAkhFk;.,itad;wp NtW

vjdhYk; ,iwtid mila KbahJ.cuf; f mioj; J gpuhHj; j pg; g Njh>
milahsq;fis mzpe;J nfhs;tNjh ca;tiltjw;fhd rhpahd topfs; fpilahJ
vd;fpwhH fgPHjhrH.
“Ky;yh mtid cuj;j Fuypy; $tpaiof;fpwhu;.

Vd;?cd; Njtd; nrtpldh?
rpd;dQ;rpW G+r;rpapd; fhypy; kzp fl;bapUe;jhYk;>
mJ ,aq;Fk;NghJ xypf;Fk; Xiriaf;
$l mtd; Nfl;f ty;ytd; Mapw;Nw!
n[gkhiyia cUl;L;
new;wp epiwa tpG+jpiag; G+rpf;nfhs;.
jiyepiwa fw;iwr; rlhKbia
ePs tsu;j;J myq;fhukhfj; J}f;fpf; fl;bf;nfhs;.
vd;d nra;jhy; vd;d? cd; neQ;rpy; <uk; ,y;iy.
md;G ,y;iy. eP vg;gb ,iwtid miltha;?
vdNt ,iwtid miltjw;fhd top gf;jpAk; md;GNk MFk;.
fgPH jhrhpd; ,Wjp ehl;fs;
jk; ,Wjpehs; neUq;Ftij czu;e;j fgPu;jhru; kf;ù; vd;w ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whu;.

jl;rd; ahfk; nra;j me;j ,lk; rptngUkhdhy; rgpf;fg;gl;l G+kp vd;Wk;; mq;F
,wg;gtu;fSf;F Nkhl;r k; fpl;lhJ vd;gJk; ,e;Jf;fspd; ek;gpf;if. mijg;
Gdpjg; g Lj; J k; Nehf; N fhL mq; F nrd; w fgP u ; > xU miwf; F s; nrd; W
jhopl;Lf;nfhz;lhuhk;. rw;W Neuj;jpy; mq;fpUe;J xU N[hjp ntspahfp thdpy;
fye;jJ. miwf;fjitj; jpwe;J ghu;j;jNghJ mq;F ahUkpUf;ftpy;iy vd;W
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.
xU rpwe;j gf;jp newpia kf;fSf;F czu;j;jp> vz;zw;w uhkehk rq;fuP j

; j
; dq;fisg;
ghb> ,d;wsTk; kf;fshy; Nghw;wp tzq;fg;gLfpwhu; fgPu;jhru;. cz;ikahd Qhdp
jhd;jhd; vd gyu; $wpf; nfhz;liofpd;wdH. fgPhjhrH cz;ikahd Qhdp xUtd;
vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpdw ; hH. tbtkw;w ,iwtdpd; tbtj;ij
,e;j Cdf; fz;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glr; nra;gtu; ahNuh mtNu cz;ikahd Qhdp
vd;fpwhH.mjd;gb cz;ikahd Qhdpahf tho;e;jtH fgPHjhrH.
(05) Jsrpjhru;
(m) tho;f;i ff; Fwpg;G
Jsrpjhru;> ngUk; Kdptu; thy;kPfpapd; mtjhukhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. Jsrpjhrupd;

rkfhyj;jtUk; ngUk; gf;jUkhd eg;ghjhR $l jd;Dila gilg;ghd gf;j;khypy;
Jsrpjhriu thy;kPfpapd; mtjhukhfNt tptupf;fpwhu;. ,uhkdhd;b rka gpupTk;$l
(Jsrpjhru; ,e;jr; rkag; gpupitr; rhu;e;jtu;) thy;kPfp jhd; ,e;j fypAfj;jpy;
Jsrpjhruhf kWgpwtp vLj;Js;shu; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpaJ.
Jsrpjhru; 1532-1623 Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;ej

; tu;. ,tiu jj;JtQhdp> ghlyhrpupau;
vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpapy; ,uhkhazj;jpid
“,uhkd; rupj khd];” vDk; ngaupy; vOjpdhu; Jsrpjhru;. Jsrpjhru; ,uhkhazk;
vOJk; Kd; jpt; a Njr ahj; j piuahf ,uhNkRtuk; te; j jhfTk; mq; N f
fk;guhkhazj;jpidf; Nfl;Fk; NgW ngw;wjhfTk; fk;gd; fhtpaj;jpd; eaq;fis
jd; D ila fhijapy; gy ,lq; f spy; ifahz; L s; s jhfTk; Ma; t hsu; f s;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. rpwe;j ,uhkgf;juhf ,Ue;j Jsrpjhru; irt> itzt> rhf;j;
rk;gpujhaq;fisr;; rkkhfg; ghtpj;Jg; ngUik ngw;wtu;.
cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ge;jh khtl;lj;jpy; gpuahiff;F (fhrp) mUfpy; cs;s uhrhg;G+u;

fpuhkj;jpy; Mj;khuhk; JNg vd;gtUf;Fk; cNyrp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhf tpf;ukp
rhk;thl; fp.gp. 1532 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu; Jsrpjhru;. ,tu; ,sikapNyNa ngw;Nwhiu
,oe;J tWikapy; thba epiyapy; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazf; fijia kf;fspilNa
gpur;rhukhfr; nrhy;yp mjd; gydhf tho;f;ifia elj;jp te;jhu;. cupa tajpy;
,uhkgf;jpAk; mwpTk; epiwe;j ,uj;jpdhtsp vd;fpw ngz;iz kze;jhu;. jk;
Mrpupauhd eu;ùp jhru; mtu;fspd; mlf;fkhd njhz;luhf Jsrpjhru; jk;ikNa
xg;gilj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;> Rfhu;-nfl;by; rpWtdhf ,Ue;jNghJ ,tu; Kjd;Kjyhf
mtuplkpUe;J ,uhkdpd; tPur;nray;fisf; Nfl;lhu;> gpd;du; ,JNt ,uhkrupjkhdrh
tpd; nghUshf mike;jJ.
(M) Jsrpjhrhpd; nfhs;i ffs;
JsrpjhrUk; xg;Gau;tw;w flTis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whH. ,e;j ,iwtd; jhNd

xUKiw kdpj tbit vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;> kdpjFyj;jpid MrPut; jpgg
; jw;fhf ,uhkuhf
mtjhuk; vLj;jhu;. mjdhy; clyhdJ Nghw;wg;glNtz;LNk jtpu gadw;wjhf
vz;zf;$lhJ. ,iwtd; ek;gpf;ifAld; (gf;jpAld;) mZfg;glNtz;Lk;> jd;dykw;w
topghL Rj;jkhd md;gpy; jd;idNa ruzilar; nra;aNtz;Lk;> NkYk; mtdpd;
rpe;jidapy; Ra-tpUg;gq;fspd; midj;J nray;fspYk; Rj;jkhf Ntz;Lk;.
midj;J cau;fsplj;jpYk; md;G fhl;lNtz;Lk;> mg;NghJ mit kfpo;r;rpailAk;;

Vnddpy; vy;yhtw;wpd; kPJk; md;G fhl;Lk; NghJ ePq;fs; ,iwtdplKk; md;G
nfhs;fpwPu;fs;> Vnddpy; mtNd vy;yhKkhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.Md;kh ,iwtdplkpUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ> NkYk; tho;f;ifapy; mJ Ntiyfspy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ (fu;kh);
kdpjFyk; jd;Dila gpbthjj;jpdhy;> nray;fspd; tiyfspy; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs
gpizj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.
,iwtdplj; j py; ek; g pf; i f itg; g tu; f spd; Ngupd; g j; i j mwpe; j NghjpYk;
Nfl;lwpej
; NghjpYk;> tpLjiy Mtjw;fhd topia mtu;fs; Kaw;rpgg ; jpyi
; y. flTspd;
,y;yj;jpy; Md;kh ngwf;$ba Ngupd;gk; ,iwtdplj;jpy; <LghL my;y> mtUlNdNa
xd;whjyhFk;. ,J gpwg;G kw;Wk; kWgpwg;gpd; RikapypUe;J tpLjiyahjy; (Kf;jp)
cr;repiyapyhd Mde;jkhFk;.
,uhkuplj;jpy; gf;jp kw;Wk; rptdplj;jpy; gw;Wjy; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapy; ve;j

Kuz;ghLk; ,y;yhjpUg;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu; (,uhkhazh> yq;fh
fhz;lk;>Njh`h 3). Mdhy; mtUila vy;yh vOj;Jfspd; eilKiw KbTfSk;
,uhkiu Nehf;fp nra;ag;gLk; gf;jpahf> Mokhf kdjpy; gjpar; nra;tjhf ,Uf;fpwJ>
mjd; %yk; gpwg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kWgpwg;Gfspd; Row;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy ght tpNkhrdk;
vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; ngUk; topahf ,Uf;fpwJ> gpuhkzu;fs; NghyNt kpfj; jho;e;j
rhjpapypUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; jpwe;Nj ,Ug;gjhd xU tpNkhrdkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
(,) ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;
,tu; ,aw;wpajhff; $wg;gLk; E}y;fs; 39 vd;W $wg;gbDk; Jsrpjhruhy;

,aw;wg;gl;lit 12 jhd; vd;W mwpQu;fs; $wpAs;sdu;. mit: ituhf;fpa rpure;jg
P dP>
,uhkhQ;Qh gpu\;d> ,uhkyhyh efR+> [hdfP kq;fs;> ghu;tjP kq;fs;> fpU\;z
fPjhtsp> fPjhtsp> tpea gj;jpupf;fh (tpu[ nkhop)> Njh`htsp> guit ,uhkhazk;>
ftpjhtsp (tpu[ nkhop)> ,uhk rupj khd]; vd;gdthFk;.
(01) ,uhkrupjkhdrh
,uhk mtjhuk; gw;wpAiug;gJ. me;epaiu ,q;F epytpa R+oy; kpf vspjhf Nkyhz;ik
nra;a mDkjpj;j fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; ,q;fpUe;j nry;t tsq;fisr; Ruz;baNjhL
jk; kjj;ijAk; gug;gpdu;. xUGwk; mr;RWj;Jk; jhe;jpuPf topghLfSk; gutp te;jd.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; JsrpjhrH vOjpa ,uhkhazk; J}a gf;jpiag; gug;gpaJ. JsrpjhrH
tlnkhopiaj; jtpu;j;Jtpl;L kf;fspd; nkhopapy; ,uhkhazj;ij vOjpdhu;.
nkhfyhaupd; fLikahd mlf;F KiwiaAk; kPwp> Jsrpjhrhpd; khdrk; gy
jug;gl;l kf;fspilNa kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; uhk gf;jpia Xu; ,af;fkhfNt
tsu;j;jJ.
fpwpj;jt kjNghjfu;fs; kjk; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; ,e;jpa nkhopfisf; fw;whYk;

mk;nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jhy; <u;ff ; g;gl;lJk;> nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpdH.
kjk; gug;Gtjw;fhf ghujk; te;j “fhkpy; Gy;Nf” vd;w ngy;[pag; ghjpupahu; uhkrupj
khdrj;jpdg ; hy; <u;ff
; g;gl;L mij KOikahff; fw;whu;. ,jd; %yk; “khdr nfsKjp”
vd;Dk; njhFg;igAk; mspjJ ; s;shu;. ,tu; fpwpjj
; t ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> Js]pjh]upd;
tpea gj;upfhitAk; xg;gha;T nra;jtu;. “,uhk fhij” Njhw;wKk;> tsu;r;rpAk”
(`pe;jp) jpwdha;thy; my`hghj; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; caH gl;lk; ngw;wtH.
,uhkrupjkhdrh> rkRfpUj ,uhkhazj;jpd; kw;w E}y;fisg; NghyNt> ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s gy ,e;Jf; FLk;gq;fspy; ngUk; kjpgG ; ld; gbf;fg;gl;L> G+[pf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,J nrsgha; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ftpij tbtpyhd <ubr; nra;Aisf; nfhz;lJ.
,J Jsrp-f;upjp ,uhkhazh vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ> ,jpy; gy nra;As;fs;
,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; gpugykhf ,Uf;Fk; gonkhopfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpYs;s
nrhw; n whlu; f s; rhjhuz Ngr; R tof; f py; mike; j pUf; f pd; w d. Jsrpjhrupd;
,uhkrupjkhdrhTf;Fk; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;Jf;FkpilNa gy;NtW NtWghLfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ,uhkid tdthrj;Jf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf ifNfap
jd; fztiu tw;GWj;Jk; fhl;rp. Jsrp jhrupy;> tYthd gz;GU mUikahd
ctikfSld; mJ kpf ePskhfTk; $Ljy; cstpay; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;
,Uf;fpwJ
(02) tpea gj;j pupfh
Jsrpjhru; fhyj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpy; xOf;fk; Fiwe;J rPu;NfLfs; kpFe;jpUe;jd.

rKjha epiy fz;L kpfTk; kdk; tUe;jpa Jsrpjhru;> kf;fspilNa xOf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp mtu;fis cau;j;j Ntz;b uhkgpuhdplk; Kiwapl;L vOjpaNj “tpea
gj;jpupfh. jkJ Ntz;LNfhs;fis ,irg; ghly;fshf ,aw;wp uhkgpuhdpd; muritf;F
mDg;gp itj;jhu; Jsrpjhru;. uhkgpuhdpd; muritapy; cs;s fNzru;> rptngUkhd;>
Njtp> R+upad;> fq;if> aKid> mDkd;> ,yf;Ftd;> gujd;>rj;JUf;dd;> rPij vd
midtiuAk; Jjpj;Jg; ghb mtu;fisj; jk; Ntz;LNfhis epiwNtw;wr; nra;a
uhkgpuhdpd; ftdj;ij jk; gf;fk; <u;f;fr; nrhy;fpwhu; Jsrpjhru;. fy; kdj;ijAk;
fiuar; nra;Ak; tpeagj;jpupf;fh” vd;w nrhy;yil ,e;jpapy; tpeagj;jpupf;fhtpd;
ngUikiaf; Fwpf;f toq;fptUfpd;wJ.,e;E}y; Jsrpjhruhy; ,Wjpahf vOjg;gl;l
gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mirfs; gw;wpAk; mjd; %yk; gj;jpNahfk; mop;f;fg;gLtJ gw;wpAk; ,e;E}y;

tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wJ. nrhe;jge;jq;fspd; tphpitj;jhd; cyfk; vd;fpNwhk;. mit
,y;iynad;why; ,t;Tyfpy; vd;d ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdNtjhd; tpeagj;jphpfh kdj;jpd;
tphpTjhd; cyfk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ.
(03) mDkd; rhyprh
,uhkhazk; jtpu Jsrpjhrupd; kpfg; gpugykhdJk; mjpfkhf gbf;fg;gl;lJkhd

,yf;fpag; gilg;ghf ,Ug;gJ “mDkd; rhyprh”> ,J mDkidg; Gfo;e;J ghLk;
ftpij. gy ,e;Jf;fs; ,ij xU ,iwtopghlhf jpdKk; xg;Gtpf;fpwhu;fs;.mDkd;
kfpikf;F ngUk; rhd;whf tpsq;FtJ “mDkd; rhyprh vd;Dk; ke;jpuk;. mbg;gilapy;
mDkd; nja;tPfg; gpwtp. uhk- yl;Rkzu;fs; gpwe;j mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy; Gj;jpu
fhNk\;b ahfj;jpd; gadhfTk;> mDkdpd; jhahd mQ;rid Fk;gj;jpy; %r;ir
epWj;jp Nahfj; jtkpUe;j epiyapYk; fUj;jupf;fg; ngw;wtd; vd;fpwJ mDkd;
rhyprh.
mDkd; ngUk; fy;tp> Qhdk; ,tw;iw mUSk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtd;. mjw;Ff;

fhuzk; mtd; Gyd;fis mlf;fp jpahdpf;f Kbe;jtdhf ,Ug;gJjhd;. jpahdk;
vy;yhUf;Fk; trg;gl;L tplhJ. mjw;F ngUk; kdtypik Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J jpahdNk
mwpthfpa kdjpwF; ngUk; kUe;jhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ. kdij mlf;f Kidgtu;fSf;F
kfj;jhd ke;jpukhf tpsq;FtJ uhk ehkk;>mDkd; me;j uhk ehkj;ijf; $wpNa
ngUk; jpahd Re;judhfj; jpfo;fpwhd;.
mDkid cghrpf;fTs;s ke;jpuq;fSs; cd;djkha;j; jpfo;tJ mDkd; rhyprh.

Jsrpjhru; uhkrupj khd]k; vOjf; fhuzNk mDkd; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Jsrpjhru;Kd; Njhd;wp mtUf;F ftpahw;wiy mDkd; mspj;jpl> mjd;gpd;
gpwe;jJjhd; uhkrupj khd]k;.,jdhy; Jsrpjhru; jd; FUtha;f; Fwpg;gpLtJ
mDkidj;jhd;. “mDkNd vd;Ds; ,Ue;J nfhz;L vd;id ,af;fp uhkrupijia
vOj itj;jhd;” vd;fpwhH. ,jd; gpd;dH ,tuhy; kpFe;j nefpo;rr
; pNahL vOjpaJjhd;
mDkd; rhyprh vd;gH.
2.2 : ,e;Jr%f rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fspd; vOr;r p.
me;epa rkaq;fshYk;> fyhrhu Nkhfq;fspdhYk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;J rkak;

r%fk;> fyhrhuk; vd;gd tPor ; ;rpaile;J fhzg;gl;l epiyapy; me;epaMjpf;fj;jpypUe;
Jk; gpwkj jhf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; ,e;J rkaj;ijAk; fyhrhu gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisAk;
kPl;nlLf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w epWtdq;fNs ,e;Jr%f rPHjpUj;j
,af;fq;fs;.
goe;jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rkz ngsj;j rkaq;fspd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J
ehad;khUk;> Mo;thHfSk; irt itzt rkaq;fis kPln ; lLj;jdH.kj;jpa fhyj;jpy;
tl,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ,];yhj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpid tl ,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fj;jpdH
jLj;J itzt rkaj;ij kyHr;rpailar; nra;jdH. mt;thNw 16Mk; E}w;whz;il
mLj;J te;j INuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpahit kPl;nlLj;j ngUik
,e;Jr%f rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpdiur; NrUk;.
INuhg;gpaupd; tUifahy; fj;Njhypff ; k;> Gnuhl;l];jhe;J> fpwp]j
; tk; Kjyhd
rkaq;fs; ,e;jpa kz;zpy; Nt&d;wj; njhlq;fpaNjhL INuhg;gpaupd; Mjutpdhy;
mit ngUk; jhf;fj;jpidAk; ,e;J rkaj;jpYk; r%fj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jd.
jpl;lkpl;l jPtpu rkag; gpur;rhuq;fSk;> je;jpNuhghaf; nfhs;iffSk; ,e;J rkaj;jpd;
tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd.
Mq;fpNyaupd; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; Vw;gl;l nrytPdk;> gpuhd;rpaUld;
epfo;e;j fly;Aj;jk; vd;gtw;why; mjpf Rikiaf; fz;l gpupj;jhdpah> RNjrpaHfis
muRg;gzpfspy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; nghUshjhu neUf;fbia Xustpw;Ff;
Fiwf;fyhk; vd;gij czHe;J ,e;jpaHfSf;F mur Ntiy vDk; mwptpg;ig
toq;fpd.,e;jpaHfs; Mq;fpNyaHfSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Mq;fpynkhop mtrpak;
vd;gjhy; Mq;fpynkhopa+lhf kjk; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; kp\dupfs; ,e;jpahtpDs;
fhybitj;jd. me;jtifapy; mnkupf;f kp\d;> nt];ypad; kp\d;>gg;wp];l; kp\d;
Kjyhdtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
kp\dupfspd; nraw;ghLfs; “fpwp];jtHfshf kjk; khWgtHfSf;Nf Mq;fpy
nkhop” vDk; epge;jidia Kd;itj;jjhy;> ,e;jpaHfs; gyUk; kjk;khwNtz;ba
epiy Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpynkhopapd; mtrpak;> murNtiyapd; Clhff; fpilj;j
rYiffs;> ghJfhg;G Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; mtHfis kjk;khwj; J}z;bd. Fwpg;ghf>
 gFj;jwpTf;F Vw;Gila fpwp];jt kjf; fUj;Jf;fs;
 fpwp];jt rkaf; FOf;fspd; jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghL
 fpwp];jt fy;tpa+lhff; fpilj;j Ntiytha;g;G
 ,e;J rka tpOkpaq;fis mwptjpy; Nkdhl;lhH nfhz;bUe;j MHtk;.
 ,e;jpaHfspd; Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhu Nkhfk;
 ,e;J rka> r%f rPHNfLfs;.
 ,e;jpaf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;.
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,e; epiyapy>; kp\dupkhUk; gy;NtW r%f Nritfis jpll ; kplL

; elhj;jpdH. rkaj;jpd;
ngauhy; rPHNfLfs;> %lek;gpf;iffs;> Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; vd;gtw;iw ePf;fp kf;fspd;
tho;Tf;F Ntz;ba trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jdH. ,e;J r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
gy;NtW rPHNfLfSk; ,e;J rka tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd.
 gyjhu kzk;
 ghy;a tpthfk;
 ngz;rpRf; nfhiy
 cld;fl;il Vwy;
 tpjitfs; kWkzk; kWg;G
 rhjpg;ghFghL
 ngz;zbikj;jdk;
,j;jF rPHNfLfs; ahTk; ,e;Jrkaj;jpd; gytPdkhf tpsq;fpa rkfhyj;jpy;
fpwp]j
; tHfspd; ,e;Jkjj;jpw;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpw;Fk; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; mbg;gilahf
mike;jd. kp\dupfs; Mq;fpy fpwp];jtf; fy;Y}upfis epWtpaJld;> r%f kUj;Jtg;
gzpfisAk; Kd;ndLj;jdH. ,tHfspd; nraw;ghLfs; ghku kf;fspilNa <Hg;gpid
Vw;gLj;jpd. ,J ,e;Jrkaj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;j mwpQHfspilNa
tpopg;GzHitAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; kjk; khwpatHfs; Nghy ebj;J Mq;fpy
nkhopia fw;W kp\dupfspd; nraw;ghLfisAk;> Mq;fpNyaupd; nraw;ghLfisAk;
fz;fhzpf;f Kide;jdH.
,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nky; MHtk; nfhz;l Mq;fpNyaHfs; Mq;fpyk; gbj;j

,e;jpaHfisf; nfhz;L ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; ,Ue;j E}y;fis Mq;fpy nkhopf;F
nkhopngaHj;jdH. mtw;iw gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldH. me;jtifapy;
Nfhy;GUf;> tpy;rd;> khf;]; Ky;yH Kjypa mwpQHfs; ,j;jF nraw;ghLfis
Kd;ndLj;jdH. ,j;jF Muha;r;rpf; fUj;juq;Ffspy; Mq;fpyk; gbj;j ,e;jpaHfSk;
ghHitahsHfshff; fye;J nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jHg;gk; fpilj;jJ. ,J mtHfSf;F
jkJ ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;j mwptpay;> Md;kPf nra;jpfspd; cz;ikj;jd;ikia
czHj;jpaJ.
,jd; tpisthy; ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rPhNfLfisAk; FiwghLfisAk;

mwpe;J nfhz;L rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; gyUk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdH. mt;thW Njhw;wk;
ngw;NwhUs; Rthkp ,uhkfpU\;zH> Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH> ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;>
jahde;j ru];tjp> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> ,uhkypq;f ts;syhH> ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H>
=mutpe;jH Kjypa gyiuf; $wyhk;.,tHfspd; mUk;gzpfshy; ,e;jpa ,e;Jr%f
rPHjpUj;jj;ij Kd;dpl;L gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. mtw;Ws;>
gpuk;krkh[k;> rkur Rj;j rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> gpuhHj;jid rkh[k;> Mupa rkh[k;>
gpuk;kQhd rq;fk;> ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
gpuk;k rkh[k;
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpwg;G - 1774.05.22
ngw;NwhH - ,uhkfhe;jH> jhupzpNjtp
gpwe;j ,lk; - khefH
,sikg; ngaH - uhk;Nkhfd;
jkJ jdpg;gl;l tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fshy; ngupJk; Jd;gkile;j uh[huhk;
Nkhfd;uha; mjd; tpisthy; gpuk;k rkh[j;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH.
 jkJ je;ij %d;W ngz;fis kze;jpUe;jik.

 jdf;F ghy;a tpthfk; eilngw;wpUe;jik.
 ghy;a kidtp ,we;jJk; ,uz;lhtJ jlitahfTk; ghy;a tpthfk;
eilngw;wik.
 jkJ mz;zd; ,we;jJk; ikj;Jdp cld;fl;il Vw;wg;gl;lik.
 1828 ,y; gpuk;k rkh[j;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. guk;nghUs; topghl;Lr; rq;fk;
vDk; nghUspy; 1830 ,y; rkh[j;jpd; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Gjpa fl;llk; xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 “khw;whd; Njhl;lj;J ky;ypifapYk; kzk; cz;L” vDk; nfhs;if cilatuha;
jdJ gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jhH.
 1833 ,y; gpupj;jhdpah nrd;w Nkhfd;uha; mq;NfNa kuzkile;jhH.
 Nkhfd;uhapd; kiwit mLj;J 1842 ,y; NjNge;jpuehj; jh$H rkh[j;jpd;
jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;whH. rkh[j;jpd; nfhs;ifapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
 1857 ,y; nfRg;re;jpunrd; rkh[j;jpy; ,ize;jhH.1861 ,ypUe;J rkh[g; gzpfspy;
jd;id KOikahf mHg;gzpj;jhH. nfhs;if Kuz;ghLfshy; gpuk;krkh[k;
,uz;lhf gpsTgl;lJ. NjNge;jpuehj; jh$updhy; Mjpg;gpuk;k rkh[Kk;>
nfRg;re;jpunrd;dpdhy; ,e;jpa gpuk;k rkh[Kk; epWtdg;gl;ld.
gpukrkh[j; j pd; gzpfs;

19k; E}w;whz;by; tl ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa ,e;J rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fSs;
gpuk rkh[k; jdpj;JtkhdJ. rkfhy ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay;> r%f> rka
#o;rpiyfs; gpuk rkh[j;jpd; nraw;ghLfis epUzapf;fk; fhuzpfshf mike;jd.
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rp> Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpapd; jhf;fk;> fpwp];jt rkaj;jpdJk;
fyhrhuj;jpdJk; guk;gy;> RNjrpa rkaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs; kj;jpaju
tFg;gpdupd; Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpapay; njhlh;Gfs; Kjypad gpuk rkh[k; Kjyhd
epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F gpd;Gykhf mike;jd.
rkag; g zpfs;
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,e;J rkak; rhh;ej
; rpe;jidfisAk; gpwkjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;
cs;thq;fpatuhf jd; gzpfis Mw;wpdhh;. ,q;F cgeplj rpe;jidfSf;F Kjd;ik
nfhLj;J jd; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jikahNyNa mtu; cUthf;fpa epWtdk; gpuk
rkh[k; vdg;gl;lJ. gpuk rkh[k; vd;gJ guk;nghUs; topghl;Lr; rq;fk; vd;w
nghUisj; jUfpwJ. ,tuJ rka rPh;jpUj;j rpe;jidfspYk; cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fspd;
nry;thf;fpidf; fhzyhk;. gpuk rkh[j;jpd; gpuhh;j;jidg; ghly;fspYk; cgeplj
RNyhfq;fSf;F Kjyplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
19k; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l fpwp];jt rkag; guk;gYk;> ,e;J rkaj;jpy; FiwghLfs;

vd;W fpwp];jth;fshy; gpurhuk; nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fSk; gpuk rkh[j;jpd; rka
rPh;jpUj;j gzpfSf;F gpujhd fhuzq;fshf mike;jd. cgepljq;fNs ,e;J
rkaj;jpd; gpukhz E}nyid tiuaWj;jhh;. ,e;J kj tuyhw;wpy; Njhd;wpa gy
E}y;fSk; mjd; mbg;gil E}y;fs; vd;W nfhs;sg;gl;lik fpwp];jth;fspd; vjph;
gpurhuj;jpw;F rhjfkhf mike;jJ. ,e;epiyikNa Nkhfd;uha; gpukhz E}y;
njhlh;ghd fUj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; gpujhd fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
,e;J rkaj;jpy; epytpa cUt topghL> gy nja;t topghL Kjyhd rka ek;gpfi ; ffs;
FiwghLfs; vd gpw rkaj; j tu; f shy; gpurhuk; nra; a g; g l; l d. cgeplj
rpej; idfisAk; gpw kjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; cs;thq;fp ,tw;iwg; Nghf;f Kide;jhh;.
cgepljq;fspd; Xh; ,iwf;nfhs;if> gpukj;jpd; cUtkw;w ephF
; z epiy Kjyhdtw;wpd;
Clhf ,e;J kjf; flTs; nfhs;ifia Kiwikg;gLj;jpdhh;. jhd; vOjpa tpf;fpu
Muhjid kWg;G vDk; E}y; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. NkYk; ,th; 1840y; cUt topghl;il
vjph;j;J Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; xd;iwAk; vOjp ntspapl;lhh;. Nkhfd;uhapd; ,j;jifa
rPh;jpUj;j rpe;jidfSf;F fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa rka rpe;jidfSk; fhuzkhf
mike;jd.
midj;J rkaq;fspd; rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Nkhfd;uha; gpw kjq;fspy;

cs;s ey;y tplaq;fis Vw;W> mtw;wpD}lhf ,e;J r%fj;ijAk; rkaj;ijAk;
ed;ndwpgg
; Lj;jpdhh;. mNjNeuk; rkaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l nghUj;jkw;w rpej
; idfisAk;
nraw;ghLfisAk; fz;ldk; nra;gtuhf ,Ue;jhh;. Fwpg;ghf fpwp];jth;fspd; jPtpu
rka gpurhuj;ijf; fz;bj;J ,th; NaRehjhpd; caph; rkthj nfdKjp> fpwp]j ; tUf;F
KiwaPL> kdpjhajk; Kjyhd; jdJ E}y;fspy; jdJ fz;ldj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
mj;Jld; jdJ jw;rupjk; vDk; E}ypy; ,e;J kjj;jpy; epytpa gFj;jwpT thjj;jpw;F
Kuzhd eilKiwiaf; fz;bj;jhh;. Fwpg;ghf ,e;J rkaj;jpy; epytpa gy nja;t
topghL> jpUTUt topghL nghUsw;w rlq;Ffs;> fd;kk; kWgpwg;Gf; nfhs;if
rKjha rPh;NfLfs; Kjyhdtw;iwAk; Nkhfd;uha; fz;bj;jhh;.
r%f fy;tpg;gzpfs;
gpuk rkh[j;jpd; r%fk; rhh;e;j rPhj

; pUj;j nraw;ghLfSs; ngz; tpLjiy njhlh;ghd
gzpfs; ,e;J rka tuyhw;wpy; gpujhdkhdit. ,e;J r%fj;jpy; ngz; njhlh;ghf
epfo;e;j cld;fl;il VWjy;> gy jhukzk;> ngz;rpRf;fisf; nfhiy nra;jy;>
ngz;fspd; ifr;rhj;Jupik> fy;tp vd;gdtw;iwAk; kWj;jy; Kjyhd rPh;NfLfs;
,e;J r%fj;jpd; rPuopTf;Fk;> fpwp]j; tkj guk;gYf;Fk; rhjfkhf mike;jd. ,tw;iwj;
r%fj;jpy;pUe;J Nghf;Fk; tifapyhd cld;fl;il Vwy; jilr;rl;lk; tUtjw;Fupa
fhuzfh;j;jhthf ,tNu fhzg;gl;lhh;. 1818y; gpupj;jhdpah murpdhy; cld;fl;il
VWjy; jilr; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; cld;fl;il Vw;wpatu;fs;
mjw;F Jiz Gupe;jy; kl;Lkd;wp ngz; rpRf;fisf; nfhiy nra;jy;> ghy;a
tpthfk; vd;gdTk; jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wq;fshf mike;jd.
gpukrkh[j; j hy; cUthf; f g; g l; L eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g l; l gpuk rkh[rl; l k;

ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf cUthdJ. ngz;fSf;F kWf;fg;gl;l
nrhj;Jupikfis typAWj;Jk; tifapy; ,th; ngz;fspd; nrhj;Jupikfspy; etPd
Mf;fpukpg;G vDk; E}iy vOjp ntspapl;lhh;. cyfpy; cs;s rkaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk;
xd;wpizj;J nghJr; rkak; xd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk;
nfhs;ifAilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.
gpuk rkh[j;jpd; fy;tpf;nfhs;if etPd ,e;jpahit cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;lJ. Nkhfd;uhapd; gd;nkhopg; ghz;bj;jpak; mth; ngw;w Nkiyj;Njaf; fy;tp
vd;gd ,tuJ fy;tp gw;wpa rpe;jidfSf;Fk; mJ rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;
gpujhd fhuzkhf mike;jd. Nkhfd;uha; Nkiyj;Njaf; fy;tpapy; cs;s murpay;>
mwptpay; rkTlik rpe;jidfs; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jtuhftpUe;jhh;. mj;jifa
fy;tpia ,e;jpa khzth;fSk; ngw Ntz;Lnkd;w rpe;jidAilatuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
,jd; nghUl;L Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsUf;F gy gupe;Jiufis toq;fpdhh;. mth;
mk];Nfw; gpupTf;f mDg;gpa fbjj;jpy; ,e;jpa khzth;fSf;F INuhg;gpa Mrpupah;fNs
mwptpay;> tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. 1835y; ,t;
Nkhfd;uhapd; ,t; Ml;rpahsh;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
Nkhfd;uhapd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd; gpukrkh[f;; nfhs;iffSk; nraw;ghLfSk; gy

khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;ld. Nkhfd;uhapd; kiwitj; njhlh;e;J 1842y; rkh[j;jpd;
jiyikg; nghWg;ig NjNge;jpu ehj;jh$h; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. rkh[j;jpd; nfhs;iffspy;
rpy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJld;> mJtiu jdJ jiyikapy; ,aq;fpa jj;Jt
Nghjpdp rigiaf; fiyj;J> gpuk rkh[j;Jld; ,izj;jhu;. 1857y; nfRg;re;jpunrd;
,ize;J nfhz;lijaLj;J ,e;epWtdj;jpy; gykhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,tuhy; 1860y;
rkh[j;jpd; ,iz epWtdkhf rq;fl; rgh vDk; mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;.
,UtUf;fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzlhf NjNge;jpuehj;jh$h; Mjpg;gpuk
rkh[j;ijak; nfRg; re;jpunrd; ,e;jpa gpuk rkh[j;ijAk; cUthf;fpdhh;. 1867y;
Mjp gpuk rkh[j;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k; 1867y; cuthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mj;kufk; ghz;Luq; ,jd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;lhh;. vdpDk; Mjp gpuk rkh[k;
fhyj;jpd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g jdJ gzpfis Kd;ndLf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; Mjpg;
gpuk rkh[k; kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ,oe;jJld;> me;epWtdk; tPo;r;rpailaj;
njhlq;fpaJ.
Muparkhrk;
etAf ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J rka – r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fspy; Mupa rkh[j;jpw;Ff;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lk; cz;L. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fhy ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J
rka - r%fq;fs; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jd. Rthkpjahde;j
ru];tjp Ntj newpiaAk;> rk;];fpUj nkhopiaAk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp 1875 Vg;uy;
10Mk; jpfjp Muparkh[j;ij gk;ghapy; epWtpdhu;.
,e;J rKjhaj;jpdu; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;j rthy;fs;
gytw;wpw;F Muparkh[j;jpd; thapyhf tpilnfhLj;jhu;. ,j;jifa Muparkh[k; ,e;J
rKjhaj;jpdUf;Fg; gyNtW topfspYk; gy gzpfisr; nra;J ,e;Jkj vOr;rpf;Ff;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
Muparkh[j;j pd; gzpfs;

 %l ek;gpf;iffis ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpul;Ljy;> GNuhfpj
Kiwvjpu;g;G> tpf;fpuf topghL vjpu;g;G> rhjpNgj vjpu;g;G> jPz;lhik
xopg;G> ngz;Zupik MjuT Kjyhdtw;wpf;F Ntjq;fspy; rhd;W fhl;b
ep&gpj;jy;
 rhjp> kj> ghy; Ntw;Wikfs; ghuhky; kf;fs; nkhopfspy; Ntjq;fis
nkhop ngau;j;Jg; gutyhd Kiwapy; gug;gp kf;fis tpopg;gilar;nra;jik
 RNjrpa fy;tp Kiwf;Fk;> rka – tpQ;Qhd gpizg;gpw;Fk; Ntjk;
topfhl;lty;yJ vd;w nfhs;if gug;gg;gl;lJ.
 E}y;fis ntspapl;lik mjhtJ upf;Ntj gh\;a G+kpfh(1877)> upf;Ntj
gh\;ak;(1899)> aRu;Ntj gh\;ak; cl;gl 26 E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
 ,tuJ E}y;fspy; rj;jpahu;j;jg; gpufhrk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 rkag; gpurhuk; nra;jik. mjhtJ $l;lhf ,ize;J Rw;Wg;gazq;fs;
nra;J 1845 – 1860 tiuf;Fkhd fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; nrd;W
rkag; gpurhuk; nra;jik.
 kjk; khwpatu;fis kPz;Lk; ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Nru;j;jpl ‘Rj;jp’ vd;Dk;
,af;fj;ijAk;> ,e;Jf;fis xd;W jpul;l ‘rq;fldk;’ vd;w ,af;fj;ijAk;
jahde;ju; jhgpg;gjw;F Muparkh[Nk mbg;gil vdyhk;.
 Mupa Rj;jpr; rlq;F tpjpfis cUthf;fpaik. mjhtJ N`hkk;> jiyKb
fisjy;> G+Zy; mzptpj;jy;> fhaj;up ke;jpuk; fw;gpj;jy; Muparkh[j;jpd;
gj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfis xg;Gf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy; Mfpait me;j tpjpfshFk;.
 jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F G+Z}y; mzptpj;J mtu;fis Nkd;kf;fshfg;
gpufldg;gLj;jpaik. 1888 ,y; gQ;rhg;gpy; K]gu;fl; khtl;lj;jpy; gz;bj
fq;fhuhk; vDk; Muparkh[g; gpurhufu; xl; jPz;lhjhu; r%fj;jpid
G+Z}y; mzptpj;J ,e;J r%fj;jpw;Fs; nfhz;L te;jik.
 Njrpa fy;tp Kiwapid Muparkh[k; eilKiwg;gLj;jpr; rhjid gilj;jJ.
mjhtJ jha; ehl;bd; ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy> murpay;>
Nghu;Kiw> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;> njhopy;> thzpgk; Mfpatw;iw
tsu;jn; jLj;jy;.
 ghy;a tpthfj;ij vjpu;j;jik gpuk;k Guhzj;ijAk;> kDju;k rhj;jpuj;ijAk;
Mjhuk; fhl;b ghy;a tpthfj;ijf; fz;ldk; nra;Js;sik.
 tpjitg; ngz;fspd; kWkzj;jpid Mjupj;jik. upf; Ntjj;jpid Mjhuk;
fhl;b tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jahde;ju; cUthf;fpa Muparkh[k; gQ;rhg;> uh[];jhd;> cj;jug;gpuNjrk;>
kj;jpa gpuNjrk; Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; nry;thf;FlDk;> gpw Njrq;fspy;
fhY}d;wpAk; ntF[d ,af;fkhf> fy;tp ,af;fkhf> jPz;lhik vjpu;g;G
,af;fkhf> ngz;Zupik ,af;fkhf> r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fkhf> Njrpa
,af;fkhf tsu;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;fpw;W.
,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;r u; NghjidfSk; rhjidfSk;
,tu; ,e;Jkj kWkyu;rr ; pahsu;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtu;.tq;fhs ehl;by; me;jzFyj;jpy;

gpwe;jtu;. rhf;j rkag; gf;ju;. Ntjhe;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il eilKiw tho;tpaYld;
,izj;Jf; fhl;batu;. kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;J khDl Jd;gk; ePfF ; tij eilKiw
Ntjhe;jk; vd;gjidr; rhjidahff; filg;gpbj;jtu;. Ntj> cgepljr; rpej
; idfis
Ak; mit ntspgg ; Lj;Jk; ,e;J jj;Jtj;ijAk; [duQ;rfkhd Nghjidfshf
vLj;Jf; fhl;ba ngUik ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;riuNa rhUk;. ,e;J jj;Jtj;jpy;
<];tu tbtpy; ,iwf;nfhs;ifia typAWj;jpAk; gug;gpukk; vd;Dk; Ntjhe;j
epiyapy; guk;nghUl; nfhs;ifia typAWj;jpAk; jj;Jthu;jj; tplaq;fs;
Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpUnfhs;iffisAk; ,izj;Nj ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;
jkJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpAs;shu;.
midj;Jr; rkaq;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rupd; rkag;
nghJikkpf;f kdg;ghq;F Nkyhdjd;ikAilaJ vy;yhr; rkaq;fSk;
NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; ,iw cz;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gijj;
jkJ mDgtq;fshy; czu;j;jpdhu;. rkaq;fs; gythW fhzg;gl;lhYk; vy;yhr;
rkaq;fSk; rKjha xUikg; ghl;ilNa vLj;J tpsf;Ffpd;wd vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
,JNt ,tuJ eilKiw Ntjhe;jr; rpe;jid ,uhkfpU\;z klj;ij Rthkp
tpNtfhde;ju; jhgpj;jNghJ ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rupd; NghjidfNs rhjidahff;
nfhs;sg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. rkag;nghiwiag; NgZjy; gpw capu;fisAk;
jd;Dapu; Nghy; Nghw;Wjy; Kjypa flikfspYk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; jkJ Nghjidfspy; ntspgg ; Lj;jpdhu;. ,iwtid czu;eJ
;
nfhs;tjw;fhd vspa khu;ff; q;fis ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; jkJ rka
mDgtj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,iwtid md;G topapy; czuyhk;>r%f
tho;tpd; tpUj;jpNa rka tsu;r;rp Kjypa fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kjd;ik toq;fpdhu;.
,j;jifa nfhs;iffisr; rhjidahf;fpf; fhl;lNt ,e;jpahtpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk;
cyfpd;; gy gFjpfspYk; ,uhkfpU\;z klq;fs;; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.Ntjhe;jf;
fUj;ij cyfshtpa epiyapy; gug;gy;> Mq;fpy nkhopapy; gug;gy; vd;gd
,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpd; Clhf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,uhk - fpU\;z tp[ak; vDk;
rQ;rpifia ntspaply;> Vio vspatu;fSf;F ,ytr kUj;Jt trjp mspj;jy;
Kjyhd gzpfisAk; ,uhkfpU\;zklk; nra;J tUfpd;wJ. Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;
,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpD}lhfNt ,e;J rkag; gzpapy; <Lgl;lhu;.
3.1 ,yq;i fapy; ,e;J rka tuyhW - mwpKfk;
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,yq;ifapd; gq;fspg;G kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ. ,e;jpa>

jkpofj; njhlh;gpy; ,yq;ifapd; gz;ghl;L tuyhW NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpof gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;r;rp ,yq;ifapy; fhyk; fhykhf Vw;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
fpwp];J fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; Kjy; ,g;gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;r;rp gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
te;jpUg;gjid mtjhdpff ; Kbfpdw
; J. ,uhk - ,uhtz tuyhWk; ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfsk;
,yq;fiapd; G+h;tPf gz;ghL gw;wpa fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy;
Fg;juhl;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; ,yq;if Fg;j murh; Mjpff; j;jpy; fPo; ,Ue;jjhd tuyhWfis
Fg;jh; fhy J]z; rhrdq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
jkpof ,yf;fpaq;fspy; <oj;Jg; Gyth;> <oj;J czT gw;wpa nra;jpfs; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. <oj;J G+je;Njtd; vd;Dk; ftp gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; cz;L.
khe;ij vDk; khNjhl;lk; gw;wp Re;juh; Njthuk; Gfo;fpd;wJ. ed;dfu; khe;ij vd
rq;f ,yf;fpakhfpa GwehD}W vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. NfhNzr;ruk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; Mfpa
jpUj;jyq;fisj; jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;> Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhUk; Gfo;fpd;wdh;.
NfhNzr;rug;gjpfk; jpUf;NfjPr;rug; gjpfk; vd;git gpugy;akhdit. ,j;jyq;fs;
gw;wp thAGuhzj;jpYk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpU%yh; ,yq;ifia rptG+kp
vd;wioj;jhh;. ,j;jifa ,yq;ifapy; ,e;J rkak; gw;wpa tUzidfs; jkpof>
,e;jpa E}y;fspy; rhd;whjhuq;fshff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mDuhjGu Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNy
,e;J-ngsj;j cwTfs; cd;dj epiy ngw;wd. ngsj;jf; Nfhapy;fis ,e;Jf;
fiyQh; cUthf;fpdh;. mJ NghyNt mDuhjGu Ml;rpf;fhy muz;kidfspy;
GNuhfpjh; nry;thf;Fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mDuhjGufhy rhrdq;fspy; ,e;J Myaq;fspy;
Md;k uPjpahd topghLfs; ,lk;ngw;wik Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mr; nrg;Nglby;
eprjp xU jpUtkph;Jk; ee;jh tpsf;Fk; vd;Dk; Fwpg;G ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; epue;ju
Mya fpupia ,lk;ngw;wijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,yq;ifapy; Guhjd fhyk; njhlf;fk; rpttopghLk; KUf topfhLk; Nkk;gl;bUe;jik

Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. KUf topghL NtLt G+irAld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ. mjw;fikaNt
gpuhkpff
; y;ntl;Lf;fspy; Nty> ];fe;j vd;Dk; ngah;fs; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;sd. “tyKiw
Ntld; mUspa G+ir mUs; fjpu;fhkg; ngUkhNs” vd;W fjph;fhk jyk; gw;wpa
jpUg;Gfopd; tUzid Ntlh; topghl;il vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapd; Guhjd Myaq;fspy; Ntlh; topghl;L vr;rq;fis Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
ngsj;jf; Nfhapy; topghL ngsj;j Ch;tyq;fspYk; NtLt gz;ghl;il gpd;gw;Wk;
mk;rq;fs; ntspg;gLk;. ,t;thW Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;ehl;bd; kpfg; Guhjd rkakhf
,e;J rkak; tpsq;FtJk; ,jd; Kd;Ndhbahd rhd;Wfshf ,e;jpahtpy; ngw
Kbfpd;wJ. mDuhjGu Ml;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J ,yq;ifapy; nghyeWit Mjpf;fk;
epytpaJ. mt;NtisapYk; jkpofg; gz;ghL ,yq;ifapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ.
Nrho murdpd; 9tJ kz;lykhf [dehjkq;fyk; tpsq;fpaJ. nghyeWit gjtpa
fe;jsh mDuhjGuk;> khNjhl;lk;> FUehfy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk;
rJh;Njtpkhh;jyq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;L ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ngsj;j
murh;fSf;Fk; jkpof Fyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jpUkzTwTfSk; fhzg;gl;ld.
,jdhy; mDuhjGu> nghyeWitf; fhyg; gz;ghl;by; ,e;J ngsj;j cwTfs;
nry;thf;F ngw;wd.
,yq;ifapy; nghyeWit Ml;rpff ; hyj;jpNyNa Nrho murg; gpujhdpfshy; kl;lf;fsg;G

gpuNjrg; gz;ghLk; kWkyh;r;r paile;jJ G+h;tPf jkpo;g; gpuNjr gz;ghLfspy;
kWkyh;rr; pia Vw;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Nrho kd;dh;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;fpd;
%yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. fypq;fkhNfhd;> tp[aghF MfpNahh; jkpof murh;fs; kPJ
gil vLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;l nra;jpfSk; gjpthfp cs;sd.
Mupar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp nrYj;jpafhyj;jpy;; ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F

fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL nry;thf;file;jpUe;jJ. ,e;J rkak; rhh;e;j
gy gpuge;jq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Njhd;wyhapd. ,yq;ifapd; aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy;
ghz;ba kd;dupd; gpujpepjpfshd Muparf;fu th;jj
; pfshl;rp ,lk; ngw;wJ. rkahgpkhdk;
kpf;f murh;fshftk; ,th;fs; tpsq;fyhapdh;. fp.gp.15k; E}w;whz;L aho;g;ghzk;
ey;Y}h; KUfd; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;l nra;jp ifyha khiy vd;Dk; E}ypd;
%yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. Mupar; rf;futj;jpfs; ,e;J muruhfTk; ee;jp cUit
nghwpj;jth;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdh;.
,yq;ifapy; 15k; E}w;whz;ilj; njhlh;e;J Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; xy;yhe;jh;> gpupj;jhdpah;

vd;Dk; INuhk;gpa tk;rj;jth;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th;fsJ Ml;rpapy; ,e;Jg;
gz;ghL epiy jsh;e;jjhYk; gpd; vOr;rp ngw;w ,e;J rka rPh;jpUj;j thjpfshy;
,e;Jg; gz;ghL kWkyh;r;rpaile;jJ vdyhk;.
Guhjd ,e;J rka tuyhW

(tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;)
,yq;ifapy; ,d;W epyTk; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; %yf;$Wfs; gyTk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhyj;jpNyNa fUthfp cUf;nfhz;Ltpl;ld. ,yq;if tuyhw;iwg; nghWj;j tiuapy;
ngsj;j kjNk ,d;W mur kjkhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> vkJ ehl;bd; Mjp kjk; vd;w
ngUikf;Fhpajhf tpsq;FtJ ,e;J kjNkahFk;. Mdhy;> gz;ila ,e;Jkjj;ijg;
gw;wp mwptjw;F jkpopy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspNyNa
jkpopyf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. vdpDk; ngsj;j kj ,yf;fpaq;fshd ghspE}y;fs;
ngsj;j kjj;jpd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jf; $wpdhYk;> mit VNjh xU tifapy; ngsj;jk;
guTtjw;F Kd;dh; fhzg;gl;l ,e;J kjk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L epw;gjd;
%yk; ,e;J kjk; gz;ila kjNk vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Kbfpd;wJ. ,tw;Wld; Mjpg;
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; $wg;gLk; nra;jpfspypUe;Jk; ,e;Jkj njhd;ikiaf;
fz;Lnfhs;syhk;.
jkpo;g; Nghpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whfpa ,uhkhazk; gz;ila ,e;Jkjk; gw;wpa xU rpy

fUj;Jf;fis $wpAs;sJ. mjhtJ ,yq;ifapy; ,uhtzd; rpt topghl;by; <Lgl;lik>
mtd; rhkfhdk; ghbr; rptid kaf;fpaik> ahfq;fs; ,aw;wpaik gw;wpa fUj;jpidAk;>
rPijia kPlf ; te;j ,uhkh; khkhq;fk;> KdP]t
; uk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,ypq;fq;fs;
epWtp topgl;bUe;jhh; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fisAk; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
vdpDk; ,yq;ifapd; njhd;ikahd ,e;Jkj tuyhw;iw mwpa NtW jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,y;yhik Jujp\;lNkahFk;.
tp[adJ tUiff;F Kd;dh; <oj;jpd; njd;fpof;F> tlf;F> Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy;

epiynfhz;bUe;j RNjr topghl;L newpfisf; filg;gpbj;j mkhD\;ah;fshd
af;\h;fSk;> ehfh;fSk; tho;e;jjhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. af;\h;fs; (,af;fh;)
af;\ topghl;bidAk;> ehfh;fs; ehf> ypq;f topghl;bidAk; epfo;jj
; pajhf ,t;tpyf;fpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,th;fSld; ehfhpfkilahj Ntlh;fSk; tho;e;jjhff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; Gj;jh; gpuhd; %d;W Kiw ,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;jhh; vdTk;> Kjyhtjhf
rpwPghj (rptndhspghjkiy)tpy; ,Ue;j NjtFkhud; kfhRkd; vd;gtid Gj;juhf
kjkhw;wk; nra;aTk;. ,uz;lhtJ jlit ehfmurd; kNfhjuDf;Fk; mtdJ kUkfd;
FNyhjuDf;Fk; rpk;khrdk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l rz;ilia epWj;jTk;> %d;whtJ
jlit Gj;j rkaj;Jf;F kjk;khwpa “kzpaf;fpfd;” vd;gtdpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fp
ehfh;fSf;Fg; Nghjpj;J mDuhjGuk; nrd;W Gdpj murkuk; ehl;lg;glNtz;ba ,lj;ij
Njh;e;njLj;J MrPht
; jpg;gjw;fhfTNk Gj;j gpuhdpd; tUif ,lk;ngw;wJ vd kfhtk;rk;
$Wfpd;wJ. vdNt Gj;juJ tUiff;FKd; ehfh;fs; tho;ej ; pUg;gjhy; ,e;JkjNk gz;ila
kjk; vd;gij ,jpypUe;J Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ghspE}y;fspy; jkpoh; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; mth;fs; tpNjrpfs;> jtwhd

rka ek;gpf;iffisf; filg;gpbg;gth;fs; (,e;Jkj ek;gpf;iffs;) Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs;>
gilnaLg;ghsh;fs; vd;w Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murpay; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;fhf
eilngw; w vy; y hsd; - Jl; l ifKD Aj; j k; $l Xh; ,d Nkhjyhfr;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL ,t;Aj;jj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l ngsj;jj;ijr; ruzilahj jkpoh;fs;
kpUfq;fis tplf; Nftykhdth;fs; Mjyhy; mth;fisf; nfhd;wik gw;wp “kd;dh eP
ftiyg;glj; Njitapy;iy” vd;W kuzg;gLf;ifapy; foptpuf;fk; nfhz;bUe;j
Jl;lifKDTf;Fg; Gj;jFUkhh; mwpTiu $wpajhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;Jk;
nfhy;yg;gl;lth;fs; jkpoh;fs;(,e;Jf;fs;) vd;gijAk; ,th;fs; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
tho;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
;
Njtek;gpajPrd;> mtdJ kidtpah; itjPfh;fshf tpsq;fpdh; vd;gij ,k;kd;ddpd;

milnkhopahfpa Njtek;gpa vd;gJk;> mtdJ kidtpah; ngauhfpa ,uhkjj;j>
tUzjj;j MfpadTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngsj;jk; gutj; njhlq;fp %d;W
E}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh; $l rpy rpw;wurh;fs; ngsj;jj;jpw;F khwhJ jkJ gioa
ek;gpf;iffisg; Ngzpdh; vd fp;.gp 1Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fhpa jp]kfhuhkf; fy;ntl;L
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ngsj;jf; fl;likg;gpy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. <oj;jpd;
Kjy; jhJNfhGukhfpa J}ghuhk fl;lg;gl;l ,lk; gioa af;\ topghl;Lj; nja;tkhfpa
‘kNf[’f; flTspd; ,lk; vd;gij kfhtk;rk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L goq;fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;

,Ue;jjw;fhd jilaq;fNsh> fl;ll rpijTfNsh fhzg;gltpy;iy vd rpyh; Fwpg;gpLth;.
Mdhy; mtw;wpy; gy ngsj;j kd;dh;fshy; mopf;fg;gl;ld vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
mNjNtis ,Nj fhyfl;lg;gFjpapy; jkpo; ehl;by; Nfhapy;fs; mopAk; nghUl;fshy;
fl;lg;gl;ljhf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpapypUe;J ,yq;ifapYk; mopAk;
nghUl;fshy; (rhe;J> kzy;> kuk;) Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk; mjdhNyNa ,d;W
mjd; vr;rq;fis fhz Kbatpy;iy vdTk; jw;fhy Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; rpyh;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
nghJthf ,e;Jkj topgL nja;tq;fshf af;\ topghL> ehf topghL> rpt topghL>
KUf topghL> khNahd; topghL> jha;j;nja;t topghL vd;git ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. af;\ topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J> njd;dhrpa goq;Fb kf;fs;
topgl;l nja;tq;fSs;; af;\ topghLk; xd;W. ,j;nja;tq;fs; Mhpah;f;Fhpatuy;yhj
,e;jpaj; njhy;Fbapdh;f;Fhpa topgL nja;tq;fshFk;. ,it ehl;LGw kf;fshy;
topglg;gl;l nja;tq;fs; vd;gu;. af;\h;fspd; jiytdhfpa FNgud; gz;Lfhgadpd;
fhyj;jpy; Mykuj;jpd; fPo; topglg;gl;lij kfhtk;rk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,f;flTis
nt];]tz vd;W ,e;E}y; miof;fpd;wJ.
af;\d;> af;\p MfpNahh; ciwAk; ,lq;fshff; fhLfs;> kiyfs;> ePh;epiyfs;>

kuq;fs; Mfpad fUjg;gl;ld. kf;fSf;F ed;ik> jPik Mfpatw;iw mspf;Fk; jifik
ngw;W ,it fhzg;gl;ld vdf; fUjg;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; ,itfSf;Fg; gyp mspj;Jk;
topghbaw;wpdhh;fs;. mj;Jld; CUf;Fg; nghJthd kuq;fspy; ,j;nja;tq;fs;
Fbnfhz;bUe;jd vd ek;gpa kf;fs; ,j;nja;tq;fs; trpj;j kuq;fis myq;fhpj;J>
khiy mzptpj;J tpsf;Fk; Vw;wpdh;. mj;Jld; ,tw;Wf;Fg; gilay;fSk; nra;jdh;.
mLj;jjhf ehf topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J><oj;jpy; ehf topghL Mjpf;Fbfspd;

topghL vd;gijg; ghsp E}y;fspw; fhzg;gLk; IjPfq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sd. Gj;jh;
Nkw;nfhz;l %d;W tp[aq;fspy; xU tp[ak; af;\h;fNshL njhlh;Ggl kw;iwa ,U
tp[aq;fSk; ehfh;fSld; rk;ke;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Gj;juJ tUiff;F Kd;Ng ehf
topghl;by; <LgLk; ehfh; tho;e;Js;sik njhpa tUfpd;wJ.
,g;ghsp E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; ehfjPg vd;gJ jw;fhy tlkhfhzk;> tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpd;

tlf;NfAs;s gFjp vd;gtw;iwNa Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mNjNghy; fy;ahzp muR jw;fhy
nfhOk; G khtl; l j; i j cs; s lf; f pa gFjpahff; fhzg; g l; l J. ,yq; i fapy;
jpUNfhzkiyg; gFjpapYk; ehf topghL rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jJ vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
fp;.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bw;Fhpa njhykp vd;w fpNuf;f mwpQhpd; Fwpg;Gk; ,jid
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ehfh;fs; xUNghJk; kdpj th;ff ; j;jpduhfg; ghspE}y;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf

,th;fs; rhjhuzkhfg; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpid cilath;fshfTk; epyj;jpd; fPo; thOk;
m k h D\ ;a h; fs hf TN k r pj ;j ph pf ;f g; g l; L s ;s dh ;. N rU t ht py tp w ; Fk ; eh f
tzf;fj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s njhlh;gpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpNy ,g;gFjpapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j Gj;jh; rpiyfs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa rpiyfspy; Gj;jhpd; jiykPJ ehf ghk;gpdJ glk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,J Gj;jh; ehfj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpdwhh; vd;w nra;jpia czh;jJ ; tjha; mike;Js;sJ.
gpd;dh; ngsj;j kjj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fhpa epiyapy; ehf topghL tpsq;fpaijAk;>
ngsj;jj;jhy; ehf topghL Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
mLj;jjhf jpuhtpl topghl;L KiwfSs; xd;whd rpt topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J>

,J <oj;jpd; kpfg; gioa topghLfSs; xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy;
kd;dh;fs; #bapUe;j ngah;fs; ,j;jifa topghL ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;whf
cs;sJ. tp[adpd; gpd; Ml;rp nra;j gz;L thR Njtdpd; gjpndhU gps;isfSs;
xUtd; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fpapUe;jhd;. gz;Lfhga kd;ddpd; khkd;khh;fspy;
xUtdpd; ngah; ‘fphpfz;l rpt’ MFk;. gz;Lfhga kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; muR fl;bNywpatd;
‘Klrpt’ Mthd;. Njtek;gpajP]dpd; rNfhjuh;fspy; xUtd; ‘kfhrpt’ vd;w ngaiuj;
jhq;fpAs;shd;. jhJtk;rk; fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp> NrUthtpy Mfpa
,lq;fis Mz;l rpw;wurh;fs; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fp epd;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
ghspE}y;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;j Nghy; gPhp]; vd;gth;”tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;F

mjpf fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapw; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fdTk; KO ,e;jpahtpd;
topghl;bw;FhpadTkhfpa Ie;J rpthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,itahtd kfhjPh;j;jj;jpw;F
mz;ikapy; cs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> Kj;J rpyhgj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j
Kd;dP;Rtuk;> khNjhl;lj;jpw;fUfpYs;s jz;Nl];tuk;> nghpa nfhl;bahuf; FlhTf;F
vjpuhf cs;s jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> fhq;Nfrd; Jiwf;F mz;ikapYs;s eFNy];tuk;
vd;gdthFk;. ,it ntWk; Gfo;r;rp my;y” vdTk; Fwpg;gpLtJ gz;ilf;fhyj;jpNyNa
rpt topghL epytpapUe;jJ vd;gij Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kfhNrdd; Nghd;w kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mDuhjGuk;> khNjhl;lk;> Vufhtpy;>

Nfhfh;zk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; topgl;l rpthyaq;fis mopj;Nj kfhNrd kd;dd;
mt;tplq;fspy; ngsj;j Myaq;fisf; fl;bajhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ.
<oj;Jg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by; ]pt(rpt) vd;w ngah; cs;sNjhL rptjj;j> rptuf;;\pj>

rptFj;j> rptghypj> rptjhr Nghd;w milnkhopfs; ,tw;NwhL ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJk;
kw;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,t;thwhf rpt topghl;NlhL njhlh;Gilajhf
ngah;fs; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; rpt Myaq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L ngsj;j tpfhiufs;
fl;lg;gl;lik gw;wp ghsp E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpfspypUe;Jk; <oj;jpy; rpt topghL
,lk;ngw;Ws;sik cWjpahfpd;wJ.
mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jrkak;

Guhjd ,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhfg; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ mDuhjGu
efuk;.,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 9Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiuahd fhyg;gFjp mDuhjGuf; fhyk; vdg; nghJthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngsj;j rka ek;gpf;iffSld; ,e;j rka kuGfSk; tsh;r;rpaile;j fhyk; vd;w
tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; ,e;Jrka tuyhw;wpy; mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpw;F jdpj;Jtkhd
,lKz;L.rpq;fstupd; tuyhw;W E}yhd kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb> tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;j
yhl Njrj;jpypUe;J> mtDila Ju;elj;ij fhuzkhf> 700 ez;gu;fSld; Nru;j;Jj;
Juj;jptplg;gl;l tp[ad; vd;w ,sturd; ,yq;if te;jNghJ mtDld; te;j mDuhj
vd;gtdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wkhf mDuhjGuk; mikfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy;
mDuhjfpuhkk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.,yq;ifia Mz;l gz;Lfhgad; vd;w murd;
mDuhj fpuhkj;ij mDuhjGukhf khw;wp mtdJ jiyefuhf;fpdhd;.
mDuhjGu fhy ,e;Jrka tsh;r;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpofj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l murpay; epiy> rka kWkyh;r;rp vd;gd mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ngsj;jk; mur kjkhf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j NghJk; ,t;thl;rpf;
fhyj;jpwF; Kd;gpUe;Nj ,e;J kjk; ,q;F epiyngw;W te;Js;sij ngsj;j tuyhw;W
,yf;fpakhd kfhtk;rj;jpd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. gz;Lfhgad; mDuhjGu
murpid mikj;jnghOJ> rptpfrhiy> nrhj;jprhiy vd;Dk; ,Uepiyaq;fis
cUthf;fpdhd; vd kfhtk;rk; $Wfpdw ; J. mtw;Ws; rptpfrhiy vd;gJ rptypq;fj;ij
];jhgpj;J topgLk; Nfhl;lk; vd;W ~tk;]j;jg;gfh]pdp| tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. mt;thNw
nrhj;jprhiy vd;gJ gpuhkzu;fs; Ntjk; XJtjw;nfd;W mikf;fg;gl;l rhiy
vd;W mwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
mDuhjGuf; f hyk; Kjyhf Ml; r pGupe; j muru; f s; irtrkaj; j pw; F k;

itjPff;fyhrhuj;jpw;Fk; MjuT Gupe;Js;sdu;.,yq;ifapy; ngsj;jk; te;j NghJ
Ml;rp nra;jtd; Njtek;gpajPrd;. mtdJ je;ijapd; ngau; Klrpt vd;gJ. mtdJ
Kd;Ndhu;fspy; gyUf;Fk; fpupfe;jrpt> k`hrpt> Nghd;w ngau;fNs mjpfstpy;
toq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. ,J mtu;fsJ irtg;gw;iwAk; rptnewp tho;itAk; cWjp
nra;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; fpilj;j fp.K 3k;> 2k; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fupa ehzaq;fs;
gytw;wpy; ,lg,yr;rpid> kfhy\;kp> rptypq;fk;> Rt];jpfk;> G+uzFk;gk;>Nty;>
kapy;> Nrty; Nghd;w cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs;
fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
murh;> ,sturh;> tzpfh;> fpuhkj;jiyth;fs;> FLk;gj; jiyth;fs; rpt vd;w ngaiuf;

nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vdNt rptidg; Nghw;wp topgLk; kdg;ghq;Filath;fs; ehl;bd;
gy ghfq;fspYk; tho;e;Js;sdh; vd;gJ ,jpypUe;J njhpa tUfpd;wJ.,yq;ifapy;
ngsj;j rhrdq;fs; gytw;wpy; Fkhu> tprhf> kfhNrd Nghd;w ngau;fs; cs;sd.
,it KUftopghl;bd; milahsq;fis czu;jJ ; tjhff; fUjg;gLfpdw; J. nghk;ghpgG
;
Kjyhd ,lq;fspNy fpilj;Js;s fyNthLfspy; Ntypd; cUtq; fhzg;gLfpdw ; ikAk;
KUf topghl;bd; nry;thf;if vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
,yq; i fapy; , e; J fyhrhuj; j pd; mk; r q; f s; guTtjw; F g; gpuhkzu; f s;

fhuzkhapUe;jdu; vd;gijr; rhrdq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;. 22 gpuhkpr;
rhrdq;fspy; gpuhkzu; gw;wpa Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehs;> el;rj;jpuk;> Neuk;>
fhyk; Mfpatw;iw eprr
; apgg
; jw;F gpuhkzzupd; MjuT kd;du;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; FLk;g tho;f;ifapYk;> nghJ tho;f;ifapYk; eilngWk; gpujhdkhd
rlq; F fs; vy; y htw; i wAk; gpuhkzNu nra; j du; . itjpf rk; g pujhaq; f is
filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; gy Guhjdkhd r%fq;fs; itjPf rKjhaj;jpNy fye;Jtpl;ld.
Ml; r p mjpfhuk; ngw; w pUe; j tu; f s; gpuhkzUld; neUq; f pa njhlu; g pid
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;. murh;fs; jkJ midj;Jf; fhupaq;fSf;;Fk; gpuhkzu;fspd;
cjtpiag; ngWtjw;fhf murrigapy; epakpj;jpUe;jdu;. kfhtk;rk; tp[ad; cgjp]r
;
vd;w gpuhkzid epakpj;jpUe;jikiaf; $Wfpd;wJ. mJ Nghy gz;Lfhgad;
vd;w ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; gpugykhd murd; gz;Ly vd;w gpuhk;kzdplk; tpy;
tpj;ij fw;whd;. gz;Lytpd; kfdhd re;jpud; vd;ghd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtdJ
uh[FUthdhd;. murNdhL nfhz;bUe;j kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gfspd; tpisthfr;
rpy rkaq;fspNy gpuhkzUf;Fk;> murpay; Mjpf;fk; ngw;wtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
kzj;njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld.
,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs;
mDuhjGu fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> jpUf;NfhNz];tuk; Mfpatpuz;Lk; kpFe;j

rpwg;gpidg; ngw;wpUe;jd. mit ,uz;bidg; gw;wpAk; jpUQhdrk;ge;j %u;j;jp
ehadhu; xt;nthU gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. jpUf;NfjP]t
; uj;ijg; gw;wp Re;ju%u;j;jp
ehadhUk; xU gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. mg;gu; Njthuj;jpy; mtw;iwg;gw;wpa Fwpg;G
cs;sJ.
jpUf;NfjP];tuk; ghyhtpapd; fiuNky; mike;jpUe;jJ. mJ khNjhl;lj;jpy; rpwg;G

kpF jyk; vd;Wk; mbahu;fspd; ght tpidfisg; Nghf;f ty;yJ vd;Wk; ehad;khu;fs;
,UtUk; ghbAs;sdu;.
rk;ge;jh;>
“NfjPr ;r uq; ifnjhof; fLtpidailahNt…..”

“Nfbyhj NfjPr ;r ue; njhOnjof; nfLkplh; tpidjhNd…….”
mg;gh;>
“G+jpazp nghd; d pwj;j hh; G+z; E }yhh;
nghq;futh; rq;fuh; ntz;F ioNahh; fhjh;
NfjP r ; r uNktpdhh; ……”
fpof;fpyq;ifapNy mike;Js;s Gdpjj; jykhf jpUf;NfhNz];tuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,jd; rpwg;gpidr; rk;ge;jh; Nky;tUkhW ghLthh;;
“….NehapDk; gpzpAk; njhopyu;ghy; ePf;fp EiojU E}ypdu; Qhyk;
NfhapYk; RidAk; flYld; R+o;e ;j Nfhzkhkiy mku;e ;jhNu”
mDuhjGuj;jpd; tlgFjpapNy jkpoh; tho;e;j rpy gFjpfspy; kl;Lk; Guhjdkhd

irtf;Nfhapy;fspd; mopghLfs; njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfspd; NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
vy;yhkhf 5 Nfhapy;fspd; mopghLfs; me;jg; gFjpapw; fhzg;gl;ld. mikg;gpy;
mit vy;yhk; xNutpjkhdit> mstpy; rpwpait> fh;g;gf;fpufk;> me;juhsk;>
mh;jj
; kz;lgk; vDk; gFjpfs; mtw;wpNy fhzg;gl;ld. ,it nrq;fw;fspdhy;
fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. ,d;W KOikahf mope;Jtpl;ld. mfo;tha;Tfspd; NghJ gy
,e;Jj; nja;tq;fspd; fw;rpiyfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fjphf
; hk KUfd; Myaj;ij Jl;lifKD topgl;lik> NjNte;jpu Kidapy; cg;Gy;td;
Myak; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jik> trgf;Fsj;jpd; mUfpy; gps;isahh; Myak; ,Ue;jikf;F
mt; t hyaj; j pd; mbj; j sk; fz; L gpbf; f g; g l; l ik vd; g dTk; Fwpg; g plj; j f; f
Mjhuq;fshfpd;wd.
nghyeWitf; fhyj;j py; ,e;J rkak;
fp.gp 10Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gz;ila

,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhfg; ngaUk;> GfOk; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ nghyeWit efuk;.
mDuhjGuj;jpw;F ghJfhg;G toq;F nkhU muzhftpUe;j ,e;e fiu> Nrhou;
,yq;ifapd; jiyefuhfj; njupTnra;jdu;. gpdd
; u; ,e;efuk; rpqf
; s kd;du; fhyj;jpYk;
,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhf tpoq;fpaJ. ,f;fhy ,e;Jrka tsh;r;rpiag; gw;wp
kfhtk;rk;> #stk;rk;> uh[typa> G+[htypa Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yKk; fl;llq;fs;>
rpw;gq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kjyhd njhy;nghUl;rpd;dq;fs; thapyhfTk; mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
,uh[uh[Df;Fg; gpd; Ml;rpgPlk; Vwpatd; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;. ,td;

,yq;ifiaAk; jd; Ml;rpf;Fs; cl;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Nguurdhfj; jpfo;e;jhd;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if ‘Kk;Kbr; Nrhokz;lyk;’ vd;W miof;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; khNjhl;lj;jpy; Nrhou;fshy; jpUtpuhNk];tuk;> ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w
,U rpthyaq;fs; mikf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,ijtpl cj;jkNrhoPr;ruk;>gz;bj
NrhoPr;ruk; vd;w Nfhapy;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mJtiu fhyKk; jiyefuhf
tpsq; f pa mEuhjGuj; i j ,tu; f s; nghyeWitf; F khw; w pdu; . Gyj; j pefNu
nghyeWitahapw;W. ,jw;F Nrhou;fs; itj;j ngau; [dehjkq;fyk;. ,q;Fk; gy
rpthyaq;fs; vOk;gpd. ,tw;wpy; thdtd; khNjtp <];tuk; vd;fpw Nfhapy; ,d;W
tiu rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rJu;Ntjpkq;fyq;fs; vd;w FbapUg;Gf;fSk;
mikf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
nghyeWitf;fhyk; irtrka tuyhw;wpNy rpwg;G kpf;f fhykhFk;. ,q;F

,e;J fyhrhuk; tpUj;jp ngw;wNjhL muru; rpyUk; mur FLk;gj;jpw; gyUk;
irtuhapUe;jdu;. murpaypYk; epUthf KiwikapYk; ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fspdJk;
,e;J kugpdJk; nry;thf;iff; fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf muz;kid Mtzq;fspNy
rk];fpUj nkhopj;njhlu;fs; kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murh;fshy; kl;Lkd;wp>
gpujhdpfs;> tzpff; fzq;fs; vd;NghuhYk; Nfhapy;fs; mikj;J epUtfpf;fg;gl;ld.
mf;fhyj;jpy; ehdhNjrpfh;> tPutsQ;rpah;> Kjyhd tzpff; fzq;fs; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wpUe;jd. r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk;> fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpapYk; Ie;E}w;Wth; vDk;
tzpff; fzj;jpd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ. Myaj;ij mikj;jy;> jpUTUtq;fis
epWTjy;> kz;lgq;fis mikj;jy; vdg; gy tifapy; mth;fspd; gzpfs; mike;jd.
nghyeWitf;f hy Nfhapy; f s;
nghyeWit ,uhrjhdpapNy 14 ,e;Jf; Nfhapyf ; Sk; njhy;nghUs; rpdd

; q;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpNy rpy Nrhouhl;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;ngw;wit. Vidait
mjw;Fg;gpd;G 1070- 1250 Mfpa fhyg;gFjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. nghyeWit
efuj;jpd; muz;kidfshw; #og;ngw;w kj;jpa gFjpapYk; ntspg;Gwq;fspYk;
,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. mtw;Ws; 1k; rpthyak;> 2k; rpthyak; Mfpa
,uz;Lk; jdpahf mike;Js;sd. Vida Nfhapy;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W vd;w
tifapNy njhFjpfshf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpNy rpy fw;wspfshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
2k; rptdhyak; vd;Dk; thdtd; khNjtPr;ruk;> 1k; ,uhruhrdJ fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l

Nfhapy;fspd; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ fiy tdg;G kpf;f xU fl;llkhf
mike;jpUg;gNjhL mjw;Fg;gpd; nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapyf
; Sf;nfy;yhk;
Kd;khjpupahf tpsq;fpaJ.
Kjyhk; rpthyak;
efhpd; kj;jpapNy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyak; 61 mb 9 mq;Fy ePskhdJ.
,q;F mjp\l ; hdg; gilfs; nrk;ikahf mike;Js;sd. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; mjp\l ; hdk;>
J}z;fs;>NjtNfh\;lq;fs; gpw;fhy Nrho fiyg;ghzpia xj;Js;sd. fh;gg
; f;fpufj;jpd;
NkYs;s tpkhdk; Kw;whf ,be;J tPo;e;J tpl;lJ. kfhkz;lgj;jpd; mbj;jsk;
kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sJ. 3 ghpthu Njth; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jikf;fhd milahsq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
thdtd; khNjtP];tuk; / 2k; rpthyak;
,J 1k; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; jhapd; epidthf fl;lg;gl;lJ nghyeWitapy; fhzg;gLk;

fl;llq;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; cs;s jpuhtpl fiyg;ghzpapyhd
Myaj;jpy; gioikahdJ. ,t;thyak; fUq;fy;> Rz;zf;fy; Mfpa ,Utif
fw;fisAk; fye;J fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J 66’ 4" ePsk; nfhz;lJ. ,q;F fhzg;gLk;
jphpjs tpkhdk; - 31’ 9" cauq;nfhz;lJ. Nfhapypd; mjp\;lhdj;jpNy Nrhohpd;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpw;Fhpa gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Mya topghL>
epUthfk;> ed;nfhilfs; gw;wpait. Nfhapw;gzpfis nra;fpd;w ghprhufh; vd;Dk;
gzpkf;fSk; mf;Nfhapypy; gzpGhpe;jdh;. khzpf;fk; vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;w
Njtubahh; thdtd; khNjtP]t ; uj;jpy; ,Ue;jdh;.
5Mk; rpthyak;
,JNt nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Myaq;fSs; mstpy; nghpaJ ntt;NtW

fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nghyeWitapy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lntz;fyg; gbkq;fspy; kpf $Ljyhdit ,jd; tshfj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lit. Kd; cs;s %d;W kz;lgq;fSk; fw;W}z;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
80 J}z;fs; tiuapy; ,jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. tpkhdk; 3 jsq;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. mfo;tha;tpd; NghJ ehd;F rpwpa rhrdq;fs; fpilj;jd.
mk;k d; Nfhapy;
,t; t hyak; nrq; f y; y hy; mikf; f g; g l; L s; s J. fh; g ; g f; f pufj; J r; Rth; f spy;
kfuNjhuzq;fs; nghUe;jpa NjtNfhl;lq;fSk; mizT J}z;fSk; mike;jpUe;jd.
%y];jhdj;jpy; 8 fuq;fs; nghUe;jpa kfp\kh;jj
; dpapd; cUtk; epd;w Nfhyj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
,uz;lhk;; tp];Z Nfhapy;

NfhapYk; kz;lgKk; ntt;NtW fhyg;gFjpfspy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;
vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fh;g;gf;fpufj;jpy; ];jhdf Nfhyj;jpYs;s tp];Ztpd; gbkk;
gj;k gPlj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. %d;W fuq;fspy; rq;F> rf;fuk;> fjhAjk; vd;gtw;iwj;
jhq;fpAk; ehd;fhtJ fuj;jpid mgafukhfTk; nfhz;Ls;s epiyapy; ,t;tbtk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghyeWitf; fhy ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;
nghyeWitr; rpthyaq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fspy; njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfis

elhj;jpanghOJ 1907 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhf ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ngUkstpyhd
flTl; gbkq;fSk; ntz;fy cUtq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it ngUk;ghYk;
1Mk; rpthyak;> 5Mk; rpthyak; Mfpatw;wpd; tshfj;jpypUe;J fpilj;Js;sd.
njhy; n ghUs; jpizf; f sKk; > nfhOk; G mUq; f hl; r pafKk; ,ijg; Ngzpg;
ghJfhj;Js;sd. 1907>1908 Mz;Lfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l cNyhfg; gbkq;fis
Nrh;. nghd;. mUzhryk;>K. Mee;jFkhuRthkp MfpNahh; fyhjj;Jt Nehf;fpy;
mtw;iwg; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;sdh;.
njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fs Mizahsuhf ,Ue;j vr;.rP.gP.ngy; Kjyhk;

rpthyak; mike;Js;s jyj;jpy; 1907Mk; Mz;by; mfo;Tfis elj;jpaNghJ 8
ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs; fpilj;jd.
mit 1. eluhrh; tbtk;
2. rptfhkp rNkj eluhrh;
3. ckhNjtpahhpd; cUtk;
4. rkaFuth;fsJ cUtq;fs;
vr;.rP.gP.ngy; Ie;jhk; rpthyak; mike;Js;s jyj;jpy; mfo;Tfis elj;jpaNghJ

ngUe;njhifahd ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;; fpilj;jd.
mit 4 – rptngUkhd; tbtq;fs;
4 – ghh;tjpapd; tbtk;
1 – tp];Ztpd; ];jhdf epiyapy; cs;s rpw;gk;
3 – rk;ke;ju;> mg;gh;> Re;juh; tbtq;fs;
6Mk; rpthyaj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;rr

; papy;; eluh[h;> mk;kdpd; rpw;gq;fs;
,uz;Lld; Muhjidf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jhk;ghsk;> Kf;fhyp> fpz;zk;> kzp>
jlg;ig -2> J}tf;fy; -2> rq;F -2 Kjyhd nghUl;fs; gyTk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
Ie;jhk; rpthyaj;jpd; tshfj;jpy; 1960 Mk; Mz;bNy njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fs

Mizahsuhf ,Ue;j rP. <> nfhlFk;GwtpdhNy mfo;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;lnghOJ
NkYk; gy ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs; fpilj;jd. 51/2 “ cauq; nfhz;l ngz; tbt
ntz;fyg; gbkk;> eluh[h;> rptd;> ghh;tjp> tp];Z> ehad;khh; ,Uthpd; gbkq;fNshL
rpytw;wpd; gPlq;fSk; jpUthrpfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. ,tw;Wld;; xU Flj;jpDs;
rpwpasthd ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. eluh[h;> ituth;> Fkuf;
flTs;> ghyfpU];zh;> mk;kd;> ee;jp> Kf;fhyp> J}gf;fy;> kzp vd;gd mtw;Ws;
mlq;Fk;.
fypq;f khfd;
nghyd;dWitapid ,uhrjhdpahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Gupej

; muru;fSl; fypq;f
khfd; ,Wjpahd murdhthd;. kfhtk;rk;> G+[htypa> `j;jtdfy> tpfhutk;rk;
Kjyhd E}y;fspy; ,tidg; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; cs;sd. kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;trupj;jpuk;
vd;w E}ypNy khNfhd; vd;w muridg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
ghsp E}y;fSk; rpq;fs E}y;fSk; ngUk;NfLfSf;Fk; Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; VJthftpUe;j

ty;yhsdhf khfid tUzpff
; pdw
; d. mtDila Ml;rpapd; tpisthf nghyd;dWit
,uhrjhdpapd; Mjpf;fk; rpijTw;wJ. nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nrYj;jpa
murguk;giuapdUk; mjpfhu tu;ff
; Kk; tuyhw;wpypUe;J Kw;whf xJq;fptpl;ld.
khfd; fhypq;f tk;rj;jtd;> fypqf

; Njrj;jpypUe;J te;jtd;> mtd; ngsj;j rkaj;jpwF
;
tpNuhjkhdtd;> mtdile; j ntw;w pfspd; gadhfg; ngsj;j rhrdj;j pw;F k;
,uhl;rpaj;jpw;Fk; ngUq;NfLfs; Vw;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd gy Fwpg;Gf;fs; jug;gl;lhYk;
,it gw;wpa cWjpahd rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy. NkYk; khfDila Nkyhl;rpapd;
tpisthf kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpNy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rKjha khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
mtDf;F MjuT Gupe;j gilfspd; jiytu;fs; mq;F cau; gjtpfisAk;>
mjpfhuq;fisAk; jk;tag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. kiyahs Kf;Ftu;> fhypq;f Fbapdu;
vd;Nghu; td;dpikg; gjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. Kf;Ftu; rKjhaj;jpw;Fupa
kUkf;fs; jhaKiw Njrj;J toikahfpaJ.
jhd;Njhd;w]P t; u Nfhapypw; fhzg;gLk; tpkhdKk; jpUf;Nfhapy; rpj;jpuNtyhAj

Rthkp Nfhapypw; fhzg;gLk; tpkhdKk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jpUg;gzpfshdit
vd;W nfhs;Stjw;F Vw;w fhuzq;fs; cs;sikahy; khfDila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpw;
ngUq;Nfhapy;fs; njhlu;ghd jpUg;gzp Ntiyfs; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; eilngw;wd
vd;W fUjyhk;. Myaj; njhOk;Gfis khfd; jpl;lk; gz;zpdhd; vd;W kl;lf;fsg;G
G+u;trupj;jpug; ghly;fs; rpytw;wpNy nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtifapNy khfDila
fhyj;j pNy irtrkak; NkNyhq; f paJ. tP uirtj; njhlu; G fspy; mJ Gjpa
gupkhzj;ijg; ngw;wJ vd;W nfhs;syhk;.
Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rkak;
fp.gp 13 - 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyk; ,yq;ifapy; Mhpar;

rf;futh;jj
; pfspDila Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;w fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;Jrkak;
kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. fp.gp.1283 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Vw;gl;l ghz;bag;
gilnaLg;gpd; tpisthf aho;gg ; hzj;jpNy Mhpar;rf;futh;jj ; pfspd; Ml;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; tl,yq;ifapNy ghz;bahpd; gpujpepjpfshf epUthfg; nghWg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhz;b Ue;j Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; njd;d pe;jpahtpw; ghz;bag; NguuR
epiyFiye; j Jk; murh; f shf Kb#b aho; g ; g hzj; j pypUe; J Rje; j pukhf
Ml;rpGhpe;jhh;fs;.
aho;g;ghzf; FlhehLk;(typfhkk;> tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp)> jPTg;gw;Wk;(eapdhjPT>

Gq;FLjPT> fhiujPT> neLe;jT
P > fr;rjPT) td;dp(fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT)>khe;ij
Kjypa ,lq;fSk; ,th;fSila Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. rpq;if efh; aho;g;ghz
,uh[;;[paj;jpd; jiyefuhf ,Ue;jJ.
,th;fs; Fyj;jhy; me;jzh;fshf ,Ue;jikapdhy; irt rkak; Nkd;ikaila

gy gzpfisg; Ghpe;jdh;. Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfspDila tpUJg; ngah;fSk; mur
rpd;dq;fSk; rkar; rhh;Giladtha; ,Ue;jd. NrJfhtyd;> fq;ifahhpad;>
fq; i fehld; vd; w tpUJg; ngah; f nsy; y hk; mth; f sJ rkahgpkhdj; i j
tpsf; F tdthAs; s d. NrJ - ,uhNk]; t uj; i j Fwpf; F k; . NrJfhtyd; -
,uhNk];tuj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l <Lghl;bw;Fk; rkahgpkhdj;jpw;Fk; jf;f rhd;W.
,th;fs; gad;gLj;jpa ehzaq;fspYk; NrJ vd;w nkhop nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
rpt rpd;dkhfpa ee;jpapd; tbtj;jpid jkJ mur rpd;dkhfTk; mur Kj;jpiufSs;

xd;whfTk; gad;gLj;jpaik irtrkar; rhh;Gilath;fs; vd;gij ntspf;fhl;Lfpdw
; J.
Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfspDila ehzaq;fs; gytw;wpNy mofpa fiytdg;G kpf;f
ee; j papd; cUtk; nghwpf; f g; g l; L s; s J. mjd; Nkw; G wkhfg; gpiwapd;
tbtq;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfhapy; f s;
rkfhyj; jkpofj;ij Nghy Mya topghLk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. Myaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk;

tptrhapfs; tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j epyTlikahsh;fsJk; gpujhdpfsJk; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
,Ue;jd. tUlhe;j tpohf;fSk; jy ahj;jpiufSk; rpwg;gk;rq;fshapUe;jd.
khtpl;lGuk;> nry;tr;r e;e pjp> fPupkiy> eapdhjPT> ntUfy; rpj;jpuNtyhAjh;>
nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuk; Kjyhd Myaq;fs; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jd.
ey;Y}h; KUfd; Nfhapy; 15Mk; E}w;whz;by; GtNdfghF vd;gtdhy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhf

ifyhakhiy Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ghly; ngw;w jyq;fspYk; jpUg;gzp Ntiyfs;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. guuh[Nrfud;> nrfuh[Nrfud; MfpNahh; NfhNzrh; Nfhapypy;
nra;j jpUg;g zp gw;w p NfhNzrh; fy; n tl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. guuh[Nrfud;
jpUNfhzkiy nrd;W Mya jhprdk; gz;zp Njh;j;jpUtpoh Vw;ghLfisf; ftdpj;J
epte;jq;fs; gy nra;jpUe;jhd; vd jpUNfhzry Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
irt rka rhh;Gila E}y;fs;
rkar; rhh;Gila ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyTk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; irt

rka rhh;Giladtw;Ws; NfhNzrh; fy;ntl;L> jl;rzifyha Guhzk;> jpUf;fiuirg;
Guhzk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit.
NfhNzrh; fy;n tl;L

 Mrphpah; - ftpuh[tNuhjad;
 nra;As; tbtpYk; trd tbtpYk; mike;Js;s gy gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 jpUNfhzkiyapy; cs;s NfhNzrh; Mya tuyhw;wpidAk; Fsf;Nfhl;L
kd;dd; mq;F Nkw;nfhz;l jpUg;gzpfisAk;> kf;fs; jk; tho;f;ifg;
gz;ghl;bidAk; rpj;jpupg;gjhf ,e;E}y; tpsq;FfpwJ.
jl; r zifyha Guhzk;

 Mrphpah; - gz;bjuhrh;
 <oj;Jj; jy Guhzq;fspNy jiyrpwe;jJ. NfhNzrh; Myaj;ijg; gw;wpaJ.
 jyGuhzq;fSf;Fr; rpwg;ghfThpa gz;Gfisnay;yhk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 NfhNzrh; myaj;jpd; cw;gj;jpiaAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;F
ngsuhzpf kugpYs;s fijfisAq; Fsf;Nfhl;ld; fijapidAk;
gz;bjuhrh; gad;gLj;jpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jpUf; f iuirg; Guhzk;

 <oj;jpy; vOe;j jy Guhzq;fSs; xd;W
 jpUNfhzkiyf;F mUfpy; cs;s kfhtyp fq;iff; fiuapNy> fuirg;
gFjpapy; vOe;jUspAs;s rptngUkhdpd; Gfio tphpjJ ; f; $Wk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
 ,jd; Mrphpah; ahnud;gJ mwpag;gltpy;iy.
 fhg;Gr; nra;As; cl;gl 170 ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,yq;ifr; rUf;fk;> fq;ifr; rUf;fk;> jhgdr; rUf;fk;> G+irr; rUf;fk;
Mfpa rUf;fq;fs; nfhz;lJ.
=y= MWKf ehtyu;
fhyg; g pddzp
Nghh;jJ; f;fPr jsgjpahd gpuhd;rp];b my;nky;lhtpd; kfd; nyhwd;Nfh B my;nky;lh

vd;gth; Gay; fhw;w pdhy; jpirkhwp 1505y; ,yq; iff; fiuiaf; fle;J
fiuNahuq;fSf;F mjpfhupfshapdh;. ,th;fs; ngsj;jh;fisAk; ,e;Jf;fisAk;
type;J jkJ rkaj;jpwF ; ,Oj;jdh;. ,e;J Myaq;fis mopj;jdh;. gpd;G xy;yhe;jUk;
16k; -17k; -18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njrpa tho;itAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; vt;tpj RtLk;
,d;wp mopg;gjpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,e;Jf;fs; Njthyaq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W topglNtz;Lk;
vd;W fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;. fpwp];jtdy;yhj vtDk; Nghj;Jf;fy;Yf;Fk; NaR
ehjUf;Fk; vjpuhdtd; vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;lhd;. aho;gh; ghzj;jpw;F Ml;rpahsdhapUe;j
xy;yhe;jh; jsgjpapd; rikayiwf;F ehs;NjhWk; ;,iwr;rpj; Njitf;nfd xt;nthU
tPl;bypUe;Jk; khL mDg;gg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lk; xd;Nw xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy;
Kf;fpakhd rka vjph;g;G epfo;r;rpaha; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,r; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; =y=
MWKfehtyhpd; Kd;Ndhuhd jpUney;Ntyp Qhdg;gpufhrh; jkJ Kiw tUk;
NghJ ,uNthL ,uthf fg;gNywp jkpofk; Nrh;e;jhh;. mq;F mth; rptg;gzp nra;J
rpjk;guj;jpNy Qhdg;gpufhrh; Fsj;ij ntl;Ltpj;jhh;. =y= MWKfehtyh; mth;fspd;
Mrphpauhd NrdhjpuhaKjypahh; (1750-1840) xy;yhe;jh; fhy ,Wjpg; gFjpapYk;
Mq; f pNya fhyj; njhlf; f j; j pYk; tsh; e ; j irtg; n gUkhd; ,th; ey; Y }h;
KUfg;ngUkhdpd; kPJ ey;iyf; FWtQ;rp ghbdhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Mq;fpNyah;
tptpypa Ntfj;ijAk; ghjpupkhiuAk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk; gf;fj;Jizfsha;f;
nfhz;L RNjr kjj;jpid typFd;w itj;J mth;fsJ fyhrhuj;ij fyhrhu
kuGfisg; GFj;jTk; Kide;jdh;.
kjkhw;wNjhL Mq;fpyf;fy;tpia mspg;gJk; Ml;rpahshpd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ. fy;tpf;

$lq;fSk; kp\dupfshy; njhlf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld. tptpypa Ntj %yk; fpwp];jtk;
fw; g pj; j y; > khzttu; f isj; Njthyak; nry; y tw; GWj;j y; mth; f s; jkJ
rkahrhuq;fisAk; rpd;dq;fisAk; filg;gpbg;gijj; jLj;jy; Kjyhd je;jpuq;fisf;
ifahz;L ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F CWtpistpg;gjpy; ghjphpkhh; jPtpukhapue;jdh;.
fpwp];jth;fis gPll ; h; Ngu;rpty; (nt];ypad; ghlrhiy mjpgh;) gQ;rhl;ruf; fpwp];jth;
vd;W Fjpj;jhh;. “rpthyak;” vd;gJk; rk;gsk; vd;gJk; Ie;njOj;Jj;jhd; vd
,e; e piyg;gLj;jg;gl; lJ. ,e;e piyapy; jhd; =y= MWKfehtyh; 1823-1879
fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpdhh;.
“irtrkak; jdpj; jkpoUld; njhlq;fpj; Njhoikapy; fyf;fpwJ.
mwptf;Fupa ,af;fkhf mikahky; thoNtz;ba newpia Gfl;LfpwJ” vd;gJ
cyfg;Gfo; ngw;w jj;JtQhdp ,uhjhfpU];zdpd; $w;W. (lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpU\;zd;
tho;Tk; njhz;Lk;- nr.cyfehjd;) ehtyh; irtrkag; GdUj;jhuzj;ij mwpTf;Fupa
,af;fkhfTk; ,UitapYk; Gj;Japuspj;jhh;.
,tu; gPww; u; Ngu;rpty; JiuAila Mq;fpy tpj;jpahrhiyapNy Mq;fpyk;; fw;whh;.

Ngu;rpty; Jiuf;Fj; jkpo;g;gz;bjuhdhh;. Mdhy; gpjpuhu;r;rpjk; ,th; ngwtpy;iy.
,th; fPyf tUlk;; Gul;lhjpkhjk; (1848) gupj;rpahfQ; nra;jhh;. Ngu;rpty; Jiuehd;
jq;fSf;F cau;thfpa Ntjde; jUNtd; jhq;fs; vd;id tplyhfhJ” vd gy jhk;
typAWj;jpAk; mjpy; mth; tpUg;gk; itf;ftpy;iy. Mq;fpyk; %yk; fpilf;Fk;
cj; j pNahfj; i j ,th; tpUk; g tpy; i y. ,th; k,y; t ho; f ; i fapy; Gfhky;
irtrkaj;ijAk; mjd; tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsu;j;jypNy
Nguhirahf ,Ue;jhh;.
Njhw; w k;
,th; aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}upNy fhu;fhj;j Ntshs tUzj;jpNy ghz;b koth;

FbapNy 12.12.1822Mk; Mz;L Gjd;fpoik ,uT rpq;f yf;fpdj;jpNy gpwe;jth;. ,th;
je;ijahh; ngah; fe;jg;gps;is. jhahh; ngah; rptfhkp mk;ik. ,th; njhlf;fj;jpNy
ey;Y}upypUe;j Rg;gpukzpagps;is vd;gtuplj;jpNy jkpo; neLq;fzf;;Fg; gapd;W
gpd; mtuplj;jpy; %Jiu Kjypa ePjp E}y;fSk; fw;W te;jhh;. ,sk; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj
irtj;jpd; kPJ kpFe;j gf;jpAilathapUe;jhh;. irtj;ijAk; mjd; tsh;r;rpf;
fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsh;ff ; Ntz;Lk; vDk; nehf;NfhL jdJ Mrpupa gjtpiaAk;
Jwe;jhh; MWKfehtyh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; vj;jifa topKiwfisf; ifahz;L
fpwp];jt rkaj;ij gug;gpdhh;fNsh mNj topKiwapidf; ifahz;L ehtyh;
irtrkaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;F ghLglyhdhh;. irt rka kWkyu;r;rp> irtkugpyhd
fy;tp tsh;rr
; p> r%f eyd; vDk; tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf ,tuJ gzpfs; mike;jpUe;jd.
Mq;fpNyau; ghlrhiyfs; mikj;J fy;tp vd;w Nghu;itapy; kjkhw;wk; nra;tij

fz;Zw;w ehtyu; irt kf;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vDk; nehf;fpy;
1848Mk; Mz;L tz;zhu;gz;izapy; irtg; ghlrhiyia xd;iw epWtpdhu;.
1821,y; fpwp];jt gpuRuq;fs; rig epWtg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jt kjr; rpwg;gpid
vLj;Jf;fhl;lTk; ekJ rkaq;fis ,opj;Jf; $WtdthfTk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;
mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lij ghh;j;J 1849,y; ehtyh; mr;rpae;jpurhiyia epWtpdhh;.
irtg; ghlrhiyfSf;F Ntz;ba Gj;jfq;fs; ahTk; ,q;NfNa mr;rplg;gl;ld.
kp\dwpkhu; rkag; gpurq;fq;fs; nra;J nghJkf;fis ftu;tijf; fz;l ehtyh;

Nkilg;gpurq;f epiyia rpwg;ghff; ifahz;L gpwUf;F topfhl;bahf tpsq;fpdhh;.
ngha; kjkhw;wk; nra;jpUe;j irtrkapfisg; gw;wp ,tu; fLikahfr; rhLthu;.
“,th;fs; ghjpupkhu;fs; vjpNu Ksq;fhy; gypapLjy;> ,uhg;Nghrdk; vLj;jy; Kjypa
fpupiafshYk; Nfhl;ghLfspy; tptpypag; Gj;jfk; vLj;J gpukhzk; gz;ZifapdhYk;
fpwp];jth;fs; Nghy; ebf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; tPLfspy; tPG+jpjhuzk;> mDl;lhdk;
nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,Urkaj;Js; xd;wpyhapDk; cWjpapd;wp ,uz;ilAk; rhu;e;J elf;fk;
,g;Gul;lu;fs;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. kPz;Lk; tsu;r;rpAw;w irtrkaj;jpy; cs;s
FiwghLfisAk; vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;. thzNtbf;if> gpuhkzh;fsJ rpy eltbf;iffs;>
rpd;dNksk;> kpUf gyp> rpWnja;t topghL vd;gtw;iw vjph;j;Jf; Fuy; vOg;gpdhh;.
MWKf ehtyuJ ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mfj;jpy; irtuhAk; Gwj;jpy;
fpwp]; j tu; f shAk; ,Ue; j kf; f s; kjk; khwp rptjP l ; i r ngw; W cz; i kr;
irtu;fshfpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
irtrkapfspd; rka tho;it epiyngwr; nra;a Ntz;b
ehtyuth;fs; 1847k; Mz;L khh;fopkhjk; 18k; ehspypUe;J nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk;
tz;iz itj;j] P ;tuu; NfhapypNy irtrka cz;ikfis vLj;J gpurq;fkhup
nghope;jhh;. MWKfehtyh; irtrka rhukhff; Ftpe;Js;sit 24 fl;lisfsha;
mike;Js;sd.
cyifg; gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopjj; y; vd;fpw %d;W njhopyf; isAQ;
nra;tjw;F fUj;jh xUth; ,Uf;fpwhh;. me;jf; fUj;jh rptngUkhd;. rptngUkhd;
vd;WKs;stu;> vq;Fk; epiwe;jth;> vd;;WQ; Rj;jh;> vy;yhkwpgth;> vy;yhk;ty;yth;>
ngUq;fUizAilath;. rptngUkhDf;Fj; Njtp mtUila rf;jpahfpa jpUtUs;
rptngUkhndhUtNu tpf;fpNdRuh;> Rg;gpukzpah; Kjypa gy %h;j;jpfshfp epd;W
mUs; nra;tu;. Md;khf;fs; rptngUkhDf;F vd;Wk; mbikfs;.rptngUkhid kdk;>
thf;F> fhak; vd;fpw %d;wpdhYk; topgLjy; Md;khf;fSf;F fld;.
kdjpdhNy nra;Ak; topghLfshtd rptngUkhidj; jpahdpj;jy;> mtUila

Fzq;fisr; rpe;jpj;jy; Kjyhditfs;. thf;fpdhNy nra;Ak; topghLfshtd>
rptngUkhDila jpUehkq;fis cr;rupj;jy;> mtUila ngUikiag; NgRjy;>
mtUila rupj;jpuq;fisg; gbj;jy; Kjyhditfs;. fuzj;jpdhNy nra;Ak;
topghLfshtd rptngUkhDila jpUNkdpiaj; jiyapdhNy tzq;F jy;>
fz;fspdhNy juprpj;jy;> iffspdhNy Fk;gpLjy;> G+rpj;jy;> fhy;fspdhNy tyk;
tUjy; Kjyhditfs;.
rptngUkhid Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; topghNl mRj;ju;fshfpa Md;khf;fisg;
ge;jpjj
; ghrkhfpa Neha;f;F kUe;J. topghlhfp kUe;Jf;F mEghdkhtJ nka;ad;G.
topghlhd kUe;Jf;Fg; gj;jpaq;fshtd caph;fSf;F ,uq;Fjy;> cz;ikNgRjy;>
nra;e;ed;wpaspj;jy;> jha;jfg;gd;> cghj;jpahau;> FU Kjyhfpa ngupNahiu
tzq;Fjy;> twpath;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; Kjypa Gz;zpaq;fs;.
topghlhfpa kUe;Jf;F mgj;jpaq;fshtd nfhiy> fsT> fs;Sf;Fbjjy;> khkprk;

Grpjj
; y;> ngha;> tpgrhuk;> #jhLjy; Kjypa ghtq;fs;. rptngUkhd; jkf;F Md;khf;fs;
nra;Ak; topghl;il Vw;Wepw;fk; ,lq;fshtd rptypq;fk; Kjypa jpUNkdpAk;
nka;abahh;fSila jpUNtlKk;. rptngUkhd; Md;khf;fs; mwpe;J topgl;La;Ak;
nghUl;L mUspr;nra;j KJyE}y;fs; Ntjk;> rpthfkk; vd;fpw ,uz;Lk;.
rptngUkhid topgLk; nghUl;L Md;khf;fSf;Fr; fpilj;j fUtp kdpj ruPuk;.
kdpj ruPuj;ijg; ngw;w Md;khf;fSf;F r; rptngUkhid topgLk; nghUl;L
Nahf;fpaijia tUtpg;gJ rptjPl;ir.
rptjPl;ir ngw;Wf;nfhz;L Ntjrpthfkg;gbNa rptngUkhid topgLfpw
rkak; irtrkak;. irtrkapfs; mtrpakhf juprpff ; j;jf;f rptrpdd
; q;fshtd tPG+jpAk;>
cUj;jpuhl;rKk;. irtrkapfs; mtrpakhfr; nrgpf;fj;jf;f rpt%y ke;jpuk; gQ;rhl;ruk;.
irtrkapfs; mtrpakhf Xjj;jf;f rpt];Njhj;jpuq;fshtd Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;>
jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L> ngupaGuhzk; vd;fpd;w mUl;gh Ie;Jk;.
Md;khf;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpukhfpa mwpTj; njhopYk; ,y;iy. MjypdhNy Rje;jpukhfpa
mwpTj; njhopYk; cila rptngUkhid Nehf;fp “ mbNaq;fs; ghtq;fis tpyf;fp
Gz;zpaq;fisr; nra;J ck;ik nka;ad;NghL topgl;L ca;Ak; nghUl;L ck;Kila
jpUtUisg; nghope;jUSk;” vd;W gpuhh;j;jpj;J me;jj; jpUtUis Kd;dpl;L mjd;
topNa xOfy; Ntz;Lk;. rptngUkhid tpjpgg ; b nka;ad;NghL topgl;lth; mtUila
jpUtbf;fPo; epj;jpakhfpa Ngupd;gj;ij mEgtpg;ghh;.
ehtyuth;fspd; fy;tpgg; zpfs; %d;W tifahfg; gpupjJ ; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
- Mrpaupag;gzp
- E}yhrpupah; gzp
- ghlrhiyfis epWtpa gzp
Mrpupag; g zp
,th; rpwe;j Mrpupah;. aho;g;ghz kj;jpa fy;Y}up vd toq;Fk; nt];ypad;
ghlrhiyapNy fw;gpj;jNjhL mikahJ khiy NtisfspNy jk;ik ehb te;j
gyUf;Fk; rka rhj;jpuq;fs;> ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpj;J te;jhh;.
,th; khzth;fshf ,thpd; kUkfdhd tpj;JtrpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gygps;is>
ngwhkfdhfpa =kj; j.ifyhrg;gps;is> fhrpthrpnre;jpehijau; KjyhNdhu;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;;. ,jpy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaf; flyhd Rd;dhfk; FkhuRthkpg;
GytUk; ,tupilNa re;Njfk; jPh;jj ; ,th; ey;ynjhU khzhf;f guk;giuia
cs;slf;fpAk; rpwe;j rka ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E}y;fis vOjpAk; irtj;ijAk;
jkpioAk; fhj;jdh;. ehtyuth;fspd; khzhf;fg; guk;giu filrpf; nfhOe;Jfshf
Md;kPfj;JiwapNy gz;bj rp.fzgjpg;gps;is mth;fSk; jkpo;f; fy;tpj; JiwapNy
Gyth; kzp V.ngupajk;gpg;gpsis mth;fSk; tpsq;fp te;jdh;.

,th; E}yhrpupah; njhz;by; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. ,th; trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsh;.

,th; ciueilapy; vOjpAs;s jpUtpisahly; Guhztrdk;> Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;>
ehd;fhk; ghyghlq;fs; mt;tg;NghJ vOjpj; Jz;Lg; gpuruq;fsha; ntspte;J gpd;G
MWKfehtyh; gpuge;jj;jpul;L vDk; ngaupy; ntspahd E}y;> ngupaGuhz#rfk;
Kjyhd E}y;fs; irtrka cz;ikfis czur;nra;jd. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf;F
,th; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. ,JNt ,th; ciueilapy; vOjp ntspapl;l KjyhtJ
ciuE}y; MFk;. NkYk; jpUf;Fws; gupNkyofh; ciu> jpUf;Nfhitahh; ciu
cl;gl gy E}y;fisr rpwe;j KiwapNy Muha;eJ ; gjpgg
; pjj
; ngUikAk; ,tUf;Fz;L.
,th; irtg;gpufhr tpjj ; pahrhiyiag; gy;NtW Nehf;fk; fUjp ];jhgpj;jhh;.

mjhtJ irtrkag; gpsi ; sfisr; irtr; #oypy; tsu;jj ; y;> irtrka cz;ikfis
mtu;fSf;F czh;j;jy; mth;fis cyfpay; tho;f;iff;F Maj;jg;gLj;Jjy;
vd;gdNt mit. ,dp ,tupd; r%f Njrpa gzpfis Nehf;Fkplj;J me;j fhyj;jpy;
tho; e ; j irt kf; f s; gyu; xOf; f f; NfLfis cilath; f shf> flTs;
gf;jpaw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Ug;gijf; fz;L mth;fisj; jpUj;Jk; nghUl;L vOj;jhYk;
Ngr;rhYk; mwpTiufs; gytw;iw vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. ey;Y}u;f; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy;
mtupd; rkag;gzpNahL r%fg;gzpiaAk; $WfpwJ.
a h o ; g; g h z j ; j p N y k h f h z h j pg j p a h a p U e ;j J i t d e ; J iu a p d ;
nfhLikfisAk;> Coy;fisAk; gfpuq;fkhf Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b
kf;fis tpopg;gilar; nra;jhh;. NkYk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUj;jyk; Nrjkile;J
topglg;g lhky; ,Ue; j fhyj; j pNy mjd; gok; ngUikfis vLj; J iuj; J
GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jhh;. njhlh;e;J 1879y; ,yq;ifr; rl;l ep&gz rigf;Fg;
gpujpepjpahfj; jpU.nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; mth;fisj; njupT nra;jy Ntz;Lk;
vdg; gpurhuk; nra;J ntw;wp fz;lhh;.
ey;Y}h; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; Mfk Kiwfisf; filg;gpbf;ftpyi ; y. ,jdhy;
ehtyh; 1879y; tz;zhu; gz;iz rptd; Nfhapypy; xU ngUq;$l;lk; $b ey;Y}u;f;
Nfhapypy; mjpfhupia tpyf;Ftjw;fhf tof;F xd;W njhlUk; nghUl;Lr; rig
xd;iw epWtpdhh;. ,e;j tof;F 1929y; tprhuizf;F te;jJ. mjd;gb ,f;Nfhapy;
nghJr;nrhj;J vdNt Nfhapypy; mjpfhup ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F fzf;Ff; fhl;ly; Ntz;Lk;
vdr; jPh;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rpjk;gu Myaj;jpy; rptjPl;ir ngw;Wf; nfhs;shj Mya jPl;rpjh;fisAk;
,th; fz;bf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. 1867y; mtu;fs; MLntl;b Nts;tp nra;a Kaw;rpj;jdh;.
mjidj;jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;. ey;Y}h; fe;j$thkp NfhapypNy Nju;j;jpUtpoh md;W
MLntl;bg; gyp nfhLj;j tof;fj;ijAk; ,th; fz;bj;Jj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;
fkf;fhuh;fSf;F tpijney; fpilg;gjw;fhf rl;l epUgzrigf;F tpzz ; g;gk;
nra;jhh;. r%fq; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba irt rkag; guhk;gupak; ahJ vd;gjid
aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rkaepiy> irttpNuhjk;> jkpo; Gyik> irtrkap> mehrhuk;
Kjypa fl;Liufspy tpsf;fp cs;shh;.
,th; cjaghD vDk; ngaUld; irtg;gj;jpupif xd;W elhj;j tpsk;guk;
tpLj;jpUe;jhh;. ,jdhy; irt cjaghD vDk; gj;jpupif ,tUila khzth;fshy;
1880y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1889y; ,J ,e;J rhjdk; vdg; ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,J jtpu aho;g;ghzj;Jj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; fpwp];J kj fz;ld rig vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;
,th; tpjj ; pll
; hh;. 1872y; ,th; Muk;gpjj ; Mq;fpy jkpo; tpjj ; pahrhiyia Kd;Ndhbahf
itj;J aho;g;ghz ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1880y; Muk;gpj;j irtg; gpufhr
rkh[pak; vd;gJ 1888y; aho;g;ghzk; irtgupghyd rig vdg; ngah;khw;wk;
nra;ag;ngw;wJ.

,th; Nru;.Kj;Jf;Fkhu RthkpAld; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilatuhf

,Ue;jhh;. jhk; ,yq;ifah; vdf; $Wtjpy; ngUkpjk; nfhz;lhh;. ,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fs;
vt;tifapYk; ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fSf;Fr; risj;jth;fsy;y vd;gij kpj;jpahthj
jpurdk;> ey;ywpTr;Rlh; nfhSj;jy; vDk; ntspaPLfs; %yk; vy;NyhiuAk;
mwpar;nra;Js;shh;.
,th; nrd;idf;Fr; nrd;W mr;R ,ae;jpuk; thq;fpa gpd; mq;fpUe;J jkpo;ehl;Lj;

jpUj;jyq;fSf;F ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,tUila rka> fy;tpj;jpwikia
Kd;Ng mwpe;jpUe;j jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jhh; jk; jpUklj;Jf;F ,tiu mioj;J
cgrupj;jdh;. ,jpy; gz;lhur; re;epjpfs; =y= mk;gythzNjrpf gz;lhur; re;epjpfs;
Nflljd; Ngupy; Rgehs; xd;wpy; MjPd mitapy; MWKfd; “gjp gR> ghrtpsf;fk;”
vDk; nghUs; gw;wp mupaNjhu; nrhw;nghopT epfo;jj
; pdhu;. ,tUila ehtd;ikiaf;
fz;L tpae;j =y= mk;gythzNjrpf gz;lhur re;epjpfs; ,tUf;F “ehtyh;”
vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.
jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;J kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is ,tupd; rpwg;ig

gpd;tUk; ghlypy; $Wfpwhh;.
“ePLGfo;j; jpUf;NfjPr; rhe;jpUf;Nfh zhrykpe;

epyth epd;w
ehLGfo;j; jyk; nghypaho;g; ghzj;J ey;Y}h;tho;
efuhf; nfhz;Nlhd;
NjLgf OUtike;j fe;jNt ltj;Jjpj;j
nry;td; ahUk;
ghLGf ohWKf ehtydt; thwr;rpw;
gjpg;gpj; jhNd”
NkYk; ,uhkehjGuk; nghd;Drhkp NjtUila rigapy; ehtyh; nra;j gpurq;fj;ijf;
Nfl;L kfpo;e;j Njtu; kpfr; rpwe;j tpUij ehtyUf;F tof;fpdhh;. gpd;G ehtyh;
kJiu jpUQhdrk;ge;j Rthkp MjPdj;Jg; gz;lhu re;epjpfSila Ntz;LNfhspd;gb
kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;ikahu; re;epjhdj;jpw; gpurq;fk; nra;jhh;. mijf;Nfl;l gz;lhur;
re;epjpfs; jhk; mzpe;jpUe;j MWfl;b Re;ju Ntlq;fisf; ifapnyLj;J “ ,it
vy;yhk; vq;fSf;F Vd;? rka jhgdQ; nra;ate;j jq;fSf;Nf Vw;wit vdf; $wp
ehtyUf;Nf #l;bdhh;. ehtyh; ,t;Ntlq;fis kPz;Lk; re;epjpfsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.
NkYk; 1877Mk; Mz;lstpy; kio Fiwe;jjhy; jhdpaq;fs; tpioT Fd;wp ehl;by;

gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lNghJ fQ;rpj;njhl;b fl;bg; gQ;rk; ePqF
; k; tiu Rkhu; VO khjq;fSf;F
Muk;gj;jpy; fQ;rpAk; gpd;dh; md;dk;> fwp KjypadTk; Vio kf;fSf;F toq;fpg;
gQ;rg;gpzpiag; Nghf;f fhuzkhf ,Ue;jik ,tuJ Kf;fpakhd r%fg; gzpahFk;.
,t;thW ehtyh; jdp kdpjuhf epd;W irtrkaj;jpw;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fkhf nra;j
mUk;gzpfNs gpd;dhl;fspy; irt ,af;fq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F topNfhYtjha;
mike;jd.
rkag;gpurq;fk;> nrhw;nghopTfs;> Guhzgldk; vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf mbg;gilr;

rka mwptpid kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy <Lgl;lth;.
Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpNy epWtdkag;gl;l mikg;ghf ghlrhiyfs; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpd.
fpwp];jt ghjpupkhh;fNs gs;spfis Mq;fhq;F njhlf;fp elj;jp te;jhh;fs;. ,t;thwhd
#oypy; RNjrpfshfpa itrh;fSf;F ghlrhiyfis mikf;f Ntz;ba Njit
cz;lhapw;W.

,t;thwhd ghlrhiyfis mikg;gjw;Fg; gy jilfs; ,Ue;J te;jd. murpd;

epjpAjtp fpilf;fhik> ghjpupkhh; murpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j nry;thf;fpdhy; ,e;Jf;fs;
njhlq;fpa ghlrhiyfSf;F muR Kl;Lf;fl;il ,Ljy; Kjyhfg; gy;NtW
,lh;ghLfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gpbauprpj; jUkk;> nry;th;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l epjpAjtpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Nl 1848,y; ehtyh; aho;gg; hzk; tz;zhh;
gz;izapNy irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia njhlq;fpdhu;. ehtyupd; fy;tpf;fhd
mbg;gil Nehf;fk; irtk;> jkpo; rhu;e;jjhfNt ngUksT ,Ue;jJ.
rp.it.jhNkhjukgps;is ehtyupd; njhz;Lfisg; Nghw;wp ghbAs;shh;.

“ey;iy ef uhWKf ehtyh; gpwe;jpyNuw;
nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf RUjpnaq;Nf vy;ytUk;
Vj;J Guhzhfkq;fs; vq;Nf g;urq;fnkq;Nf
mj;jdwpntd;Nf miw”
,tupd; ,Wjpg; gpurq;fk; tz;zhh; gz;iz irtg; gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapy;

1879k; Mz;L Re;ju%h;jj
; p ehadhupd; FUG+irj; jpdkhfpa Mbr;Rthjp el;rj;jpuj;jd;W
,lk;ngw;wJ. jdJ 57tJ tajpy; 1879 fhh;jj; pif 21k; ehs; (1879.12.05) nts;spff
; poik
md;W kf el;rj;jpuKk; rg;jkpj; jpjpAk; $ba Gz;zpa Ntisapy; tpz;ZyF
Vfpdhh;.

R thkp tpGyhee; j u;
mwpKfk;
,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w gy;NtW rka kfhehLfspYk;> fUj;juq;
FfspYk; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. 1892 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; 27 Me; jpfjp jkpo;
fu tU\k; gq;Fdpj; jpq;fs; 16 Mk; ehs; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik G+ul;lhjp el;rj;jpuj;jpy;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; kl;Lkhefupd; njw;Nf Rkhu; 26 iky; njhiytpYs;s fhiujPT
vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. rhkpj;jk;gp ahUf;Fk; fz;zk;ikf;Fk; ed;kfdhf
jk;gpg;gps;is vd;Dk; ,sikg; ngau; nfhz;lhu;. gpd; kapy;thfddhdhu; vd;Dk;
,sikg; ngau; nfhz;lhu;. cau;jpU f. FQ;rpj;jk;gp> GNyhyp ngh. itj;jpaypq;f
Njrpfu; Mfpa cghj;jpahau;fsplk; ,sikf;fy;tpiaf;fw;whu;. ,sikapy; Mw;wy;>
mwpT> tpNtfk; Kjyhdit iftug; ngw;whu;. ,sikf; fy; t papid fy; K id
nkjb];j Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapYk; gpd;du; k l ; l f ; f s g ; G Gdpj kpf;Nfy;
fy;Y}upapYk; gapd;whu;.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; Nfk;gpup[; [{dpau;>
Nfk;gpup[; rPdpau; guPl;irfspy; rpj;jp ngw;whu;. nfhOk; G Mrpupau; fyhrhiyapy;
tpQ;Qhd Mrpupa bg;Nshkhg; gapw;rpngw; whu; . 1916 ,y; kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fg;
gz;bju; guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;whu;. 1920 ,y; yz;ld; B.Sc t p Q ; Q h d k h z p g ;
guPl;irapy; Njwp tpQ;Qhdg; gl;ljhupahdhu;. fy; K id fj; N jhypf; f kp\d;
ghlrhiy kl;/Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}up> aho;/ rk;gj;jpuprpahu; fy;Y}up Mfpa
ghlrhiyfspy; tpQ;Qhd Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.
aho;. khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; mjpguhff; flikahw;wpa Ntis 1 9 2 2

Jwtpy; ehl;lk; Vw;gl;lik ,tuJ tho;tpy; jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. ,jidaLj;J
nrd;id kapyhg;g+u; ,uhkfpU\;z klk; Rthkp rpthde;juhy; “gpuNghj
irjd;au;“ vd;Dk; gpukr;rupa ehkk; #l; l g; g l; l hu; . 1924 Mk; Mz;L Qhd
cgNjrk; ngw;W “Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;“ vd;Dk; jPl;ir ehkk; ngw;whu;. JwT
tho;T khdpl Neaj;ij tsu;j;jJ. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk; Kjypa
nkhopfspy; ty;ytuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
tpGyhee; j upd; gzpfs;

tpGyhee;ju; Mw;wpa gzpfis fiyg;gzp> E}yhrpupau; gzp> r%fg;gzp>
fy;tpg;gzp> ciuahrpupau; gzp> gjpg; g hrpupau; gzp vd; W gy epiyfspy;
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
rkag; gzpfs;
,tu; ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpf;fhf gy rkag; gzpfis Mw;wpdhu;. ,yq;ifapYk;>
,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w gy;NtW rka kfhehLfspYk;> fUj;juq;FfspYk; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;. <rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu;fs;> Nfhapy; vd;gtw;iw tpdhtpil mikg;gpy;
,aw;wpdhu;. kfhyl;Rkp Njhj;jpuk;> eluh[ tbtk; (Ie;njhopy; fisAk; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Fk; E}y;)>

ckhkNf];tuk; (khnjhU ghfdha mike;Js;s El;gj;ij tpsf;FtJ) fNzr

Njhj;jpu gQ;rfk;> fjpiuak;gjp khzpff
; g; gpsi
; sahu;; ,ul;il kzpkhiy> Rg;gpukzpa
Rthkpfs; ,ul;il kzpkhiy> FkuNts; et kzpkhiy Kjyhd rka E}y;fis
Mf;fpAs;shu;.
rkag; gpurq;fk; nra;jy;> rkar; nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;Wtjpy; <Lgl;ltu;.
,yq;ifapy; mj;itj Ntjhe;j kugpd; gutYf;F Kd;Ndhbahdtu;. ,uhkfpU\;z
rq;fj;jpd; fpisj; jhgdk; xd;iw ,yq;ifapy; epWtp> mjd; Mjutpy; fy;tprr ; hiy
fs; gy mikj;Jk;> khztu; ,y;yq;fis epiyehl;bAk;> jpUklq;fisf; fl;bAk;
jUk gupghydk; nra;jtu;. rkak; mDl;bg;gjw;FupaJ vd;gjid jkJ NghjidfspYk;
rhjidfspYk; epiyehl;bdhu;.
rka jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fisr; rhjhuz kf;fSk; tpsq;ff;$bathW ,yF
eilapy; tpsf;fpdhu;.fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> tpUj;jg;gh tiffisAk;> fz;zpfs;
rpe;JfisAk; ifahz;L rka E}y;fisg; ghbdhu;. cjhuzkhf ehd;kzpkhiy>
Njhj;jpuk;> Njtghzp vd;gdtw;iwf; $wyhk;. rkaj;Jiw rhu;ej ; dthfTk;> Ntjhe;j
kuG jOtpajhfTk; ,tuJ ftpijfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhk fpU\;z guk`k;ru;>
Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;> MWKfehtyu; Kjyhd rkag; ngupahu;fis kjpjJ ; g; Nghw;wp
aJld;> mtu;fSila NghjidfisAk;> gzpfisAk; Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;ltu;.
fy; t pg; gzpfs;

tpGyhee;ju; fy;tpapy; cau;eJ
; tpsq;fpaJld; ,e;Jf;fSk; mj;jifa fy;tp
ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Mu;tKilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. jkpo; khztu;fSf;F cau;
fy;tpia toq;Fk; nghUl;L rpjk;guj;jpy; gy;fiyf; fofk; epWTtij typAWj;jp>
nrd;id khfhz murpd; fy;tpf; FOTf;F rpghu;R nra;jJld;> mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf; fofk; cjakhtjw;Fk; tpj;jpl;lhu;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jp
Yk;> ,yq;if nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk; Kjy; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzp
Gupe;jhu;. Ra nkhopagpkhdkw;wJk;> Njrhgpkhdkw;wJk;> mbikj;jdkhdJk;>
ehfupfj;ij ehrg;gLj;JtJkhd fy;tp Kiwiaf; fz;bj;jhu;. Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpia
; jw;Fupa toptiffisr; nra;jhu;. “fw;w fy;tp
,e;Jf;fy;tp kuGf;fikthfg; Nghjpgg
gpwiug; ghjpf;ff;$lhJ@ mJ capu;g;g+l;LtJ@ cz;ikiaf; fhl;LtJ@ jd;dk;
gpf;ifiaj; jUtJ “ vDk; nfhs;if cilatuhf tpGyhde;ju; tpsq;fpdhu;.
Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; jd; fy;tpaw; rpe;jidfSf;Fr; nray; tbtk; nfhLf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; gy gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,uhk fpU\;zkp\Df;Fupa fy;tpr;
rl;lj;ij ,e;J Nghu;l; ,uh[uj;jpdj;Jld; ,ize;J cUthf;fpdhu;. 1925 ,y;
,yq;ifapy; ,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ghlrhiyfspd; Kfhikg; nghWg; i g Vw; W >
jd; fy;tpg; gzpfisj; njhlu;e;jhu;. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F - fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; jkpog
; ;
ghlrhiyfs; gytw;iw epWtp epUtfpj;jhu;.

tpGyhee;ju; ,uhkfpU\;zkp\Dld; ,ize;J gzpGupej ; fhyj;jpy; fy;yb - rpthde;jh

Mz;fs; ghlrhiy Midg;ge;jp ,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ngz;fs; ghlrhiy> fhiujPT
rhujh tpj;jpahyak;> jpUNfhzkiy - ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up tz; i z - itj; j P ] ; t u
tpjj; pahyak; Mfpa ghlrhiyfis epWtp Vio khztu;fspd; tho;tpy; xspa+l;bdhu;.
jhd; cUthf;fpa rpthde;jh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; khztu;fs; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;
Mfpa nkhopfisf; fw;w topg;gLj;jpa J}uNehf;F rpe;jidAilatu;. 1926Mk;
Mz; b y; aho; g; g hzj; j pYk; > kl;l f; f sg; G fy; y b cg; N ghilapYk; mehij
Mr;rpukq;fis epWtp> mehijr; rpWtu;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jpdhu;. ,yq;if
fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ghlE}w; rig> fy;tp Ma;Tr; rig> Nju;Tr;rig vd;gdtw;wpd;
cWg;gpduhftpUe;J fy;tpjJ ; iwrhu; gzpfisg; Gupej ; hu;. khztu; eyidf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;L “fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjpia“ cUthf;fpdhu;.
ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; rkaf;fy;tp> nghJf;fy;tp vd;gd njhlu;ghfj; njhlu;rr ; pahd
gy gzpfis Mw;wpdhu;. nts;spf;fpoikfspy; $l;Lg; gpuhu;j;jid elhj;Jjy;.
gf;jpg; ghRuq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy;. thu ,Wjpapy; irt rka tFg;GfisAk;>
gz;zpirg; gapw;rpfisAk; elhj;Jjy;. rkaf; fy;tpia ,isQu;fSf;F Vw;wthW
Nghjpjj ; y; mtuJ Gjpa jpll; khFk;. tpGyhee;jupd; mj;jifa jpl;lk; ,d;W nray;
Kiwf;F te;Js;sik Fwpgg ; plj;jf;fJ. ,tuJ fy;tpg; gzpfs; midj;jpYk; rkak;rhu;
fy;tpg; gzpfNs gpujhd ,lj;ijg;; ngWfpd;wd.
r%fg;; gzpfs;
tpGyhde;ju; kf;fis Nerpjj ; tu;. mtu;fSila ed;ik jPikfspy; <Lgl;ltu;.
xUKiw ~flTs; Neupy; te;jhy; ...........| vd;W Ngr;R vOe;jNghJ> Rthkp gpdt
; UkhW
$wpdhuhk;. “ehndd;why; Kj;jp jUk;gb Nfl;fkhl;Nld;. Kj;jp vd;dstpy; epdW ; tpLk;.
mjpYk; ghu;f;f vy;NyhUk; ,d;GWk;gb Nrit nra;tjhdhy; mjpYs;s ,d;gNk
xg;gw;wJ. “ ,t;thW gpwUf;Fg; gzp GuptNj ngUkpd;gk; jUtJ vd;w jplrpj;jk;
nfhz;ltu;.
jPz;lhik xopg;G ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;. ,tu; jd; nrhe;j eyd;fisj; Jwe;j
NtisapYk; ehl;L eyidAk;> kf;fs; eyidAk;> nkhop eyidAk; Jwth jpUe;j
rpwg;G Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.mehij ,y;yq;fspd; tsu;r ;r pf;fhf fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk;
mwf;nfhilj; jpll ; q;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. tpGyhde;jupd; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; Vio
khztu;fspdJk;> mehijf; Foe;ijfsJk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F topfhl;Lk; tifapy;
mike;j r%fg; gzpfNs vd;gu;.
Vida gzpfs;
,irj; jkpopNy kpFe;j <LghLk; Muha;r;rpAk; nghUe;jpa tpGyhee;ju; ftpij
fs; Xireak; kpFe;jit. “,aypd;wp ,irapy;iy@ ,irapd;wp ,aypy;iy” vd;gJ
,tuJ nfhs;if. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ftpij mike;Js;sJ. ,tuJ E}y;fspy; nre;
jkpo; eil ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. FUNjtu; thf;fpak;> tpNtfhde;j gQ;rfk;> MWKf
ehtyu;> fq;ifapy; tpLj;j Xiy vd;gtw;iw vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; cs;sj;jpy; mDg
tpj;j czu;Tfisf; ftpijapNy jPl;bf; fhl;Lk; jpwik cs;stu;. Mrpupag;gh>
fypwww.nie.lk
gg; h> tQ;rpgg
; h> tpUj;jg;gh tiffisAk;106
> fz;zpfs;> rpeJ
; fisAk; ifahz;Ls;shu;.
info@nie.lk
ehlfE}y; - kjq;f#shkzp. ,irj;jkpo; - aho;E}y; Mq;fpythzp> g+Q;Nrhiyf;fhtyd;

nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy; (1936) nrhy;yhf;f kfhehl;bw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vDk; Kj;jkpopYk; ty;ytu; vd;gjhy; ~Kj;jkpo; t p j ; j f u ;
tpGyhde;ju;” vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. jkpo;f; ftpijapd; Nghf;fpNy Gul;rpfukhd
khw;wq;fisr; nra;j ghujpahiug; gz;bju;fs; jPzl ; hjpUe;j Ntisapy; ghujp fofk;
mikj;J> ghujp Gfioj; jkpo; ehl;by; gug;gpa ngUikf;Fupatu;.
njspthd> vspikahd nkhop eiliaf; ifahz;l Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; Xireaj;
jhYk; czu;r;rp ntspaPl;Lr; rpwg;ghYk; jdJ ciueilapw;$l gy ,lq;f spy;
ftpijapd; vy;iyiaj; njhl;ltu;. ,tuJ ciueil E}y; f shf tpQ; Q hdf;
fl;Liufs;> fiyr;nrhw;fs;> tpQ;Qhd jPgk; Kjyhdtw;iwAk;> nkhopngau;g;G
E}y;fshf Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; rk;ghriz> tpNtfhde;j jPgk;> tpNtfhde;jupd;
nrhw;nghopT E}y;fs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
tpGyhee;jupd; E}y;fs; gpioaw;w gjpg;Gf;fshf fhy> ,l tpguq;fSld; vOjg;
gl;lit. mtu; jkpoupd; gok; ngUikfisg; gj;jpupiffspy; fl;Liu tbtpy;
ntspapl;lhu;. cjhuzkhf nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp> fiykfs;> <oNfrup> Ntjhe;jNfrup>
,uhkfpU\;z tp[ak;> gpuGj;j ghuj Kjyhd ntspaPLfSf;Fg; gj;jpuhjpguhf
tpsq;fpdhu;.
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F gy epiyfspYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Rthkp
tpGyhee;ju; 1947 [{iy 19 Mk; ehs; rkhjp mile;jhu;. ,tuJ rkhjp kl;lf;fsg;G
fy;yb cg;Nghilapy; cs;s ,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpy; cs;sJ.
“Kj;jkpOk; ngUQ;rPu; Kjy;tdhu; jpUf;Fkuh
gf;jpAld; gzpgtu;fF; gy “fiyAk; ghypf;Fk;
rpj;jp Gj;jp ehafNd jpUKiwfs; jkpofj;jpy;
epiyj;J epiy ngw;wJTk; epd;dUspd; jpwdd;Nwh“
(Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;)

20 Mk; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,e;Jrkak;
20k; 21k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,yq;ifapy; ,e;J rka kuGfs;
fp.gp.1505y; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaij njhlh;e;J

,yq;ifapd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; gy; gpd;dilTfs; Vw;gLk; |#oy; cUthfpaJ.
mt;Ntisapy; ,yq;ifapd; kuG top ,e;Jf;fs; jk;kuGfs; ghuk;gupaq;fis ,of;Fk;
epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,r; re;jh;g;gj;jpNyNa ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy;
jkpopidAk; irtj;jpidAk; ];jpug;gLj;jp MWKfehtyUk; mtUila kugpdUk;
Rthkp tpGyhde;jUk; jkJ gzpfis tpupTgLj;jpdh;. INuhg;gpah;fs; irtJ}\z
E}y;fis vOj ehtyNuh irt J}\z gupfhuk; vDk; E}y; vOjp thjg; gpujpthjg;
Nghf;fpid Muk;gpj;jhh;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; ,yq;ifapd; ,e;J rka Nghf;fpw;F
irtJ}\z gupfhuKk; mjid xl;ba irt rka jUf;f thjq;fSk; Njhd;wpd.
irt rkak; rhh;ghf vjph;epiythjq;fs; vOe;jhYk; irtrpj;jhe;j Ntjhe;j

vjpht; hjq;fshfTk; mit tpupT ngw;wd. ,jw;F ,yq;ifg; NguwpQh;fs; jkpofj;Jld;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l irtrka cwTg;ghyk; gpujhdkhJ. ,jd; Kd;Ndhbahf
ehtyh; tpsf;fpdhh;. jpUthtLJiw MjPdNk MWKf ehtyUf;F ehtyh; gl;lj;ij
toq;fpaJ. ehtyuJ gpurq;fKk; Ngr;R td;ikAk; ,jw;F rpwe;j rhd;Wfs;. ,Wfpa
vOj; J f; f shy; Md nra; A s; kuig iftpl; L ,sfpa vOj; J f; f isAk;
fUj;Jf;fisAKila gpurq;f KiwAk;> ciu KiwAk; tsu;r;rp ngw;wd. itjPf
rpe;jidf; fUj;Jf;fis rhjhuz kf;fSf;F tpsf;FKfkhfNt gpurq;f Kiw
ciu vOjp gjpg;gpf;Fk; Kiw vd;gd gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. ,it ,yq;ifapd; 20k;
E}w;whz;bd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; Gjpa ghijia tpupTgLj;jpd. gpurq;fKiw ciu
vOjpg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; Kiw vd;gd ,e;Jf; fy;tp kugpd; tpopg;Gzu;tpw;F fhuzkhf
mike;jd.
Guhjd ,e;J kugpd; ghuk;gupa nre;newpfs; $Ljyhf fhzg;gl itjPf rkak; rhh;
vOr;rp 20k; 21k; E}w;whz;by; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. irt rka gFj;jwpT thjk;
nry;thf;file;jJ irt rkapfs; Mq;fpyk; fw;Fk; #oy; cUthfpaJ. ehtyUila
irthq;fpyg; ghlrhiy ,jw;F rhd;whdJ. jkpof njhlh;gpyhd gz;ghl;by;
ehtyupaf;fk; vd;Dk; irtkugpdh; FO nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
etPd njhlh;ghly; Kiwapy; Gjpa Clf nry;thf;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; 20k; 21k;

E}w;whz;bd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. mr;#lf tUif> gpurq;fkhfpa
Ngr;#lfk;> Guhz gldk;> irt fjhfyhl;NrgKiw etPd njhlh;ghly; Kiwahf
tsuyhapw;W. kuG topr; rpe;jidapy; kPs; fl;Lkhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jp Gyth; kuGk;>
gz;bjh; kuGk; vOr;rpaile;jd. ,yq;ifapd; ,e;J rka kugpy; Kjd;Kjyhf
epWtd kakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfis 20k; 21k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; irtnewp ngw;wJ
irt gupghyd rig ,jw;F MjhukhdJ. ,e;J rka newpapid r%f tho;tpaYld;
njhlh;GgLj;jpg; gzp nra;tJk; jw;fhy ,e;Jkjg; Nghf;fpd; ,ay;igr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gpbauprpj;jpl;lk;> fQ;rpj; njhl;bj;jUkk; vd;git rKjha - ,e;J
rka njhlh;ig ntspgg ; Lj;JtdthFk;. ,e;J Myaq;fspd; rPhj ; pUj;jk; 21k; E}w;whz;L
irt rka tsh; r ; r papd; kw; n whU gupzhkkhFk; . ,e; J rkag; g z; G fs;
rh;tNjrkakhf;fk; ngw;wikahFk;.

irtg;Gytu; fh. mUzhryNjrpfu; gzpfs;
mwpKfk;
20k; E}w;whz;by; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; irtg;gzpiaAk;> irtrpj;jhe;jg; gzpiaAk;

Gupe;j nghpahh;fSs; xUtuhfj; jpfo;gth; mUzhry Njrpfh;. ,th; 1888 Kjy; 1969
tiu 81 Mz;Lfs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tho;e;jtu;. ,thpd; jhahupd; ngah; rpd;dg;gps;is
mk;ikahh;. je;ijahupd; ngah; fhrpehj rh];jpupahh;. ,th; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s
Gspae; jPT vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;j hh; . ,tupd; NtW ngau; fshf Njrpfkzp>
irtnka;g;Nghjfh;> irtrpj;jhe;jkzp vd;gd.
gpd; d zp
,th; irtrkaj;jpy; mjpf <LghL fhl;Ltjw;F ,tuJ FLg;gg; gpdd ; zpNa Kf;fpakhd
fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,tuJ rpWguhaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,tuJ jhahh; irtrka
tpujq;fisg; gf;jpNahL mDl;bj;J re;ju;;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;w Nghnjy;yhk; kl;lf;fsg;G
efupYs;s Midg;ge;jpg; gps;isahiur; nrd;W topgl;lhu;. ,jdhy; ,tUf;Fk;
mjpy; <LghL Vw;gl;lJ.
,tupd; je;ij rpwe;j Nrhjplu;. ,th; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfspy; <LghL nfhz;lth;.
mj;NjhL ,th; tPlb
; w;F tUk; fjphf; hk ahj;jpupfh;fs; mbahh;fs;> ez;gh; vy;NyhUld;
Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;gtu;. rpWguhaj;jpy; ,tw;iwf; Nfl;L
tsUk; NgW mUzhry NjrpfUf;Ff; fpilj;jJld; mJ ,tuJ tho;tpYk;
gpujpgypj;jJ.
NkYk; ,tupd; kidtpapd; ngah; nghd;dk;kh ,th; Njrpfupd; fy;tpg;gzpf;Fk;

rkagzpf;Fk; cjtf;$ba irt Mrhuk; cilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. Njrpfupd;
md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kjw;FUthf mike;J topelj;jpdh;. ,tu; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaj;
je;ijaplk; Midg;ge;jpf; NfhapYld; njhlh;G gl;bUe;j jpz;izg; gs;spapy;
ngw;whh;. mLj;J kl;lf;fsg;G> Gspae;jT P kfpobj; njUtpy; ,Ue;j irtg;gs;spapy;
fy; t p fw; w hh; . njhlh; e ; J kl; l f; f sg; G murbapy; ,Ue; j nkjb]; j kprd;
ghlrhiyapYk; fy;tp gapd;whh;. ,sikapy; ,th; jpwiktha;e;j khztuhf
tpsq;fpdhh;.
kl;l f;f sg;G RNjr ,af;f Kk; mUzhryNjrpfUk;
mUzhry Njrpfu; ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G irtrka rhu;ghd RNjr ,af;fj;jpy;

gq;fhsuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. INuhg;gpah; kl;lf;fsg;ig vd;W ifg;gw;wpdhu;fNsh md;Nw
mq;F RNjr ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; irtrkak;
kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;Ntisapy; fpwp];jt rkaj;jtupd;
kjkhw;w eltbf;iffs; jPtpukile;j epiyapy; irtrkak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
,t;thwhd fhyfl;lq;fspy; 19k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Njhd;wpa

irtj;jkpo; vOr;rp 19k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ.
NkYk; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; mnkupf;fr; rp\;iaahd mtghkpah mk;ikahh;
kl;lf;fsg;gpw;Fr; rKfkspj;J Ch;Cuhf ,e;J rkag; gpurhuk; nra;jhh;.

mjdhy; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; irtkf;fs; ngupJk; tpopg;Gzh;Tk; vOr;rpAk; ngw;wdh;.

Nkw; F wpg;g pl; l epfo; T fspd; gadhf irtg; gps;i sfs; midtUk; irtg;
ghlrhiyfspy; gbf;f Ntz;ba msT irtg; ghlrhiyfis Ch; vq;Fk; mikf;f
Ntz;Lk; jkJ fhupaq;fisj; jhNk nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld;
epWtdq;fs; ,uhkfpU\;z kprd; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J Ch;kf;fSk; irtg;
ghlrhiyfisf; fl;bdh;. mg;NghJ ghlrhiyfis Mrphpah;fNs fl;b fy;tpg;gzp
nra;Ak; Kiwik gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gpd;G mg;ghlrhiyfis murpy; gjpT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW irtrka tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Vw;gl;l ,t;thwhd irtj;jkpo; vOr;rpahy; gpd;tUk; ed;ikfSk;

fpilf;fyhapd. ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fs; gy Mfk kakhf;fg;gl;ld.
- ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; Guhzgldk; gutpaJ
- Gjpa E}y;fs; gy ntspte;jd.
- fy;tpg; gzpfs; ,lk;ngw;wd.
- kiwe;J fple;j rpy gioa E}y;fs; mr;rplg;gl;ld.
,e;j Kaw;rpapy; mUzhry NjrpfUld; Kjypahh; fh.t. khu;f;fz;ld;>tpj;Jthd;
r. G+ghygps;is> gz;bjh; kapy;thfddhu;> tpj;Jthd; m. rutzKj;jh;> tpj;Jthd;
itj;jpaypqf ; Njrpfh; KjyhNdhUk; mlq;Fth;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lth;fSld; mf;fhyj;jpy;
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tho;ej
; aho;gg
; hzj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; ngupNahh; gyUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdh;.
,dp mUzhry Njrpfupd; njhopy; rhu;e;j tpsf;fj;jpid ghu;f;Fkplj;J ,th;

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; murbapy; ,Ue;j nkjb];j Mrpupah; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}hpapy; gapw;rpapy;
<Lgl;lhh;. Mdhy; Mrphpa gapw;rp ,Wjpg; guPl;irapy; Njhw;Wtjw;Fk; rhd;wpjo;
ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khwNtz;Lk; vDk; tw;GWj;jYf;Fg; gzpahJ Mrpupah; gapw;rpia
,ilepWj;jpdhh;.
NkYk; epiwe;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUe;j ,th; Mrpupaj; njhopypy; <Lgl;L> ePz;l

fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;jhh;. mjdhy; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrk; ngUkstpyhd ed;ikfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mjd; gpd; ew;gpl;bKid irtg; ghlrhiyapy; Mrpupag; gzpiaj;
njhlq;fpa ,th; njhlh;e;J 1949,y; Xa;T ngWk; tiu 40 tUlq;fs; Midg;ge;jp
irtg; ghlrhiyapy; jiyik Mrpaupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. gpd; ,tu; gbg;gijAk;>
gbj;jij kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gijAk; jdJ flikahff; nfhz;lhh;.
ghlrhiy Neuk; vd;wpy;yhJ NjitfSf;F Vw;wjhf rhaq;fhyg; gs;sp> ,uTg;gs;sp

vd;gtw;iwAk; elj;jpdhh;. NkYk; tPl;by; gbf;f trjp Fiwe;j gps;isfSf;fhf
,uTg; gs;sp elj;jpdhu;. jk; khztu;fis Kd;dpiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Xa;itAk;
nghUl;gLj;jhJ nraw;gl;lhh;. vt;. vf;];. rp. eluhrh mth;fs; gytUl fhykhf
gioa Kiwapy; cghj;jpahah; Ntiy nra;J gpd; Gjpa Kiwapy; jiyik
Mrpupah; gjtp Vw;W cyFk; muRk; Nghw;w cj;jkuha;f; flikgupe;j Njrpfh;
vd;Wk; t.rp.rptRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fs; ghlrhiyapy; rpWth;fs; MWKfehtyupd;
irt tpdhtpiliaAk;> ,yf;fzghl Neuj;jpy; ed;D}y; #j;jpuq;fisAk; kddk;
nra;J xg;Gtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jtwpdhy; Njrpfupd; jz;lidapypUe;J jg;g KbahJ
vd;Wk; $wpapUg;git ,tuJ njhopypd; Neu;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
NkYk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jiug; Nghy khztu;fisr; irt rka newpapy; thog;gof;Fjy;

jk; njhopy;fisj; jhNk nra;jy; kw;wth;fNshL md;ghf ,Uj;jy; rpf;fdk;> vspik
Kjyhd cah;e;j gz;Gfis khzth; r%fj;jpy; cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;dpd;W
cioj;jhh;.

,e;j tifapy; gz;ila FUFyf;fy;tp Kiwapy; FUTf;Fupa jd;ikapidAk;

jpz;izg; gs;spf;$l Kiwapy; cghj;jpahaUf;F upa jd;ikfisAk; etPd
Mrpupah;fSf;Fupa jd;ikifisAk; xUq;Nf fhzf;$batuhf Njrpfkzpath;fs;
tpsq;fpdhh;.
irtj; j kpo; g ; G yik
,th; irtg;Gytu; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wp mjpy; jpwikr;rpj;jp ngw;W irtg;Gytuhdhh;.

,J ,tuJ irtg; Gyikf;Fr; rhd;W. ,tUf;Fj; Njrpfu; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; #l;bg;
ngUikg; g Lj; j path; . ,uhkfpU\; z rq; f j; Jwtp mtpehrhee; j mbfshh;
(,j;Jwtpahh; Rthkp tpGyhde;jNuhL njhlh;Ggl;L cioj;jth;)
,tuJ rka mwpitAk; NritiaAk; ghuhl;b kl;lf;fsg;G jkpo;f;fiy kd;wk;

1952,y; Njrpfkzp vd;w gl;lk; toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ. 1920y; Rthkp tpGyhee;jupd;
miog;gpd; Ngupy; jkpo; tpohtpy; ciuahw;w jkpo; ehl;bd; etePj fpU\;z ghujpahh;
kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F te;jpUe;jhh;. mth; jkJ fl;Liu xd;wpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
irtg; nghpahh;fshfTk;> fy;tpkhd;fshfTk; tpsq;fpa irtg;Gytu; mUzhry
Njrpfh; tpj;Jthd; G+ghygps;is> ,uhrehaf Kjypahh; MfpNahupd; el;Gf; fpilj;jik
gw;wp ehk; ngUikg;gLtjhff; Fwpgg ; plL
; s;shh;. ,J Njrpfhpd; irtj; jkpo; Gyikf;fhd
rhd;whFk;.
mUzhry Njrpfupd; nraw;g hLfs;
,th; irtrpj;jhe;j E}ywpTk; kpFe;j jkpo;nkhopg;GyikAk; tlnkhopg; GyikAk;

cilath;. ,th; mwpitg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; <LghL fhl;ba ,U Jiwfs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. xd;W ,wf;Fk; tiu Njbf; fw;Fk; Kaw;rp> kw;wJ fw;wth;fNshL
Nrh;eJ
; mwpitg; ngUf;Fjy;. ,th; E}y;fisr; Nrfupgg
; jpYk; <LghLilath;. cjhuzk;
,tuJ tPl;L E}yfk;> E}yfq;fis mikf;Fk; gzpfspy; kw;wth;fSld; ,ize;J
nraw;gl;lhh;. cjhuzk; Midg;ge;jp E}y; epiyak; Nfhl;l Kid tPufj;jpg;
gps;isahh; NfhapYf;fUfpy; cs;s E}y; epiyak; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G
nghJ E}y;epiyak; ,tupd; nghOJNghf;fplkhapw;W.
mUzhry Njrpfhpd; gzpfs;
mUzhry Njrpfh; irtrkaj;ij tsh;g;gjw;fhfg; gy;NtW nrad;Kiwfisf;

ifahz;lhh;. mtw;Ws; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
- nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;Wjy;
- gpurq;fk;nra;jy;
- gpurq;fk; nra;tjw;fhd khzth; guk;giuia cUthf;Fjy;
- irtrkag; Ngr;rhsh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
- rkag; Nghjidfs; nra;jy;
- irtrka E}y;fisAk; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;fisAk; vOJjy;
- irtrkaf; fl;Liu> Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJjy;
- NtWgl;l trd eilfisf; ifahz;L vOJjy;
- nra;As; ,aw;Wjy;
- Nfhapy; njhz;L nra;jy;.

nrhw;n ghopTfs; Mw;W jy;.
,th; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpwe;j nrhw;nghopthsuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfs;

kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s irtf; Nfhapy;fspy; vy;yhk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,th; jkJ 15tJ
tajpypUe;J Rkhh; 65 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; ,g;gzpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. ,tUila
jpwikfspy; xd;W ve;jg; nghUis vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhYk; mjpy; Mo;e;J NgRfpd;w
,ay;G ,J ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfSf;F nkU$l;baJ.
NkYk; ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfs; tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.

Njrpfkzp mth;fs; nghJ kf;fisf; ftuf;$ba ,dpa vspa jkpopy; eifr;Rit
jJk; g czu; r ; r pAld; NgRthh; . Mdhy; ,th; Kjypy; nrhw; n ghopthw; w p
kf;fSs;sj;ijj; jl;bnaOg;gpj; jFjpngwr; nra;J> tpj;Jthd; rutzKj;jd; jkJ
gpurq;fj;ijj; njhlq;Fthh;. NkYk; ,th; irtrkaj;ijf; fhj;J tsh;j;J te;j
,th; xU irtrkap mftho;tpYk; Gwtho;tpYk; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijNa nrhw;nghopTfSf;Fg; nghUshff; nfhz;lhh;.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mfk topghl;L Kiwf;F tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;> Nfhapy; mikg;G>

epj;jpa iekpj;jpa G+irKiwfs;> topghl;L Kiwfs; vd;git gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
irt rka Mrhuq;fisg; NgZjy; xOf;fj;NjhL thOjy; kw;wth;fs; kPJ md;G
fhl;Ljy;> rka E}y;fisf; fw;W mwpT ngWjy; vd;gtw;iw typAWj;Jk; tifapYk;
,tuJ rkar; nrhw;nghopTfs; mike;jd.,tw;iwf;; fijfs; %yKk; Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;bAk; ghly;fs; %yKk; vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.
gpurq;f k; nra;jy;.
,th; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; irtrkaj;ij epiyehl;l gpurq;fq;fs; kpf mtrpakhdit

vdf; fUjpdhh;. mjdhy; Xa;nthoptpdw
; p Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; rutzKe;jd; vd;NghUld;
Ch;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W irtrkag; gpurq;fk; nra;tjpy; <Lgl;lhh;. mj;NjhL kl;lf;fsg;G
kf;fspilNa Mya topghl;bd; mtrpak;> irtg; gz;ghl;ilf; filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; vd;gtw;iwg; gpurq;fq;fs; %yk; njspTgLj;jpdhh;. Midg;ge;jp
gps;isahu; Myaj;jpy; nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; jtwhJ irtg; gpurq;fk; nra;J
te;jhh;.
gpurq;fk; nra;tjw;fhd khzth; guk;g iuia cUthf;F jy;
rkag; gpurq;fk; nra;Ak; gzpapy; <Lgl;lNjhL mg;gzpapy; <Lglf;$batu;fis

,dq; fz; L mth; f is Cf; F tpj;j hh;. mth;f spy; jpU.rP . ehifah Mrpupah; >
jpU. t. r pj;jptpe hafk; Mr pupah;> gz;b jh; j. fpU \;zgps;is vd ;Nghh;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fshf tpsq;fp irtg;gzpGupe;jdh;.
irtrkag; Ngr;r hsh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;f Fy;

irtrkag; Ngr;rhsh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;FtjpYk; mUzhry Njrpfh; <Lgl;lhh;.
mtw;wpy; Ngr;rhsh; xUth; tho;f;if KOtJk; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;
,yf;fpag; gug;gpy; cs;s mUl;ghly;fs; mwnewpg;ghly;fs; vd;gtw;iw Ngr;rhsh;
kddk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ,j;jifa ghly;fspy; xU gFjpiaj; jkJ
E}y; f spYk; ntspapl; l hh; . irtg; Ngr; r hsh; ,jpfhr> Guhzf; f ijfisj;
njupej; pUg;gjpYk; gad;gLj;JtjpYk; mf;fiw fhl;l Ntz;Lk; ,e;j MNyhridfisj;
jkJ tho;tpYk; filg;gpbj;jhh;.

rkag; Nghjidfs; nra;j y;.
,th; irtrka Nghjidfs; %yk; irtrpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

tpsf;fpf; $wpdhh;. kl;lf;fsg;G rpiwr;rhiyapy; ifjpfis ey;topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
mq;F mbf;fb nrd;W rkag; Nghjidfs; nra;J te;jhh;.
irtrka E}y;f isAk; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;f isAk; vOJjy;
,th; jkJ ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; Mrphpag;gzpAld; rkag;gzpfspYk; <Lgl;lhh;. mj;Jld;

nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;jJ
; tjpy; <Lgl;ljd; fhuzkhf vOj;Jg; gzpfspy; <Lgltpy;iy.
Mdhy; mWgJ taJf;Fg; gpd;Ng E}y;fis vOJtjpy; <Lgl;lhh;. ,tuJ E}y;fspy;
rka tplaq;fs; tho;f;if mDgtq;fSld; Nrh;j;J vOjg;gl;litahf cs;sd.
NkYk; irt khzth;fs; fw;gjw;fhf ,yF jkpopYk; rka Nehf;fpYk; gd;dpnuz;Lf;F
Nkw;gl;l rka E}y;fis vOjp cs;shh;. mit tUkhW
irtrka Muk;g Nghjpdp - 1962

irtrka ,isQh; Nghjpdp - 1958
,e;J khzth; gf;jpg;ghly; ghkzpkhiy - 1961
,e;J rka khj kfj;Jt khd;kpak; - 1960
irt ,yf;fpa fjhkQ;rup - 1964
irtrka rpe;jhkzp - 1960
rpj;jhe;j rpNuhz;kzp
nka;Q;QhdjPgk; \u;tQhd Nfhj;juhfk rhu rq;fpufk;
mUl;ghj;jpul;Lk; mUk; nghUl;ghf;fSk;
tpehaf kfj;Jt El;gKk; Gspa efh;
=.rpj;jp tpf;Nd];tu Mya khd;kpaKk; - 1968
KUfd; kfj;Jt El;gk;
,g;gd;dpU E}y;fisAk; Nrh;j;J irtrkaf; fsQ;rpak; vd ngau;#l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

irt rkaj;jpy; rpwe;j mwpitg; ngw ,j; njhFjpiaf; fw;wy; mtrpak;. ,tuJ
Kjy; %d;W E}y;fSk; khzth;fSf;Fr; irt mwpit Cl;Ltjw;fhf vOjg;gl;lit.
irtrka Muk;g Nghjpdp - rpwpa tFg;G khzth;fSf;fhdJ

irtrka ,isQh; Nghjpdp - kj;jpa ju tFg;G khzth;fSf;fhdJ.
,t;tpU E}y;fSk; 1952Fg; gpd;ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lit. ,e;J khzth;

gf;jpg; ghlw; ghkzpkhiy - Kjyhk; tFg;Gj; njhlf;fk; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu
irtrka khzth; fw;f Ntz;ba gf;jpg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghf cs;sJ. ,J
khztupilNa irtrkak; rhh;e ;j ghly;f isg; ghlTk; gz;N zhL XjTk;
topfhl;baJ.
irtrka rpe;jhkzp - ,e;E}y; rhjhuz kf;fs; Kjy; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;thsh;
tiu gad;gLj;jj;jf;fJ.
irtrkaf; fl;Liu> Ma;Tf; fl;Liu vOJjy;.

,tuJ fl;Liufspy; rpy Ntydpd; RNjr ehl;bak; vDk; gj;jpupifapy; ntspte;jd.
NkYk; mbfshh; gbt kyupy; (1969) fl;Liu vOjpAs;shh;. vg;.vf;];.rP.eluhrhtpd;
vz;nzar; rpe;J E}Yf;F ,th; vOjpa Kd;Diu Ma;Tj;jd;ik cilaJ. ,th;
1952y; vOjpa Ma;Tf;fl;LiuAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

NtWgl;l trd eilfisf; ifahz;L vOJjy;

Njrpf kzp mth;fs; irtrka tplaq;fis vOJk; NghJ tlnkhop fye;j
kzpg;gpuths eiliaf; ifahz;lhh;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp irtrka rpe;jhkzp vDk;
E}ypy; ju;f;fuPjpahf vOJfpd;w Nghf;iff; ifahz;lhh;. NkYk; ,th; nra;As;
,aw;Wtjpy; <LghL nfhz;lth;. ,tuJ nra;As;fs; vspikAk; ahg;gikg;Gk;
nfhz;litahFk;.
Nfhapy; njhz;Lfs; nra;jy;.

,th; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j irtf; Nfhapy;fs; vOr;rpngwg; ghLgl;lth;.
mf;Nfhapy;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf MNyhrid toq;fpaik Midg;ge;jpg; gps;isahh;
Nfhap;y; epUthfp> MNyhrfu; vdg; gzpfshw;wpaik vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
NkYk; ,th; Midg;ge;jpg; gps;isahh; NfhapYs; rpthyak; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;.
vd;Wk; kuz rhrdj;jpd; %yk; jhd; FbapUe;j tPli
; lAk; Midg;ge;jpgg
; psi
; sahUf;F
mh;g;gzpj;jth;.
NjrpfkzpAk; mtuJ ez;g h;f Sk;

Njrpf kzpapd; ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; ,tUf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jth; tpj;Jthd;
r.G+ghygps;is. NkYk; tpj;Jthd; m.rutzKj;jd;> Rthkpjhr kapy;thfddhu;
vd;gth;fs; ,tupd; fy;tp> ,yf;fpak;> rkak; rhh;e;j ez;gh;fshth;. mj;Jld; ,tUk;
tpj;Jthd; rutzKj;jDk; kapy;thfddhUk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; md;iwa rka fy;tpr;
#o;epiyapy; mj;Jiwfspy; gzpGuptjw;F ,y;ywj;jpYk; JwtwNk rpwe;jJ vd
fUjpath;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kapy;t hfddhh; khj;j puk; JwT G+z; L Rthkp
tpGyhde;juhf> kw;iwa ,UtUk; ,y;ywj;jtuhapdh;.
NjrpfkzpAk; Rthkp tpGyhee;j Uk;

mUzhry Njrpfu; 1910f;F Kd;G ,Ue;Nj Rthkp tpGyhee;jUld;; (kapy;thfddhh;)
njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jhh;. tpGyhee;jUld; ,ize;J jkpioAk; irtj;ijAk; fw;whh;.
NkYk; ,th; jkJ 47tJ tajpy; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; elj;jpa ahg;gUf;fyf; fhupif
tFg;gpy; fw;whh;. ey;y gy fUj;Jf;fis Rthkp tpGyhde;juplk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
mthtpdhy; Njrpfkzp tpGyhee;j mbfshUld; fhy;eilg; gazq;fs; nra;tij
tpUk;gpdhh;.
Midg;ge;jp ghlrhiyapd; jiyik Mrpupauhf mUzhry Njrpfh; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;

mbfshUk; kw;iwa ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj; JwtpfSk; mg;ghlrhiy miwapNyNa
trpj;jdh;. mth;fis mUzhry Njrpfhpd; FLk;gk; cgrupj;jJ. Rthkp tpGyhee;jupd;
jsgjpfs; vdg; Nghw; w g; g Lk; msTf; F tpj; J thd; m. rutzKj; j Uk;
mUzhryNjrpfUk; mbfshUf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;jdh;. irtrkag; gw;W kpf;f
mUzhry Njrpfu; irtkf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l mQ;Qhdj;ijg; Nghf;fTk;> rkaj;jpd;
Nguhy; kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l %lek;gpf;iffis mfw;wTk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jUld;
,ize;J gzpahw;wpdhh;. md;iwa #o;epiyapy; Gjpa ghlrhiyfs; njhlq;FtjpYk;>
rkak; tsh;g;gjpYk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jhh;.
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tpGyhee;j mbfshupd; fy;tpg;gzp mf;fhyj;jpy; ntw;wp mila

tpj;Jthd; m.rutzKj;jUk; mUzhryNjrpfUk; Kf;fpakhd fhuzh; Mapdh;.
NkYk; mz;zhkiy> nfhOk;G Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mbfshu; Nguhrpupauhf gzpGupe;j
NghJ mtiu ePz;lfhyk; gpupe;jpUf;f Kbahj Njrpfkzp mt;tplq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
re;jpj;J te;jhu;. mbfshh; ntspaplq;fspy; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; Njrpfkzpf;F mbf;fb
fbjk; vOJthh;.

NkYk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; = ,uhkfpU\;z rq;f nghJ

Kfhikahsh; gzpia Vw;wNghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpthde;j tpjj
; pahyaKk; Midg;ge;jp
,uhkfpU\;zkprd; ghlrhiyAk; cau;jug;ghlrhiyfshfTk;> rpthde;jhTf;F mUfpy;
fy; y b cg; N ghilapy; khztupy; y k; epWtg; g lTk; RthkpfSf; F g; ngupJk;
JizGupe; N jhupy; mUzhryNjrpfUk; xUtu; . VidNahh; Gyth; kzp
ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> Nf.fzgjpg;gps;is> tp.ey;iyah> v]; mk;gythzNjrpfh;
MfpNahu;.
mUzhry NjrpfUk; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;f Kk;
kl; l f; f sg; g py; ,uhkfpU\; z rq; f f; f pis Rthkp tpGyhee; j mbfshuhy;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy; Njrpfkzp mjDld; neUq;fpa cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
mbfshhpd; kiwtpd; gpd;Gk; me;j cwT njhlh;e;jJ. mq;fpUe;j ,uhkfpU\;z
rq;fj;Jwtpfshd Rthkp mgpdhrhde;j mbfshh;> Rthkp eluhrhde;j mbfshh;>
Rthkp [Pthde;j mbfshh; MfpNahUld; njhlh;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,uhkfpU\;z
rq;fKk; mjd; FUFyq;fSk; Mz;LNjhWk; tl;biaf; ngwf;$bajhf Njrpa
kzpath;fs; xU njhifg; gzj;ij epiyahd itg;gpy; ,l;bUe;jhh;. Njrpf kzpapd;
,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;jpd; NgUjtp ,tUf;F fpilj;jJ. Njrpfkzpapd;
<kf;fpupiafs; xOq;fhf eilngw Rthkp [Pthde;j mbfshh; Mtd nra;jhh;.
rkaf; nfhs;if
mUzhryNjrpfh; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;ij Mjupj;jhYk; ,th; jPtpu irtgf;jh;.
,tUf;F Ntjhe;j rpj;jhe;j tpj;jpahrkpy;iy. ,th; Mfk topghl;L Kiwapid
Mjupj;jhh;. ,tupd; Ngr;R> vOj;J vd;gd mtw;iwNa typAWj;jpd. MapDk; rpW
nja;t topghl;il ntWj;J xJf;ftpyi ; y. rpW nja;t topghl;blq;fSf;Fr; nrd;whYk;
Mfk Kiw rhh;ghfNt NgRtJ ,tuJ tof;fk;.
,t;thwhf irtg;Gyth; fh.mUzhryNjrpfupd; tho;T rka tho;thf mike;jJ.

,th; jkJ cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;ijAk; rka> r%fg; gzpfSf;fhfNt
mu;gg; zpjj; th;. ,tuJ Nrit kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; mjw;F ntspNaAk; gad; nfhLg;gdthf
mike;jd. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk; kwf;f Kbahj khkdpjh; ,th;. jkf;Fg; gpd;dUk;
kl; lf; f sg; gpy; gy irtrka ngupahh; f Sk; jkpowpQh; f Sk; Njhd; W tjw; F
Kd;Ndhbahf jpfo;e;jtu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

fhrpthrp nre;jpehijau; gzpfs;

,yq;ifapy; 19k; E}w;whz;L irtnewpf;F fhtyuhf tpsq;fpNahu; gyuhth;
MWKfehtyiuj; njhlh;e;J ,yq;if ,e;jpa njhlh;gpy; irtg;gzp nra;jth;fspy;
fhrpthrp nre;jpy; ehijaUk; mlq;Fth;. ,tu; Iah; guk;giuapy; 02.10.1848y; aho;
Fg;gpshd; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. je;ij rpwe;j Iah; kugpy; mtjhuk; nra;jikapdhy;
,sik Kjy; rk];fpUj nkhopg; GyikAilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. ,Ztrpd; eluhr
Iauplk; ,sikf; fhyf; FUFyf; fy;tpiaj; njhlh;e;jhh;. ehtyiug; NghyNt
aho; kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; nrd;W Nrh;eJ ; Mq;fpyg; GyikiaAk; tsh;jJ ; f; nfhz;lhh;.
jkJ ,UgjhtJ tajpy; Mq;fpyk; fw;wiy tpl;L ey;Y}h; rk;ge;jg; Gytuplk;
jkpOk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; fw;W rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Kjypa
nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; cilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. mjdhy; ehtyh; ];jhgpj;j
tz;zhh; gz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapYk;> ehtyh; ];jhgpj;j irthq;fpyg;
ghlrhiyapYk; rk];fpUjk; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
nre;jpehijaupd; irtrkaj;jpUg;gzpfs; ehtyh; gzpfSld; ,ize;jjhfNt

eilngw;wd. MWKfehtyUk; fhrpthrpnre;jpy; ehijaUk; irthq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapy;
xd;whf rkaf; fy;tpapYk; gpurq;fj;jpYk; <Lgl;ldh;. jdJ je;ijahUld; jkpof
jpUj;jyq;fSf;F mbf;fb tp[ak; nra;J Njthu jpUthrf ghuhazg;Gyik
cilatuhdhh;. mjdhNyNa Njthuk;> Ntjrhuk; vd;Dk; ngUE}y;fs; vOJk;
tha;g;igAk; ,;iw mUisAk; ngw;whh;. jkpo;ehl;Lj; jyahj;jpiuapy; ftug;gl;L
fhrp jpUj;jyj;jpy; rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUe;jjdhNy fhrpthrp nre;jpehijah; vd;Dk;
ngaiuAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ehtyUila tptpypa Fw;rpjk; vd;Dk; E}iy
gjpg;gpj;jjdhy; gjpg;ghrpupah; vd;w ngUikiaAk; ngw;whh;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;L ,yq;ifapy; irtrka kWkyh;r;rpAld; njhlh;ghd vy;yh

tplaq;fspYk; fhrpthrp nre;jpy; ehijaupd; gq;fspg;G njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. gpwrka
fz;ldk;> mr;rfk; mikj;jy; E}y; gjpg;gpj;jy;> E}y;fSf;F ciu vOJjy; vd;gd
,tuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l irtrkar; rhh;ghd gzpfs; MFk;. 1872 - 1879 tiu
,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUe;J ,e;J rka gpurq;fq;fspy; <Lgl;lhh;. me;j E}y;fSf;F
ciu vOJk; NghJk; mt;Tiuapy; me;E}y;fSf;F fUj;Jf;fis irtrpj;jhe;j
nfhs;ifAld; njhlh;G gLj;jp ntspapl;lhh;.
,th; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,e;J rhjdk; vd;Dk; mr;#lfj;jpNy “itjPf

Rj;jhj;Jtpj irtrpj;jhe;j rkak;” vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; fl;Liufis vOjpdhh;.
irtrpj;jhe;j jj;Jtj;ij jj;Jt newpahf kl;Lkd;wp rka newpahfTk; ghu;f;Fk;
ghu;it ,tuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jd;Dila gpuk #j;jpu ciuapy; irtnewpAld;
njhlh;G gLj;jp jj;Jt newpahf;fk; nra;jhh;. cgepljk;> gpuk#j;jpuk;> Ntjhe;j
rpe;jid vd;gtw;iw irt newpAld; njhlh;GgLj;jp tpupTiu tpsf;fk; nra;jjd;
ngWNgwhfNt irt Ntjhe;jk; vd;Dk; nfhs;if Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,tUila
jj;Jthh;j;jg; gilg;Gf;fspNy irt Ntjhe;jk; vd;Dk; E}Ny gpujhdkhdJ.
Ntjhe;jk;> irt rpj;jhe;jk; Mfpa ,U kuGfisAk; ,izj;J Nehf;Fk; xU

nfhs;ifahsuhf fhrpthrp nre;jpehijaiu Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. fp.gp.1880fisj;
njhlh;e;J nfhOk;gpy; itjPf irtrpj;jhe;j nghUs; gw;wp cgNjrq;fisr; nra;J
te;jhh;. mjidj; njhlh;eJ
; fjph;fhk ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;L fjph;fhkj; jpUj;jyj;jpNy
12 ehl;fs; fe;jGuhzg; ghly;fis gf;jpg; gutrj;Jld; ghbKbj;jhh;. 1883y; kPz;Lk;
jkpo; ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;W “R[dNk kNdhuQ;rdp” vd;Dk; ,e;J rka rQ;rpiff;F
gj;jpuhjpguhfg; gzp nra;jhh;.
,jd; %yk; E}yhrpupauhf > itjPf Mrpupauhf> irtg; gpurq;fpahf> cgNjrkzpahf

nkhopngah;ghsuhfg; gy tfpghfq;fisg; ngw;W nja;tPfg; gzp nra;jikia Nehf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
fhrpthrp nre;jpehijah; irtrpj;jhe;j thjk;> gpujpthj nraw;ghl;bD}lhf jdJ

rkajj;Jtg; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whh;. ,tUila irt rkar; rhu;ghd
Mf;fq;fshf gpdt ; Utdtw;iwf; Fwpgg; plyhk;. Njthuk; Ntjrhuk;> fe;jGuhz etePjk;>
guk#j;jpu ePyfz;lhyhrpa nkhopngah;g;G> rptQhd Nghjtrdhyq;fhujPgk;>
Qhduj;dh tsp vd;Dk; E}y;fis vOjp <oj;Jr; irtrpj;jhe;j kugpw;F gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jhh;. ,tw;Wld; gpuk #j;jpu cgf;fpuk kzpiff; fUj;ij irtrpj;jhe;jg;
nghUSld; ,izj;Jg; gug;gpdhu; Ntjhe;j rpj;jhe;j rkur nfhs;ifia ,e;J
nka;apaypy; cUthf;fpa ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;. Ntjk; cgepljk;> gpuk #j;jpuk;
vd;gtw;wpd; rhuhk;rk; irtrpj;jhe;jNk vd;gJ fhrpthrp nre;jpehijaupd; Mjhu
RUjp thrfkhf mike;jJ. ,jd; %yk; “Ntjhe;j njspthk; irtrpj;jhe;jk;”
vd;Dk; nfhs;ifiag; ,yq;if irtrpj;jhe;j kugpy; gug;gpa xUtuhf fhrpthrpia
Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
fe;j Guhz etePjk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; fe;j Guhz rhuk; irtrpj;jhe;jNk vd;Dk;
fUj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fr; nra;jhh;. aho;g;ghz fyhrhuk; fe;j Guhz fyhrhuNk
vd;Dk; fUj;ijg; gug;gpa Kd;Ndhbfspy ,tUk; xUtu;. njd;dpej
; pa fyhr;rhuj;jpYk;
aho;g;ghzf; fyhrhuj;jpYk; fe;j Guhz tho;tpay; irtnewpAlDk; irtrpj;jhe;j
newpAlDk; njhlh;GilaJ. irtNtjhe;jk; vd;Dk; ,tuJ E}y; 13 mj;jpahaq;fis
cilaJ. khahthj Ntjhe;jj;ij fz;bj;J Ntjhe;jj; njspthk; irtrpj;jhe;jk;
vd;Dk; nghUis ,e;E}y; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. mfr; rkaf; nfhs;ifapy ,Ue;J
mfg;Gwr; rkaj;ijAk; Gwr; rkaq;fisAk; fz;ldk; nra;j ngUik ,tiur;
NrUk;.
Gwr;rka fz;ld Kiwfs; irtrka> irtrpj;jhe;j ghuk;gupaj;jpy; kpfg;gutyhf

tsh;r;rpaile;j tbtq;fis mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,jd; %ykhf irtrkapfspd;
fz;ld Kiw> mwpT newp> jj;Jt MSik vd;gtw;iw tpupthf Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
Njthuj; jpUKiwg; ghly; f is Mjhukhff; nfhz; L gpurq; f k; nra; t J
nre;jpehijauJ gzpfSs; jiyahdjhFk;. “Qhdj;jpd; jpUcUit” vd;Dk;
ngupaGuhzg; ghliy Kd;itj;J cgNjrKk; gpurq;fKk; nra;jhh; jkpo;ehl;by;
“R[d kNdhuQ;rdp” vd;Wk; gj;jpupifapy; ,tuJ gpurq;fq;fs; ntspte;jd. ngupa
Guhzg; ghly;fis Kd;itj;J irt cgepahrk; nra;tJ ,tuJ gzpfspy;
jiyahdjhf mike;jJ.
fhrpthrp mth;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l Qhd Nghj tpsf;f #whtsp vd;Dk; E}y;

ngupaGuhz irtnewpiaAk; irtrpj;jhe;jj;ijAk; NkYk; tpgupj;J $Wk; Xh;
gilg;ghf mike;jJ. rptQhd rpj;jpahh; ciu gy fhzg;gl;lhYk; fhrpthrp
nre;jpehijah; Qhdg; gpufhrUiuiaNa jhuf ke;jpukhff; nfhz;lhh;. mj;Jld;
jdJ cgepah rq;fis tpsf;f mkph;j Nghjpdp vd;Dk; thu ntspaPl;ilAk;
jkpo;ehl;by; elhj;jpdhh;.
1888y; fpwp];jt ghjpupkhh; “rptDkj;Njtdh” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gpuRunkhd;iw

ntspapl fhrpthrpath;fs; “rptDj;Njtdh” vd;dk; jPaehtpDf;F Mg;G” vd;Dk;
fz;ld E}iyAk; ntspapl;lhh; ,t;tpU fz;ldq;fSk; “fpwp];J kj fhdd Flhup”
vd;Dk; ngaUld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

me;j E}ypd; ngaNu ,tuJ gl;lkhfTk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;iw fUj;jpw; nfhz;Nl

rpthf;fpuf Nahf Qhd rpthr;rhupahh; MjPdk; ,tiu rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp vd;Dk;
tpUij nfhLj;J nfsutpj;jJ.
jkpo; ehl;bNy jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;Jf;F mz;ikapNy itjPf Rj;jhj;Jtpj irtrpj;jhe;j

tpj;jpahrhiy xd;iw mikj;J rk];fpUjk;> jkpo>; Mq;fpy nkhopfspy; irtrpj;jhe;j
nghUis cgNjrk; nra;jhh;. ,tuJ vOj;Jf;fs; “jpUg;ghRuk;” “jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;”
flTs; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. ,tuJ fz;ld fz;ldk; kfhTf;fpu
tPugj;jpuh ];jpuk; vd;Dk; E}y;fs; fz;ldj;Jf;F fz;ldkhfTk; mike;Js;sd.
<oj;J irtrpj;jhe;j kugpy; fz;ld Kiwapy; jk; nfhs;iffisg; gug;gpa xUtuhf
,tiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs; gzpfs;

,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpy; G+Nd gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; Mq;fpy
nkhop %ykhf rk];fpUj nkhopiaf; fw;Wj; jhk; ngw;w fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij
vkJ ehl;by; rpwg;ghf aho;g;ghz khzth;fSf;nfd;Nw jk;ik mh;g;gzpj;J
cyfshtpa epiyapy; gpurpj;jp ngw;W tpsq;fpa Nguhrpupah; ifyhrehjf;FUf;fs;
15.08.1921Mk; Mz;L gpuk;k= fhh;j;jpNfaf; FUf;fSf;Fk; Re;juk;khs; vd;gtUf;Fk;
kfdhf aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}upy; gpwe;jhh;.
Nguhrphpah; FUf;fs; mth;fs; gpwg;gpNy me;jzh;. Mg];jk;g #j;jpuj;ijg;

gpd;gw;wpath;. gue;j rPlh; kuGfis cyfpy; gy ghfq;fspYk; epiy epWj;jp
Kj;jpiu gjpj;jth;. rk];fpUj nkhopapd; Muk;gf;fy;tpia jkJ je;ijahhplk;
ngw;wNjhL Mfkf; fy;tpia jkJ je;ijapd; %yk; cupa epakq;fNshL fw;Wf;
nfhz;lhh;. rk];fpUj nkhopapy; rpwe;j ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;W tpsq;fpdhh;. rk];fpUj
nkhopapd; ,yf;fpar; RitiaAk; nkhopapd; rpwg;igAk; mtrpaj;ijAk; czh;e;J
mjw;Fupa mbj;jsj;ij gpwnkhopfSld; xg;gPl;lbg;gilapy; mwptjw;F
MtYilatuhf Mq;fpyk;> ,yj;jPd;> jkpo;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa ,yq;ifapd;
,d;lh; kPbah guPl;irapy; 1943y; rpj;jpaile;jhh;.
cah; gbg;Gf;fhf nfhOk;G (,yq;ifg;) gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;>

ghsp Mfpa ghlq;fis Kjyhkhz;Lf; fiyf; Njh;Tf;fhff; fw;W Njh;r;rp ngw;whh;.
jkpio cgghlkhff; nfhz;L rk];fpUj nkhopia rpwg;Gf;fiykhzpg;
gl;lj;jpw;fhf fw;W ,uz;lhe;juk; cau;gpuptpy; rpj;jpaile;jhh;. rk];fpUj njhopy;
KJfiykhzpg; guPl;irapy; 1949y; rpj;jpaile;jhh;. ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf; fofj;jhy;
nfhOk;G ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;nfd;W mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l N[h;kdpa
ehl;L Kjy; rk];fpUj Nguhrpupia Betty Haiman mth;fspd; topfhl;lypy; fy;tp
fw;w ngUik jdpj;JtkhdJ. 1953Mk; Mz;by; Nguhjid ,yq;ifg;
gy;fiyfofj;jpy; rk];fpUj Jiwf;F epue;ju tpupTiuahsuhf epakdk; ngw;whh;.
rk];fpUjnkhopapy; fyhepjpg;gl;l Ma;Tf;fhf ,e;jpah G+Nd gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F

nrd;W Nguhrphpah; fyhepjp R.N.jz;Nlfhf; mth;fspd; topfhl;lypy; <uhz;Lfshf
Guhz ,jpfhr fhy irtrkaKk; mjd; ,iznewpfSk; rpwg;ghf
njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; epyTk; rkaf;fpupia kuGfSld; njhlh;GgLj;jpa
Ma;tpidr; nra;J fyhepjpg; gl;lj;jpid toq;fpaJ. ifyhrehjf;FUf;fs;>
Nrh;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; mth;fspd; fdthf tpsq;fpa aho;gg
; hzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
nkhopfs; kw;Wk; fyhrhu fw;if newpj; Jiwapd; gjpw; jiytuhf epakdk;
ngw;W 1975,y; Kjd; Kjyhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; Kjw;
NguhrphpauhfTk; Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;.
,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; Gjpa epiyaj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhf cioj;j Nguhrphpah;

ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs; aho;.gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyNa ,j;JiwapD}lhf Kjy;
fiykhzpg; gl;ljhhpiaAk; Kjw; fyhepjpg; gl;ljhhpiaAk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
cUthf;fpa ngUik jdpj;JtkhdJ.
,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; nghJ> rpwg;Gf;fiyf; fw;ifnewpfNshL gl;lgpd; gbg;gpd;

bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewpapy; ,e;J ehfupfj;ijAk; xU ghlkhfff; fw;gpg;gjw;Fhpa
ghlj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpa Nguhrpupah; ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs;> ,uhkehjd;
Ez;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk; tpsq;fp mf;fw;if newpfis
tsk;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;J ehfhpf ghlr; rhd;wpjo;f; fw;if newpapid Kjd;Kjyhf
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ngUik ,tiur;rhUk;.
,jd; %yk; ,e;Jehfupfk; fw;wth;fs; kl;LNk ,e;Jrka Mrphpah;fshf

epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. jhk; Ma;tpw;nfd gad;gLj;jp te;j rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;
Mfpa nkhopfspy; mike;jgy E}y;fisAk; aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}y; epiyaj;jpwF ;
toq;fpa Nguhrpupah; FUf;fs; 1986,y; gy;fiyf;fof 39 tUl fhy Mrpupag;
gzpapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;Wj; njhlh;e;J 1987 -1989 tiuahd fhyq;fspy; xg;ge;j
mbg;gilapy; ,e;J ehfupfg; Nguhrpupauhf tpsq;fpdhh;.
aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw> rk];fpUjj;Jiw> cah;gl;l

Ma;TfSf;Fk; ,yq;ifapy; tpsq;Fk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspdJ rk];fpUj nkhopiag;
gw;wpa cah;gl;l Ma;TfSf;Fk; MNyhrfuhfTk; guPl;rfuhfTk; ,Ue;J tho;ehl;
Nguhrpupah; vd;w jFjpiag; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,yq;if fy;tp cah;fy;tp mikr;rpd;
,e;Jrka ghl MNyhridf; FOtpy; 1976- 1985 tiuapy; mq;fk; tfpj;j Nguhrphpah;
FUf;fs; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpYk; msg;gupa Nritfs; nra;Js;shh;.
irt rpj;jhe;jq;fs; - ,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; Clhf aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
irtrpj;jhe;jj;jpid tpNrlkhf fw;gjw;F fhy;Nfhshf ,Ue;jth; Nghuhrphpah;
FUf;fs; mtu;fs; rpwe;j FUj;Jtg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid cupa mbj;jsq;fSld;
cUthf;fpath; ,tuhthh;.
ifyhrehjf; FUf; f shy; vOjp ntspaplg; g l; l E}y; f s;

rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ftpij &gkhf vOjpa =epthk;gpfh gQ;ruj;jpdk; - 1971
= fd;ahFkhup gQ;ruj;jpdk; - 1972 fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPlhjpgjp [fj;FU
re;jpuNrfNue;jpa ru];tjp RthkpfSf;F gQ;ruj;jpdj;ij 1972,Yk; rkh;g;gpj;J
Mr;rhu;ah nghd;dhil Nghj;jpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lij tho;tpd; cah;Ngwhfg;
ngw;wth;.
jkpo; n khop %ykhf rk]; f pUj nkhopg; gapw; r pf; f hf ,aw; w g; g l; l it
- rk];fpUj ,yF Nghjk; 1 11 1960>1962
- tlnkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW - itjpf ,yf;fpak; 1962 ,J ,yq;if
rh`pj;a mf;flkp guprpidg; ngw;wJ.
- irtj; jpUf;Nfhtpw; fpupia newp 1963
- ,e;Jg;gz;ghL rpy epe;jidfs; 1985
- tpN\l jput;aN`hk ke;jpuq;fs;> jPghuhjid Ntjke;jpuq;fs;>
Ntjke;jpuq;fspd; njhFg;G 1988
- =rf;uG+i[ njhFg;G> fpue;ypgp 1995
- rk];fpUj fpue;jhl;ru yF Nghjk; 1997

gj;j jp E}y;f s;
- = rz;BN`k gj;jjp> = fzgjp N`hk gj;jjp
- tpf;fpNd];tuh;> Rg;gpukz;ah;. rptd;> Njtp> ituth;> k`htp];Z Mfpa
Kh;j;jpfSf;Fhpa gpujp];il cw;rt gj;jjp
- Mq;fpy nkhopapy; tphpT gLj;jp nkhop ngah;j;j E}y; - irtj; jpUf;Nfhapw;
fpupia newp
- a#h; Ntj re;jpah te;jdk;> rptN`hkj;rt gj;jjp> tpf;Nd];tu
gpujp\;lhtpjp>
- etf;fpuf ];Njhj;jpu kQ;rhp Mfpa E}y;fisg; guprPypj;J rpwe;j Kiwapy;
r%fj;jplk; mh;g;gzpj;Js;shh;.
gpuRuq; f s;
- Guhzf;fijfs; njd;dhl;bd; rkaf; fUT+yk; -1960
- Nfhs;fshy; tpisAk;Jah; fisa Nfhbah;r;rid -25.02.1962
- Nfhs; tpidjPh;f;Fk; Nfhbah;r;rid - 1962
- vy;NyhUk; nry;Yk; Myaj;jpd; Fk;ghgpN\fr; rpwg;G - 1963
- Ntjq;fs;> Nguhjid ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof ,e;J jUkj;jpy;
Fk;ghgpN\fk; -1968
- vq;fs; FUehjh;- 1971
- ,e;J ehfupfk; Ngzpa irtg;nghpahh; - 1978
- ehtyh; gzpapd; itjpf mwg;gilfs; - 1979
- kPkhk;rh juprdk; - 1985
- itjpf kuGk; Mfk kuGk; - 1989
- G+i[apy; cgrhuq;fs; - 1989
- gz;bjkzpapd; jj;Jtq;fs; - 1989
- jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL Ntjnkdg;Nghw;WNthkhf - 24.03.1997
- kpUjAQ;[a ke;jpuk;
- Ntjkhfpa Njthu jpUthrfq;fs;
1960fspy; rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp ,yq;if thndhypapy; njhlh;r;rpahf

ciu epfo;j;jpdhh;. 1978y; cyf ,e;J kfhehl;bd; ,yq;iff;fhd nrayhsuhfTk;
,Ue;Js;shh;. ,yq;if fy;tp cah;fy;tp mikr;rpd; ,e;J rka ghl MNyhridf;
FOtpy; 1976- 1985tiu mq;fk; tfpj;J ,yq;ifg; ghPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpYk;
msg;ghpa Nritfs; gytw;iw toq;fp te;Js;shh;.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,e;Jf; fiyf;$lk; xd;W kpftpiutpy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd jkJ kdJl; fple;j nraw;jpl;lj;ijAk; mgpyhiriaAk; ntspg;gLj;j
,th;fspd; fdit edthf;Fk; gzpahf ,th;fspd; khzth;fSk; If;fpa
,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,e;J Mya mwq;fhtyh;fshf ,Ug;gth;fSk; irt mgpkhdpfSk;
,izj;J ,e;J E}jdrhiyAld; $ba fiyf;$lj;jpid ,yz;ld; khefhpy;
mikg;gjw;F nraw;jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;.

,yq;ifapy; rpthyaq;fspd; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;

jpUf; N fhNzr; r uk;
,yq;ifapd; fPoj ; ; jpirapy; mike;Js;s ,aw;if vopy; kpff

; efuk; jpUf;Nfhzkiy.
,yq;ifapd; kpfg;ngupa ejpahfpa kfhtypfq;if mt;tplj;jpw; flYld; fyg;gjhy;
mg;gpuNjrk; ePh; tsKk; epy tsKk; ngw;Wr; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpdw ; J. ,q;F Rthkpkiy
vd;W toq;Ffpd;w cah;e;j Fd;wk; xd;W nfhl;bahu tphpFlhit Nehf;fpathW
mike;Js;sJ. mjd; cr;rpapNyjpUf;NfhNzr;ruf; Nfhapy; cs;sJ. mJ mz;ikf;
fhyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;l Gjpa NfhapyhFk;.
gz;i la tuyhW
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l Nfhapy; xd;W rKj;jpu Xuj;jpy; me;j kiyapd;

mbthuj;jpy; ,Ue;jnjd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ fp.K.306,y; epfo;e;j fly; Nfhspdhw;
rKj;jpuj;jpDs; %o;fptpll
; Jnjd;W vd;Dk; tuyhw;whrpupah; vOjpa ,yq;ifr; rupjj
; puk;
vd;Dk; E}y; ,t;thW epfo;e;jnjdf; $Wfpd;wJ. Mo;flypy; mku;e;jpUf;Fq;
NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhDf;F ,d;Wk; kiyg; G+ir xd;W nra;ag;gLtij ehk; fhzyhk;.
kiyapd; mbapy; > Mo;flYf;F vjpNu> kiyf;Fif Nghd;W gz;ilf; Nfhapypd;
%yj;jhd;jj ; pd; xUgFjp ,d;dKk; vQ;rpapUf;fpd;wJ. mJ gy;yth; fhyf; Fiff;
Nfhapy; Nghd;wJ. mf;Nfhapypd; kpFjp rKj;jpuj;jpd; mbapy; cs;snjd 1961,y;
Mo;fly; Muha;r;rp nra;j ikf;tpy;rd; vd;gth; $wpAs;shh;.
eFNyr;ruj; jytuyhw;wpw; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s khUjg;GutPfty;yp vd;gtSf;F eurpq;fd;

vd;Dk; kfd; xUtd; ,Ue;jhd; . mtd; rPh;ghjNjtpiaj; jpUkzQ; nra;jhd;.
,th;fs; ,UtUk; jk; Rw;wj;jhUld; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;fr; Nrhoehl;bypUe;J
fg;gypw; Gwg;gl;ldh;. mg;nghOJ rPh;ghjNjtp ,yq;ifapd; ehl;L tsj;ijg; ghh;f;f
tpUk;gpdhs;. vdNt> fg;gy; ,yq;ifapd; fpo;fFf; fiuNahukhfg; gazQ; nra;jJ.
fg;gy; jpUf;Nfhzkiyia mz;kpj;j nghOJ jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; njd;gl;lJ. murp

mt;tpiwtiu tzq;fpdhs;. mNj Neuk; fg;gYk; eq;$uk; ,l;lJ Nghd;W epiyaha;
epdw; J. murp kpfTe; Jauile;J tpff; pdq;fis mfw;Wgtuhd; tpehafiuj; njhOjhs;.
gpd;dh; glNfhl;biaf; fg;gypd; fPNo nrd;W ghh;f;FkhW gzpj;jhs;. fg;gy; jiuapw;
gl;L tpl;lnjd;Nw mts; fUjpdhs;. vdpDk;> mq;F jiu ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mapd;>
flypy; kpUe;j Moj;jpy; tpehafh; tpff; pufk; xd;W ,Ue;jJ. mjid mts; fg;gYf;Fs;
vLg;gpj;j gpd;dh; fg;gy; kPz;Lk; Xlj;njhlq;fpaJ. ,t;thwhff; fly; Nfhsw; fPNo
nrd;w Guhjd Myaj;jpd; tpehafh; tpf;fpufk; ,t;tsT kfpik cilanjd;whw;
NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhdpd; kfpikiaf; $wTk; Ntz;Lkh?
jpUf;NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhd; jpUTyhTf;F vOe;jUspa gpd;dNu Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;

NfhapypDl; GFe; j dh; vd; W Kd; d h; $wg; g l; l J. vdNt> tpf; f pufq; f s;
fhg;ghw;wg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mit vg;nghOJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJ
mf;fy;ntl;L Fsf;Nfhl;ldpd; jpUg;gzpahy; mike;j ,t;thyaj;ijg; gwq;fpah;
cilg;ghh;fs;. gpd;dh; murh;fs; ,jidg; Ngzkhl;lhh;fs; vd;W ,jd; vjph; fhyk;
gw;wp ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy; tpag;Gf;FhpaJ.

,f;fhyj;jpw; rptuhj;jphp jpdj;jpw; NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhd; rpj;jpiug; Gj;jhz;Lf;F

efh;tyk;tUjy; vd;De; jpUtpoh xd;W rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wJ. mf;fhyj;jpYk;
,j;jifa jpUtpohf;fs; eilngw;wd. ,t;thwhf 1624 Mk; Mz;L rpjj ; piug; Gj;jhz;L
ehspy; efh;tyk; tUe; jpUtpoh xd;W eilngw;wJ. ,jw;fhf khJik mk;ghs;
rNkj jpUf;NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhd; jpUTyhthf mbahh;fSld; NfhapypypUe;J
efUf;F vOe;jUspdhh;. mt;Ntisapw Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag giltPuh; gpuhkzh;fs; Nghy
Ntle;jhq;fpf; Fk;gplg;NghtJ Nghd;W NfhapypDl; GFe;jdh;. me;Neuj;jpw; Nfhapypd;
cs;Ns G+rfh;fs; rpyUk; NtiyahsUk; kl;LNk vQ;rpapUe;jdh;. nfhd;];ud;uapd;
Brh vd;gtDila jiyikapw; nrd;w ,g;Nghh;tPuh; vjph;j;jth;fis ntl;bf;
nfhd;Wtpl;Lf; NfhapypypUe;j jq;f> nts;sp eiffisAk;> tpiykjpg;Gkpf;f gpw
nghUs;fisAk; #iwahbf;nfhz;L nrd;wdh;. mjd; gpd;dh; mbahh;fs; rpy
tpf;fpufq;fis mfw;wp kiwj;J itj;jdh;. Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; gPuq;fpfSld; kPz;Lk;
te;J Nfhapiy Kw;whf mopj;jdh;. Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; mopj;j Nfhapypy; Mapuq;fhy
kz;lgKk; nghpanjhU jPh;j;jf;NfzpAk; gpw kz;lgq;fSk; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ mth;fs;
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whf tiue;J itj;j glk; xd;wpypUe;J njhpate;Js;sJ.
nfhd;];ud;uapd;Brh nra;j rptj;JNuhfj;Jf;fhf mtd; 1630 Mk; Mz;L NtW rpyh;
nra;j #o;r;rpapy; mfg;gl;Lf ;nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;.
Gjpa Nfhapypd; tuyhW
1944Mk; Mz;L jpUNfhzkiyf; Nfhl;ilapDs;Ns ePh;j;Njf;fk; xd;W mikg;gjw;F

mfo;T Ntiy nra;j nghOJ tp\;Z> kfhyl;Rkp tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. 1950
Mk; Mz;L Mb khjjjpw; Rthkpkiyf;F mz;ikapw; flw;fiu tPjpaUNf fpzW
xd;W ntl;lg;gl;l nghOJ %d;W tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. NtNwhh; ,lj;jpy;
mfo;e;jnghOJ NkYk; ,uz;L tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. ,e;j tpf;fpufq;fs; vy;yhk;
1952Mk; Mz;bw; gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;ld.
1950.07.03 md;W fyhepjp ghNye;jpuh mth;fspd; jiyikapNy jpUf;NfhNzr;ru

Myaj; jpUg;gzpr; rig Muk;gkhdJ. ,r;rigapd; ngUKaw;rpahw; gioa Nfhapy;
,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; kPz;Le; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruh; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;L 1963.03.03 md;W
kfh Fk;ghgpNlfk; epiwnta;jpaJ. gioa NfhapYld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ ,J rpwpa
NfhapyhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
%h;j ;j pr; rpwg;G
,f;Nfhapypd; ,iwtd; ngah; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruh;> ,iwtp ngah; khJik mk;ghs;.

jytpUl; r k; fy; Mykuk; . ,g; n ghOJs; s Nfhapiy mLj; J ,k; kiyapd;
tlKidapw;ghiwapDs; Nth; itj;J ,e;j Mykuk; nropg;ghf tsh;e;J epw;fpd;wJ.
Nrho ehl;bNy gioahiw vd;gJ fp.gp.831,y; Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ.

mq;F Fkuhq;Frd; vd;Dk; murd; mg;nghOJ Ml;rp nrYj;jpdhd;. ,tDila
kfs; rPh;ghjNjtp.

jyr; rpwg;G
,e;jj; jyj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; fhuzkhfNt jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;jj
; p ehadhu; jpUf;NfhNzr;rug;
ngUkhd; kPJ Njthuhj; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbdhu; ,j;jyj;jpd; kfpikia mbahu;fs;
nrhy;yf; Nfl;L mtu; ,g;gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhu;. mUzfpupehju; jhk;ghba jpUg;Gfo;
xd;wpNy
“epiyf;F ehd;kiw kfj;jhd G+Ruu;
jpUf; nfhzhkiy jyj;jhW NfhGu vd;W ,j;jyj;ij tUzpj;;Js;shu;”
FwpQ;rpAk; Ky;iyAk; nea;jYk; xd;W Nru;fpd;w Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,j;jyk; mike;Js;sJ

jpUf;Fzkiy> jpUf;Fzhkiy> jpUkiy> njd;ifyhak;> Nfhfu;zk;> jpup$lk;>
kr;Nr];tuk; vd;gd ,j;jyj;jpd; gpw ngau;fs;
jPu ;j;j r; rpwg;G

,f;Nfhapypd; jPu;j;jk; ghtehrk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;jr; nrhy;ypd; nghUis Nehf;Fk;
NghJ ,f;Nfhapypd; jPu;j;jr; rpwg;Gg; Gyg;gLk;. ,q;F jPu;j;jkhLgtu;fspd; ghtk;
njhiye;J tpLk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;J.
Rthkp kiyapd; njd; gf;fj;jpy; Mokhd xU fpzwhfg; ghtehrj;
jPu;j;jk; ,g;nghOJ ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jidr; Rid vd;W $wKbahj msTf;Fg;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; gioa Nfhapiy ,bj;J mq;fpUe;j jPu;j;jf;NfzpiaAk; RidAe;
J}u;j;Jtpl;ldu; ,g;nghOJs;s NfzpAe; jPu;j;jf; fpzWQ; Nru;e;j ngupa Nfzp
xd;W Kd;G ,Ue;jnjd Cfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mw;Gjkhd ,e;jj; jPu;j;jj;jpd; xU rpW
gFjpiaahapDk; ghtehrj; jPu;j;jjf; fpzw;wpd; %yk; jpUf;NfhNzrr;ruu; jk;
mbahu;fshfpa ekf;Fj; je;jUspdhNu vd;gJ jPu;j;j;j;jpd; rpwg;G.
G+irfs; tpohf;f s;
,q;F MWfhyg; G+irfs; ,g;nghOJ eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. rptuhj;jpup
fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfhNzr;rug; nghUkhd; efuj;jpDs;Ns jpUTyhthf vOe;jUSjy;
fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahFk;. ,f;Nfhapypd; kNfhw;rtk; gq;Fdp cj;juj;jpNy njhlq;fpg;
gjpndl;L ehl;fSf;F eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
E}y;f s;
NfhNzru; fy;ntl;L ,f;Nfhapypd; rupj;jpuj;ij ciueilapYq; ftpijapYq;
$Wfpd;wJ. rPu;ghjFy tuyhw;W> kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;> uh[htspa> kr;rGUhzk;>
jpUf;NfhNzryg; Guhzk;> ,yq;ifr; rupj;jpuk;( njdd;W) jl;rpz ifyha Guhzk;>
jpUNfhzkiyj; jpUTUtq;fs;> FLkpah kiyr; rhrdk;> jpUf;Nfhzkiyf; Nfhl;il
thapw; fy;ntl;L Kjypa ,f;Nfhapy; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gf;fis jUfpd;wd.
jpUf;NfhNzr;ruj; Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfk;> NfhNz];tuu; FwtQ;rp> jpUf;NfhNz];tuu;
mfty;. jpUNfhzkiy me;jhjp Kjypad ,f;Nfhapy;Nky; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.

jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;
jy tuyhW
NfJ topgl;ljhy;> ,g; ngau; ngw;wJ. Re;juu;> rk;ge;ju; ,UtUk; ,uhNkRuj;jpy;

,Ue;jthW> ,g; gjpiag; ghbdu;. rpwg;Gkpf;f ,j; jyk; <o ehl;by; khNjhl;l efupy;
ghyhtp Mw;wq;fiuapy; cs;sJ.
miktplk;
jpU%yu; rptG+kp vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf;$Wk; ,yq;ifapd; tlNky; ghfj;jpy; kd;dhu;

khtl;lk; cs;sJ. mq;F khe;ij vd;Dk; gpuptpNy ghyhtpj; jPu;j;jf; fiuapNy
jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;Dk; rptj;jyk; mike;Js;sJ. Guhjd fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;
vd;gJ Myaj;ijAk; khNjhl;lk; vd;gJ mJ mike;Js;s ,lj;ijAk; Fwpj;jd.
,f;fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;gJ NfhapYf;Fk; mJ mike;Js;s ,lj;Jf;Fk;
nghJthd ngauhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NfJ <rid topgl;l jyk; vd;Dk; fhuzk; gw;wp
,f;Nfhapy; jpU vd;Dk; milnkhopNahL jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
,yq;ifapNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L jyq;fs; kl;LNk

Njthug; ghly; ngw;w rpwg;gpid cilad. jpUf;NfjPrr
; uehju; kPJ jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;
Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. ,uhNkr;ruj;ij topglr;nry;Yk; mbahu;fs; xU
fhyj;jpw; flypd; mf;fiuapy; epd;W jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;J mz;ziyj; njhOjdu;.
mjw;Fr; rhd;whfj; jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhiuAk; Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhiuAk;
$wyhk;.
gz;ila tuyhW kad; vd;gtd; Njtjr;rd;. kfhJtl;lh vd;gtd; mtDila

jikad;. ,tu;fs; epUkhzpj;j jyk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;gJ kuGf; fij. kadpd;
kfSk; ,uhtzdpd; kidtpAkhfpa kz;Nlhjup ,j;jyj;ij topgl;lhs;. jPu;j;j
ahj;jpiu nra;j mUr;Rdd; ,jid topgl;lhnddj; jl;rpzifyha Guhzk;
$Wfpd; wJ. tpraDld; ,yq; iff;F te;j cgjp];] d; vd;D k; gpuhkzd;
jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jpw; G+ir nra;jhd; vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,af;fu;fSk; ehfu;fSk; ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tf

P f; Fbfs;. ,uhtzd; ,af;fu; tk;rj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtd;. mtd; rptgf;jd; vd;gJ tuyhW. ehfu;fSk; jpUf;NfjPr ;ruj;ij
topgl;ljw;Fr; rhd;whf ehfehju; vd;nwhU ngau; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjUf;F ,d;dKk;
toq;Ffpdw ; J.
njhykp vd;Dk; GtpapaywpQu; fp gp 2k; E}w;whz;by; khNjhl;lk; ,Ue;jijf;

Fwpg;gpl; Ls; shu;. cNuhku;> ghurP fu;> muhgpau;> rP d u; > ,e; jpau; Kjypa gy
Njrj;jtu;fSld; khNjhl;lj;Jf;F tzpfj; njhlu;Gfs; ,Ue;jdntd;gJ mq;F
fz;nlLj;j gz;ila ehzaq;fshy; mwpag;gLk;. fp.gp. 4k; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifia
Mz;l rpwPNkftz;zd; vd;DQ; rpq;fs murdpd; fhyj;jpy; khNjhl;lj;jpw; irtf;
Nfhapy; xd;W ,Ue;jnjdj; jhJtk;rk; vd;Dk; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J Gj;jupd; Gdpj
je;j tuyhW gw;wpa E}yhFk;.
Vwj;jho ,w;iwf;F 3800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; khe;ijj;JiwKfk; ,Ue;jJ

vd;gijAk; mq;fpUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrk;G Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ
vd;gijAk; ,yq;ifj; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; jpizf;fsg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
v]; A+ Njuzpafiy vd;gtu; 1997 ,y; Muha;r;rp Kbghf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. vdNt
nkhnfQ;NrhjhNuh> ùg;ghf; fhyj;jpYk; khe;ij epytpaJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rp
%yk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“tq;fk; kypfpd;w fly; khNjhl;l ed;dfu;” vd;W $wg;gl;ljdhy; ,J Nfe;jpu

Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s xU tzpfg; gl;bdkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ vd;gJ GydhFk;. gpw;fhyr;
Nrhou;fspdhy; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud;> ,ilf;fhyg; ghz;bau;fspy; KjyhQ;
Re;jughz;bad; KjypNahu; ,f;NfhapYf;Fj; jpUg;gzp nra;Js;sdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhff;
fp.gp.11k; E}w;whz;bYk; mjid mLj;j fhyj;jpYk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; jpUtuq;ff;
NfhapYf;F ,izahd VO gpufhuq;fs; R+o;e;j ngUq; Nfhapyhfj; jpfo;e;jJ
vd;gjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;W cz;L. Nrhoupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,J ,uh[uhN[];tu
kfhNjtd; Nfhapy; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,f;Nfhapiy ,yq;if
muru;fs; gyu; Mjupj;jdu;.
Gj; jNfhapy; fSf; F f; nfhLf;F k; ed; n fhilfSf;fhd rl; lq;f is kPWNthu;

khNjhl;lj;jpw; gRf; nfhiy nra;jij xj;j ghtj;ijg; ngWthnud;w vr;rupf;if
9k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j rpq;fsf; fy;ntl;Lr; rhrdk; xd;wpw; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jdhy; mtu;fs; jpUf;NfjPr;ruf; Nfhapy; kPJ itj;jpUe;j kjpg;Gg; Gyg;gLk;.
,j;jifa rpwg;Gila gz;ilf; Nfhapy; 1960k; Mz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ,bj;J

mopf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; flw; ngUf;fhy; ,Ue;j ,lKk; kiwe;jJ. Vwj;jho 200
Mz; L fs; fope; j gpd; 1894k; Mz; L gz; i lf; N fhapy; ,Ue; j ,lj; i jf;
fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd mfo;T Muha;rr ; p Muk;gkhdJ. mjd; tpisthf Guhjd Nfhapy;
,Ue;j ,lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. %u;jj; p jyk; jPuj
; j
; k; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xU NfhapYf;F
kfpik jUfpd;w Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; vd;W jhAkhdtupd; ghly; xd;W $Wfpd;wJ.
vdNt jpUf;NfjPr;ruf; Nfhapypd; ,e;j %d;W mk;rq;fSk; vj;jifad vd;gjid
<z;L ehk; Nehf;FNthk;.
%u;j ;j pr; rpwg;G
,f;Nfhapypd; ,iwtd; ngau; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd;. ,iwtp ngau; nfsupmk;ghs;.

jytpUl;rk; td;dpkuk;. jpUf;NfjPr;rug; ngUkhid “khNjhl;lj;J mz;zy; me;jzu;
mbfs; ve;ij” vd;wpt;thW Nghw;wpj; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; Njthuk; ghbAs;shu;. Re;juu;
jk; Njthuj;jpy; ,tiu ml;ld; vd;fpwhu;. Mfhak;> epyk;> ePu;> tsp> mf;fpdp>
R+upad;> re;jpud;> ,akhdd; vd;Dk; vl;L %u;j;jq;fSk; xd;W Nru;e;j %u;j;jp
ml;ld; vdg;gLk;. NtnwhU Njthuj;jpy; mtu; “%tnud ,Utnud Kf;fz;Zil
%u;j;jp” vd;whu;. Md;k <Nlw;wj;jpd; nghUl;Lj; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd; mad;>mup>mud;
vd;Dk; %tuhAk; mk;ik mg;gd; vd ,UtuhAk; ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;gJ mjd; fUj;J.
,Utu; vd;W $Wk;nghOJ <rd; rj;jp gpd;dk; ,y;yhjtd; vd;De; jj;Jtg; nghUSk;
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhfj; Njthjp Njtdhf tpsq;Fe; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd;
Nkyhdtd; vd;gjid czu;j;Jk; tifapw; rpNul;ld; vd;DQ; nrhy;iyr; RUf;fpr;
rpl;ld; vd;Wk; mtu; ghbAs;shu;. jpUntz;iz ey;Y}upNy jk;ikj; jLj;jhl;nfhz;l
ngUkhDk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjDk; xUtNu vd;Dq; fUj;jpy; mtu; Njtd; vid
Ms;thd; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jhNd vd;whu;.
Qhdrk;ge;ju; jkf;F Qhdg;ghy; Cl;ba vk;ngUkhl;bf;F ed;wpAzu;T cilatuha;

mtiu Kjw;fz; Fwpg;gpl;L Njtp jd;ndhLe; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;J ,Ue;j vk;ngUkhNd
vd;W Nghw;wpj; jk; Mw;whikia ntspgg
; Lj;jpAs;shu;. ,yq;ifia rptG+kp vd;fpdw
; hu;
jpU%y ehadhu;. rpwg;GkpF ,r; rptG+kpapd; fz; goikAk; ngUikAk; GfOk;
cila rptj;jyq;fs; gytpUe;jik tuyhW. ,t;tuyhw;Wz;ikapid fp.K.1800
tiuapy; ele;j ,uhk ,uhtz Aj;jj;jpd; juTfspywpayhk;.
,g;ngUikAila <oj;jpUehl;by; %u;j;jp> jyk;> jPu;j;jkha; %d;WQ; rpwg;ghikag;

ngw;w jpUj;jyk; mUs; kpF jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUj;jykhk;. ngUe;jtKilNahuha
NfJ> kad;> khJtl;lh> kz;Nlhjup> ,uhku;> mfj;jpau; Kjypa jtKilNahu;
topghlhw;wp jq;Fiw jPu;j;J kPz;l tuyhW nfhz;l jyk; ,j;jpUj;jyk;.
“tpUJFd;wkh NkUtp ehzu thtd nyupak;ghg; nghUJ%ntapy; nrw;wtd;gw;wp

epd;Wiwgjp ve;ehSk; fUJfpd;w Cu; fidflw; fbfko; nghopyzp khNjhl;lq;
fUjepd;w NfjPr ;ruq; ifnjhof; fLtpidailahNt” -ehSk; jkpo;tsu;j;j
Qhdrk;ge;jd;
NfJ G+rpjj ; jykhjyhy; jpUf;Nfjprr; ukhapwn

; wd Ma;thsu;fs; $wh epwg
; u;. ,f;Nfhapy;
khNjhl;l ed;dfupy; mike;Js;sJ. ,j; jyj;jpyike;Js;s ghyhtpj; jPu;j;jj;jpy;
ePuhb ,Wjpf;fld; GupNthu;f;Ff; fhahtpy; fldhw;Wk; Gz;zpak; fpl;LnkdTk;> ,j;
jPu;j;jj;jpy; ePuhLNthu;f;Fg; gpukfj;jp Nghd;w ghtq;fs; jPUnkd;gJk; ,j;jPu;j;jjpd;
kfpikAk; rpwg;GkhFk;.
“ej;jhu; gil Qhdd;gR Ntwpe;eid ftpo;tha; kj;jk; kj ahidAup Nghu;j;j

kzthsd; gj;jhfpa njhz;lu; njhO ghyhtpapd; fiuNky; nrj;jhnuYk;gzpthd;
jpUf; NfjPr;ruj;jhNd” - Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;-
,e;e hl;Lg; goq;F bapduha; ehfu;fsJ Kf;fpakhd topghl;Lj; jykhjyhy;

,j;jpUf;NfhapypwF
; ehfehju; vdTk; ngau; toq;fp te;Js;sJ NghjUk; ,r;nra;jpahy;
irtrkapfspd; njhd;ikiaAk; ngUikiaAk; ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; ,ak;Gfpd;wJ.
Nrho> ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gy jpUg;gzpfis ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypw;fhw;wpa ngUikAk;>
td;dp> aho;g;ghz muru;fs; epj;jpa iekpj;jpaq;fs; ,ilawhJ nra;j ngUikAq;
nfhz;l jpUj;jykpJthFk;.
Vohk; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j irtj;jpd; Xsptpsf;fhk; jtf;nfhOe;jpduha

mUsbahu;fs; vd cyfpduhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUQhd rk;ge;j %u;jj ; p ehahdhuhYk;>
Re;ju %u;j;jp ehadhuhYk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J jpUg;gjpfk; ghlg; ngw;w rpwg;Gila
jykpJthFk;
mUs;kpF jpUehTf;fuR Rthkpfs; mtu;fspd; jpUjhz;lfj;jpYk;>
Nrf; f pohu; ngUkhdpd; ngupaGuhzj; j pYk; ,j; j pUj; j yk; Rl; l g; g l; b Ug; g J
nts;spilkiy ,j;jF rPu;G+j;j jpUj;jyk; fhynts;sj;jpy; rpf;fpr; rpije;J
rpd;dhgpd;dkile;J kz;Nklhdik tuyhw;W cz;ikahFk;.
,j;jpUj;jyj;ij mz;ba gFjpfspy; gy rpthyaq;fspUe;jikia mfo;tha;Tj;

juTfs; %ykwpa Kbfpdw ; J. md;wpAk; ,j;jpUtplk; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ngUefukhfTk;
gy;Jiwj; njhopy; ty;ytu;fs; tho;e;j efukhfTk; rpw;gk; fiy EZf;fk; epiwe;j
Mw;wy; kpf;f fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;L jpfo;e;j moF efukhfTk; kpspu;e;jik
Ma;thsu;jk; JzpthFk;
jpUf;NfjPrr; uj; jpUjyj;jpw;fzpj;jha; tq;fhiynad;Dk; efukpUe;jikAk;> gz;lq;fs;

Vw; w papwf; F k; JiwKfkhfTk; tq; f nkDk; ngUq; f g; g y; f s; fl; L kplkhf
,Ue;Js;sikaAk;> NtW khspifj; jply; vd;Wk; ghg;ghNkhl;ilnad;Wk; ,d;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk; Cu;fs; ,Ug;gijAk; ehSq;fhz Kbfpdw ; J. me;jzu;fs; tho;tplkha;
,Ue;jikahy; mJ ghg;ghNkhl;ilnadTk; khlkhspiffs; kpspu;e;jikahy;
khspifj; jplnydTk; mike;jpUe;jd.
;Mu;tyu; xUtu; giftuhy; ftug;glhjpUj;jw; nghUl;L fypq;f Njrj;jpypUe;J

nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Gj;j je;jj;Jld; khNjhl;lj;jpd; fz;zpwq;fp md;W ,utpid
mq;NfNa fopj;jjhfTk; tuyhWz;L. gj;jhk;> gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; ,f; Nfhapy;
Nrhokd;du;fshy; ,uhruhNr];tu khfhNjtd; Nfhapnyd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Nghj;Jf;fPruhy; jfu;f;fg;gl;l ,t;thyaf; fw;fisAQ; rpw;gq;fisAk; nfhz;L

khNjhl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l KjyhtJ Njthyaj;jpw;F mbf;fy;yhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
cz;ikiaj; Jyf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. mopj;Jr; rpijf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,j; jpUtplj;ij
tpbnts;spapd; mtjhuk; nra;j jpUg;ngUe;jpU mUs;kpF aho;g;ghzj;J MWKf
ehtyu; Iah mtu;fs; me;epyj;ij thq;fp irtrkapfspd; ngUikAk; GfOk;
epiyf; f Ntz; Lnkd; D k; Nguthtpdhy; J}z; L jy; nra; J Xu; mwpf;i fia
ntspapl;bUe;j ngUik Iah mtu;fisNa rhUk;. Iah mtu;fspd; Miria
epiwTnra;a Kad;w ngupahu;fs; nfhOk; G jk;i gah Kjypahu;> Rigjhu;
itj;jpypq;fk;> Gifapuj jghy; xg;ge;jf;fhuu;> khj;jis Mirg;gps;is MfpNahupd;
mUKaw;rp murpdupd; mlhj;jd;ikahy; epiwTngwtpayhJ Nghapw;W. njhlu;e;J
1890,y; jifrhd;w irtg;ngupahu;fspd; ngUKaw;rpahy; mf;fhyj;J mur mjpgu;
me;epyj;ij irtu;fl;Nf toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;w epiyg;ghl;bw;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhu;.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,j;jpUNfhapypw;nfd Xu; rig cUthf;fg;gl;L mjd; KjyhtJ

jiytuhf irtg;ngupahu; R.rptghjRe;juk; mtu;fSk; nghJr; nrayhsuhf ePuhtpab
gz;bju; m.rpw;wk;gyk; mtu;fSk; njupT nra;ag;gl;L cau;e;j gy Fwpf;NfhSld;
rig nraw;gl ahg;G mikf;fg;gl;lJ irtf; nfhs;iff;F; mika kWrPuikf;fg;gLjy;.
Myaj;ijAQ; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; ahnjhU FiwAkpd;wpg; ghJfhj;jy;.
Nkw;$wpa nfhs;if Nfhl;ghL tiuaiwfl;F khwpy;yhj tifapy; nraw;gLjy;.

Vida ,iw tzf;fj; jyq;fis cUthf;FjYk; JizGupjYk; kf;fs; jq;Fklq;fs;>
fy;tpf; $lq;fs;> r%f epiyaq;fs; Nghd;w md;whl tsu;rr ; pg; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jy
Nghd;w gy mupa nray;fisg; Gupar; rigiaj; jahu;gLj;jy; Nghd;w caupa
nray;fis tpiue;J eilKiwg;gLj;j Kaw;rpg;gnjd cWjp G+zg;gl;lJ. 10 ngg;utup
1951,y; nghJ clikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l rigahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.
rigahfg; gjpTnra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;Gk; Nfhapy; cupikfs; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efug;
ngupahu;fsplNk ,Ue;J te;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; 14 nrg;uk;gu; 1951,y; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il
efuj;jhu; cskfpo;TlDk; ey; ,zf;fj;JlDk; jpUg;gzpr; rigahuplk; gupghydk;
ifkhw;wg;gl;lJ.
nghWg;Gf;fs; ifNaw;fg;gl;l fhyk; Kjy; mupa ngupa jpUg;gzpfs; njhlu;e;J

eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. nfhOk;G gioa> Gjpa fjpNurd; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpr;
rigapduhy; Nju; e ; n jLf; f g; g l; l ,Utu; mwq; f htyu; f shfTk; (Itu; )
gQ;rhaj;jtu;fshfTk; epakdk; ngw;W rigia elhj;jptuj; jpUf;NfjPrr
; uj; jpUg;gzpg;
nghJr;rig jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,r;rigapd; jPu;khdg;gb fhrpthrp rpt= <rhd rpthr;rhupahu;> mr;RNtyp rpt=

Fkhurhkpf; FUf;fs;> irtg;ngupahu; R.rptghjRe;juk;> fl;llf;fiyQu; tp.eurpk;kd;
MfpNahupd; Mfk tpjpfSf;fikthd mwpTWj;jy;fSld; jkpo;ehL jpUthsu;fs;
nry;yf;fz;Z ];jgjpahu;> K.itj;jpaehj ];jgjpahu; Mfpatu;fshy; Kiwg;gb
Rthkp> mk;ghs; fUtiwfs; fUq;fy;yhYk;> Rij> fhiufshYk; tpkhd NtiyfSk;
NfhGuq;fSk; cyf irtg;ngUkf;fspd; NgUjtp nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;ld.
,j;jpUj;jyk; cUthf mUs;thf;F ey;fpa ey;Y}u; jpUg;ngUe;jpU MWKfehtu;
Iah mtu;fs; “jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vDe; Njd;nghe;J xd;W csJ. mq;F kUe;njhd;W
kiwe;Js;sJ. mjidr; nrd;wilAq;fs;” vd mUs;Qhdrk;ge;ju; Rl;bf;fhl;baJ
Nghy mwpTWj;jpaUspdhu;.

Iah mtu;fspd; mwpTWj;jy; Nkw;nfhz;L tplj;jy;jPT NtYg;gps;is mtu;fSk;>

Kjy; Fuy; nfhLj;j irtgupghyd rignad;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Kd;G
MyakpUf;Fk; jpUtplj;ij irtrkaj;jtu;fs; ifafg;gLj;j tpUk;ghjepiy khwp
khtl;l mjpgupd; Kd;nkhopTf;fika Vyj;jpy; tplg;gl;L fhLkz;ba epyj;Jld; 43
Vf;fu; 3 W}l; 33 Ngr; fhzp ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efuj;Jr; nrk;ky; irtr; rhd;whsu;
uhk mU.mU.godpag;gr; nrl;bahuhd ngUkfdhuhy; aho; nrayfj;jpy; 3>100/=
&ghtpw;F nfhs;Kjy; nra;ag;gl;lik irtu;fspd; ngUikf;Fupanjhd;whapw;W.
1984Mk; Mz;L tz;izr; irtg;ngupahu; rp.j.K.gRgjpr; nrl;bahu;> jpUthsu;fs;

,.,uhKg;gps;is itj;jpau; it.MWKfk; gps;is> jh.,uhftg;gps;is MfpNahupd;
mauhj Kaw;rpapdhy; 13 [_d; 1894 md;W gioa Myak; ,Ue;j jpUtplKk;>
jPu;j;jf; fpzWk; Kd; epWtg;gl;bUe;j ypq;fk; xd;Wk; jpUee;jp Nrhkh];fe;ju;>
fNzru; Mfpa %u;j;jpfspd; rpiyfs; fz;nlLf;fg; gl;ld. ,tw;iw epWtpg; G+ir
mu;rid mgpNlfq;fs; ,aw;w Ntz;b ,d;Ws;s NfhapypUf;F kplj;jpy; rpW
Nfhapyikj;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l %u;j;jpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; epWtp 28 [_d; 1903
Mk; Mz;by; ey;Ntisapy; KjyhtJ FlKOf;F tpoh elj;jg;gl;Lr; rpwg;ghfr;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
%yf; fUtiwapy; vOe; j Us itf; f g; ngw; w rptypq; f k; fhrpapypUe; J

tUtpf;fg;gl;lnjd jpU ,uhNkr;ru tuyhw;Wj; jutpdhywpa Kbfpd;wJ ,jidj;
njhlu;e;J gy jpUg;gzpfshw;wg;gl;L 1920Mk; Mz;bYk; kw;Nwhu; jpUf;FlKOf;F
tpohr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Gjpjhf mikf;fg;gl;l Myak; fhllu;e;J mope;j epiyfz;L ehl;bd; irtg;

ngUkf;fspd; cs;sj;ij tpopg;gilaTk; gioa cau; epiyf;Fj; jpUf;Nfhapy;
tsuTk; Ntz; L nkd; w epidg; g pdhYk; ce; J jypdhYk; 1948 Mk; Mz; L
,j;jpUtplj;jpy; <oj;Jr; rptdbahu; jpUf;$l;lj;jpduhy; irtg; ngU khehnlhd;W
$l;lg;gl;lJ. ,k; khehl;ilf; $l;l Kd;dpd;W cioj;j ngUkf;fs; tupirapy;
NtyizA+u; tp.Nf. nry;yg;ghr; Rthkpahu;> jpUthrf Kjy;tu; rp.rutzKj;J
mbfs;> rl;lj;juzp R.rptRg;gpukzpak; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
$ba irtg;ngUkhehL Myaj;ij kWrPuikj;J tsk;gy ngw itf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w

rpe;jidia cUthf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. ,k;kfhehl;ilj; njhlu;e;J gk;gyg;gpl;b
efuj;jhu; fjpNurd; Myaj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rigNa ,d;Wyfshtpa ngUikAld;
jpfo;fpd;w jpUf;NfjPr;ru Myaj; jpUg;gzpr; rig fUq;fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;
nfsupak;ghs; Nfhapy; kNyrpah jpUg;gzpr;rigf; fpisapduhy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
,j;jpUf;Nfhapypy; epWtg;ngw;Ws;s fUq;fy; jpUg;gbfq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd gbkq;fs;
khky;yGuk; murpdu; rpw;gf;fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,j;jpUf;Nfhapypy; 1952Yk; 1960 Mz;bYk; jpUTUtg;glq;fs; epWtg;gl;L ,UKiw

FlKOf; f hl; l g; ngw; w J. mjidj; njhlu; e ; J Kbe; j tiu gy; t ifj;
njhy;iyfl;fhshfpa epyikiaAk; nghUl;lhf epidf;fhJ Kad;W jk;ikNa
<rw;fPe;J mUk;ghLgl;L ,j;jpUf;Nfhapiy vLj;j ngUik rptkzp Nru; fe;ijah
itj;jpaehjd; mtu;fisAk; kz;NklhfTk; NrwhfTkpUe;j ghyhtpj; jPuj; j
; f; Fsj;ij
ntl;b mizapl;L nrk;ikAwr; nra;jpl;l ePu;g;ghd nghwpapayhsu; mUshsu;
v];.MWKfg; ngUe;jifiaAk; irt cyF vd;Wk; kwthJ

jpUf;NfjPr ;r uj;jpw;F r; nry;Y k; mbatu;fspd; trjpfis csj;jpy; nfhz;l

mUSs; s j; j pdu; ngUe; j dte; j u; f s; > mur epWtdq; f s; Myar; R+oypy;
jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; klk;> Re;juu; klk;> efuj;jhu; klk;> ehtyu; klk;> mk;kh rj;jpuk;>
jpUg;gjp klk;> jpUthrf klk;> kfhrptuhj;jpup klk;> nghd;dhntsp cilahu;
klk;> ehjd; rj;jpuk;> kNyrpah klk;> fjpu;fhkj; njhz;lu; klk;> kfhJtl;lh klk;>
G+dfup klk;> mbahu; klk;> ePu;ghrd klk;> rptG+ir klk;> eurpq;fu; klk;>
fl;llj;jpizfs klk; vd gy;NtW jpUklq;fis epWtp mbahu;fl;fhWjyspj;j
ngUikfshapd.
mJ kl;Lkh? xU efuj;ij moFnra;tjw;Fupa kUe;jfk;> kf;fs; eyk; Ngzfk;>

g.Neh.$. rq;fk;> fp.K.rq;fk;> fp.m.rq;fk;> fpuhNkhja rig> ePu;toq;fy; rig>
mQ;ryfk;> mq;fhbfs; Nghd;w kpfkpf mtrpakhd midj;J tsq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;L kpspu;e;jik fz;$L.
VJq; Fiwtpd;wp vy;yhkike;J jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUe;j jpUf;Nfhapw; jpUklk;

jpUf;Nfhapiyj; jtpu;e;j midj;J tsq;fSk; mope;J Ngha; gioik epiyf;Fj;
js;sg; gl;Ls;sik cs Nehitj; jhuhjpUf;fpdw; J. 1976Mk; Mz;L ntF rpwg;Gld;
jpUf;Nfhapy; jpUf;Flj; jpUKOf;Fg; ngUQ;rhe;jp tpoh epfo;jj
; g; ngw;W 1990Mk;
Mz;Ltiu epj;jpa iekpj;jpa ngUtpohf;fs; eilngw;W te;jd
1990f;Fg; gpd; G+irNah ngUtpohf;fNsh eilngwKbahj mty epiyf;Fj;

js;sg;gl;Lf; fhL kz;bf; fisapoe;J fhl;rpjUtJ fz;$L
,f; f hy vy;i yapy; Ie; J jpUj;N ju; f s; Kad;W cUthf;f g;g l;L tP jptyk;
te;jfhl;rpjid mUsbahu;fs; kwe;jpUf;fKbahJ. Kjw;ngUe; Njupy; cyhtu
cyfpNyNa ngupa Nrhkh];fe;j nja;tj;jpUTUtk; tbf;fg;gl;L cyhte;j fhl;rp
mUshsu;fshy; vd;Wk; kwf;f Kbahj fhl;rpahFk;. GJikahd rpw;gq;fisf;
nfhz;l jpUf;NfhapiyAe; jpUj;Nju;fisAk; mikj;j ngUik jkpoe ; hL khky;yGuk;
murpdu; rpw;gf; fiyf; fy;Y}up tpidQu;fisAk; godp rpw;gf;fyhty;Ydu;fisAk;
aho; jpUney;Ntyp MWKfk; rPtuj;jpdk; vDk; rpw;gf;fyh ty;Ydu;fisAk;
rhu;e;jnjd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.
,j;Jiz rpwg;Gf;fs; mike;jjhfTk;> ve;jf;FiwAkpy;yhj vy;yhklq;fpa jd;dpiwT

ngw;w ngUq;Nfhapyhf mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Mu;tq;nfhz;L my;Yk; gfYk;
NfhapNy jd; rpe;ijahff; nfhz;L Nfhapy; gw;wpa juTfisf; fhl;Lk; E}y;fis
EZfp Muha;e;J rpthfk eilKiw gpioahJ mikj;jpl ehSk; nghOJk;
rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;wpa Mw;wp tUfpd;w rl;l ty;Ydu; irtg; ngupahu; ,.ekrpthak;
mtu;jk; NritiaAk; mtUld; cWJizaha; gzpahw;Wk; md;gu;fspd; gzpfisAk;
ed;wpAs;s irt cyfk; vd;Wk; kwhtjpUf;Fnkd ek;Gtjpy; jtNwJ.

nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuk;
< oj;jpd; gio ik kpf; f r pthyaq;fspy; n fhf;fl;br ; N r hiy
jhd;Njhd;wPr;ruKk; xd;W. fpof;fpyq;ifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
Nfhapy;fspy; rpwg;Gkpf;f ghuk;gupaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. tPuirt kugpid tpsf;fp
epw;Fk; Myak;.
kl;LkhefUf;F njw;Nf kz;Kidg; ghyj;jpD}lhf Rkhu; 13 fp.kP njhiytpy;

nropg;Gk; tdg;Gk; kpf;f gok;gjpahf tpsq;FtJ nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy. fhLk; taYk;
#o;e;J tpsq;FtJ.
kd;du;fs;>td;dpau;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; ,r; rpthyaj;jpw;Fg; gy mw ed;nfhilfisf;

nfhLj;Js;sdu;. Nfhapy; njhlu;ghd tof;fhWfisAk; FbkuGfisAk; tpsf;Fk;
ghly;fs; jpUg;gilg;gj;jjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,g;ghly;fs; Mz;L NjhWk;
Ntl;ilj;jpUtpohtd;W gbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Nfhapy; tuyhw; wpidf; nfhf;f l; b ahu; kuNghL jpUNtl; ilf; fhtpak;

njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $Wfpd;wJ. mjpy; “fjpukiyiaj; juprpf;f Kj;Jypq;fu;> nfhf;fl;bau;
vd;w ,U jNghjdu; Gwg;gl;ldu;. nfhf;fl;bahu; rptgjkila> mtiur; rkhjpapUj;jp>
Kj;Jypq;fu; fjpukiyiaj; juprpf;fr; nrd;whu;. mr;rkhjpapypUe;J xU ypq;fk;
cz;lhfp> nfhf;F nel;b kuk; xd;wpdhy; kiwf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Njd;ngwr; nrd;w
Ntlu; mk; k uj; i j ntl; l ,uj; j k; rpe; j paJ. ,ij nrhg; g dj; j pywpe; j
fjpu;fhkahj;jpupfupy; xUtuhd nrl;bahu; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jhu;.
,t;thyaNk nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F
Ntlu; G+irNa epfo;e;jJ.” vdf; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ.
kw;nwhU nra;jp cyf ehafpNahL njhlu;GilaJ. “Fzrpqf

; d; kl;lf;fsg;gpid
Mz;l fhyj;jpy; fypq;fNjrj;J FfNrdDila Gj;jpup cyfehafp Gj;jupd;
rpd;dj;ijAk;> Kd;Ndhu;fs; ifyhaj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jg;Ngzpa rptypq;fj;ijAk;
nfhz;L jd; rNfhjud; cyfehjDld; ,yq;if te;jhs;. Nkftu;zdplk;
Gj;jrpdd
; j;ijf; nfhLj;J jdf;F Fbfspyy
; hj fhl;Lg; gpuNjrnkhd;wpidj; juNtz;Lk;
vd murdplk; Nfl;lhs;. Nkftu;zd; kl;lf;fsg;G mjpgjpahfpa Fzrpq;fDf;F
jpUKfk; vOjpf; nfhLj;J mDg;gp itj;jhd;. Fzrpq;fd; mtSf;F kz;Kidia
epe;jkhff; nfhLj;J> Fbfis ,Uj;jp> mts; tho;tjw;F khspif xd;wpidAk;
mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhd;. cyfehafp mq;F jd; tho;tpid mikj;Jf;nfhz;ljd;
gpd;> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J 106 Fff; FLk;gq;fisAk;> 30 rpiwf; FLk;gq;fisAk;
tutioj;J Fbaku;jj
; pdhs;. kf;fspd; topghl;bw;fhf kz;Kidapy; Nfhapy; xd;wpidf;
fl;Ltpj;J rptypq;fj;jpd; jpUtbtpidj; jpUepiyg;gLj;jpdhs;.

jpfld; vd;Dk; Ntlu; jiytd; fsg;G Kidf; fhl;by; njd;Gwj;jpy; fhLntl;Lk;

NghJ nfhf;F nel;b kuj;jpid ntl;bdhd;. mt;ntl;Lj; jOk;gpypUe;J ,uj;jk;
ngUfpaJ. mjidf; fz;l Ntld; Jzpapdhy; ntl;Lthiaf; fl;bagpd; cyfehafpfF
;
mwptpj;jhd;. cyfehafp mq;F nrd;W ghu;j;jNghJ mt;tplj;jpy; rptypq;fk; xd;W
Njhd;wpapUe;jjidf; fz;lds;. mjdhy; mt;tplj;ijj; Jg;guT nra;J Nfhapy;
fl;b> Fbfis mku;j;jpdhs;.” vd;gJ kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpaj;jpy; $wg;gLk; nra;jp
MFk;.
nfhf;fl;br; Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;w]

P t
; uUf;F ,U Rw;W kjpy;fSk; 4 %iyfspYk;
4 klq;fSk; gpujhd Myaj;ijr; #o ghu;tjpak;kd;> tpf;Nd];tuh;> KUfd;>
ts;spak;kd;> nja;tahid> kfhtp\;Z> ituth;> ehfjk;gpuhd;> etf;fpufq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpw;F rpW rpW Myaq;fSk;> nfhbj;jk;gj;njhL fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;>
epUj;jkz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk; vd kz;lgq;fNshL $ba Myak; mofhff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
,t;thyaj;jpwn
; fd tay; epyq;fs; Fsf;Nfhl;ld;> fypqf
; kfhd;> tpkyju;k#upad;>
tpf;fpukrpq;fd; Nghd;w kd;du;fshy; khdpaq;fshf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
%d;W tz;zf;Fkhupd; jiyikr; nraw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;l gupghydrigNa

,t;thyaj;ij epUtfpj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,r;rigapd; fypq;fh Fbiar; Nru;e;jtu;
jiyikg; nghWg;gpid Vw;f> cyfpg;Nghb Fbapidr; rhu;e;jtu; epjp mYty;fisf;
ftdpf;f> gilahz;l Fbiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; epUthfr; nraw;ghl;bidg; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tu;. Njrj;Jf; NfhapYf;Fupa jdpj;JtKk; ,q;F Ngzg;gl;Nl te;jJ.
,q;F jpde;NjhWk; 3 fhyg;G+ir eilngWfpd;wJ. ijg;nghq;fy;> ijg;G+rk;>

rptuhj;jpup> khrpkfk;> gq;Fdp cj;juk;> rpj;jpiug; gpwg;G> itfhrpg; ngsu;zkp>
Mbmkhthir> jPghtsp> fe;jr\;b> fhu;jj
; pif tpsf;fL
P > jpUntk;ghit Nghd;w
tpNrl jpdq;fspy; mgpN\fq;fSk;> G+irfSk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. rptuhj;jpup>
jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUntk;ghit vd;git ngUtpohthff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.
,t; thyaj; jpy; rq;f ku; vd;D k; tP uirtu; fNs G+irfis epiwNtw;w p
tUfpd;whu;fs;. nghJthf jpUg;gilf; Nfhapy;fspy; ,t;topKiw ePz;lfhykhf
iff; nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jpUg;gjhfj; njupfpwJ.

Nghu; j ; J f; N fau; ,yq; i fiaf; ifg; g w; w p fpof; f py; jkJ epiyfis

tYg;gLj;jpaNjhL rpwg;Gkpf;f Myaq;fisAk; mopj;jdh;. ,e;epiyapy; xU ehs;
nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wPr;ruj;ij Kw;Wifapl;ldh;. Myaj;ijr;Rw;wpg; ghu;j;j
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa jsgjp fy;ypy; nrJf;fpa khl;ilf; fz;L jpifg;Gw;W>”fy;yhyhd
,k;khL Gy; jpd;Dkh?” vdf; Nfl;lhd;. mjw;F FUf;fs; “,k;khL xU ehisf;F
xU jlit jhd; Gy;Yj; jpd;Dk;” vdf; $wpdhu;. ehis jhd; tUtjhff; $wpr;
nrd;w jsgjp> mLj;j ehl;f hiy te;J Gy; iyj; jpd;d f; nfhLf;F khW
fl;lisapLfpd;whd;. FUf;fSk; Gy;iy khl;Lf;Ff; nfhLf;f fy;khL vOe;J epd;W
mirNghl;L Gy;iyj; jpd;W rhzj;ijAk; Nghl;lJ. gpd;du; mg;gbNa fhy;fis
kbj;J nkJthfg; gLj;J tpl;lJ. ,jidf; fz;Zw;w jsgjp fuq;fisf; $g;gpa
tz;zk; FUf;fis tzq;fp jdJ jtWf;fhf kd;dpg;G NfhupajhfTk;> mjd;gpd;
ve;j r; irtf;N fhapy; f spYk; if itf; f tpy; iy vd nrtptop tuyhWfs;
czu;jJ
; fpd;wd. ,ij epidT $uj;jf;f tifapy; fy;yhyhd khL ,d;Wk; rhl;rpahf
fhl;rp jUfpd;wJ.
,t;thya kNfhw;rtk; Mtzp Kjw; gpiwapy; nfhbNawp G+uizf;F mLj;JtUk;

jpq;fspy; jPu;jN
; jhw;rtj;Jld; jpUtpoh epiwTWk;. nfhbNaw;wk; njhlf;fk; NjNuhl;lk;
tiuAk; 18 jpUtpohf;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. Nju;j;jpUtpohtpw;F kWjpdk; mjpfhiy
‘jpUNtl;ilj; jpUtpoh” njhlq;fp jPuj
; j
; j; jpUtpohtpw;F Kd;djhf KbTWk;. ,jid
mLj;J ‘FLf;if $wy;” ,lk;ngWk; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; gy;NtW
tFg; g pdUk; ,t; t hyaj; j py; njhz; ^ opak; Gupa tiuaWf; f g; g l; L s; s ik
jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. ,jdbg;gilapNyNa ‘FLf;if $wy;’ vd;Dk; nfsutpg;G epfo;r;rp
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ>
,t; ,iwtd; kPJ jhd;Njhd;wP];tuh; CQ;ry;> fhtbr; rpe;J> jpUg;gjpfk;>

Fk;kp> rpd;dtg;Gytupd; jhd;Njhd;wPRuh; gjpfk; vd;gd ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kd; N d]; t uk;
,yq;ifapd; Gfo;ngw;w njhd;ik tha;e;j rpthyaq;fspy; Kd;Nd];tuKk;

xd;W. ,J tlNkw;F khfhzj;ijr; Nru;e;j Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; ePu;tsk;> epytsk;
,aw;if vopy; kpf;f rpyhgk; vDkplj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW
rkaj;jtu;fSk; Nghw;Wk; Gdpj jykhf gpugy;a jykhf ,j;jyk; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
tpahru;> ,uhku; KjypNahu; topgl;l jykhfTk; ,J Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F

Kdptu;fs; rptgpuhid topgl;ljhy; ,J KdP];tuk; vd miof;fg;gLtjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uhkgpuhd; ,j;jyj;jpNy rptgpuhid topgl;Lj; jk;ikg; gPbj;j
gpuk;k`j;jpapdpd;W tpLjiy ngw;whu; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,j;jyk; Kw;fhyk; njhl;L epyTk; <];tuk; rpthyak; vd tpsf;fg;gLtNj

,jd; njhd;ikia vkf;F tpsf;FfpwJ. njhd;ikf;Nfw;g ,iwtd; Kd;idehj
Rthkp vdTk;> mk;ghs; jiyrpwe;j mofpahf tbthk;gpif vd miof;fg;gLfpdw
; hu;.
51 rf;jp gPlq;fspy; kpfr; rpwe;jnjhd;whfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. %y%u;j;jpahf
tbthk;gpif rNkj Kd;idehj Rthkp Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.
Fsf;Nfhl;l kd;dd; ,t;thyaj;jpw;F k; ngupa jpUg;gzpfs; nra;jjhf

Kd;Nd];tukhd;kpaj;jpy; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,td; rpije;j epiyapy; ,Ue;j
Myaj;ij kPs mikj;J kfh Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijr; nra;jjhfTk;> ,t;thyaj;jpy;
gzpguptjw;fhf Nrho ehl;bypUe;J gyjpwg;gl;ltu;fisf; nfhz;L te;J Myag;
gzpfspy; <LgLj;jpajhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
fp.gp 15k;> 16k; E}w;whz;LfspNy Kd;Ndr;ruk; kpfr; rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpaJ.

Nfhl;il murdhd 6k; guhf;fpukghF ngsj;j rkaj;jtdhapDk; ,e;J rkaj;jpy;
<LghL nfhz; l tdhff; fhzg; g l; l hd; . NfhapYf;F k; G+rfu; f Sf; F k; ,td;
ed; n fhilfs; toq; f pajhf ,f; Nfhapypy; fhzg; g Lk; jkpo; f ; f y; n tl; L f;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
xd;gjhk; guhf;fpukghF (fypfhy ru;tf;Q gz;bjd; vd;gJ ,tdJ tpUJg;

ngau;) ,t;thyaj;jpwF
; te;J topghL nra;J> NfhapYf;F gy fpuhkq;fis khdpakhf
toq;fpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nghu; j ; J f; N faupd; Mjpf; f j; j py; fp.gp 1578 ,y; Kd; N d]; t u Myak;
jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW mopf;fg;gl;l Myak; fz;baurDk; ehaf;f
tk;rj;jtDkhfpa fPuj
; j
; p = ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy; (fp.gp 1747 – 1782) kPsg; Gduikj;J
1757 ,y; kfh Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijAk; rpwg;ghf elj;jpdhd;. ,td; Myaj;jpd; epj;jpa>
iekpj;jpa G+irfs; rpwg;ghf eilngw Vw;ghLfisr; nra;J rpthr;rhupahu;fSf;F
ney;tpis epyq;fisf; nfhLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
%d;W tPjpfisf; nfhz;l ,f;Nfhapypd; jpUf;Fsj;jpd; fiuapy; mike;j

murkuk; jytpUl;rkhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpdw
; J. %u;jj
; p> jy> jPu;j;jr; rpwg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
khatdhW vdg;gLk; njJU Xah MW ,t;thyaj;jpd; jPu;j;jkhFk;.
gpujhd Nfhapy; fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk;> Mfpatw;iwf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. fu;gg
; f;fpufKk; ];J}gpAk; ,yq;ifapYs;s Nfhapyf
; spy; kpfg;ngupait.
tpkhdk; 46 mb cauKs;sJ. %d;W jsk; nfhz;l tpkhdk; fz;baurd; fhyj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpNy Rak;Gypq;f tbtpy; %y %u;j;jp Mfpa Kd;idehjUk;

tbthk;gpifAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.
gps;isahu;> Rg;gpukzpa Rthkp re;epjhdq;fspNy fw;Fj;Jtpsf;FfNs ,d;Wk;

ehNlhWk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
tpehafh;> Rg;gpukzpau;> MWKfu;> eluh[h; Kjypa tpf;fpufq;fs; kpfTk;

fiyaoFld; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it ,d;Wk; ,f;NfhapypNy itj;J G+rpf;fg;gLfpdw
; d.
irt rka kugpw;Nfw;g Nfhapypy; eilngw Ntz;ba G+irfs;> cw;rtq;fs;>

fpupiafs; ahTk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; xOq;fhf eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. ehs;NjhWk;
MWfhyg; G+irfs; xOq;fhf eilngWfpwJ. xt;nthU khjKk; ngsu;zkp jpdj;jd;W
eilngWk; tpNrl = rf;fuG+ir gu;tae;jpu G+ir vdg;gLk;. rptrf;jp If;fpa
&gkhfTs;s = rf;fuj;jpid ,yq;ifapy; Kjd;KjypNy topghL nra;A k;
Kiwapidj; njhlf;fpa jdpr; rpwg;G ,j;jyj;jpw;FupaJ.
kNfhw;rtk; Mz;LNjhWk; 28 ehl;fSf;F eilngw;W Mtzpg; ngsu;zkpad;W

jPuj
; N
; jhw;rtj;Jld; epiwTngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohf;fspNy gf;Njhw;rtk;> gp\hlNzhw;rtk;>
eluh[ cw;rtk;> Ntl;ilj; jpUtpoh> Nju;j;jpUtpoh> jPu;j;jj;jpUtpoh vd;gd
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
jpUtpohtpd;NghJ ehs;NjhWk; tpehafh;> Rg;ukzpau;>MWKfu;> Nrhkh];fe;ju;

MfpNahu; cila jpUTyhf; f hl; r p ,lk; n gWk; . gf; N jhw; r tk; md; W 63
ehad;khu;fSila jpUTUtq;fSk; tof;fkhf tUk; jpUTUtq;fSld; Nru;e;J
tyk; tUk; jpUTUtf; fhl; r p jdpr; r pwg; G tha; e ; j J. ,j; j ifa cw; r tk;
Kd;Nd];tuj;jpw;Nf jdpr;rpwg;ghdJ.
gpuNjh\k;> nts;spf;fpoik> ijg;nghq;fy;> ijg;G+rk;> rptuhj;jpup> gq;Fdp

cj;juk;> rpj;jpiu tU\k;> eNlrUf;Fupa MW mgpN\fq;fs;> etuhj;jpupfs; (tre;j
> rhujh) fe;jr\;b> jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUntk;ghit vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd tpNrl G+i[>
mgpN\fq;fs;> eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
ijkhj G+r el; r j; j puj; j pid ,Wjpahff; nfhz; L ,yl; r hu; r ; r id

elj;jg;gLfpdw
; J. ruj; etuhj;jpup> tre;j etuhj;jpup vd;gd rz;bN`hkk;> =rf;fuG+ir
Kjypatw;Wld; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
,f; Nfhapypd; kfpikiag; gw;wpg; gy gpuRuq;fs; ntspte;Js;sd. =Kd;Nd];tu

khd;kpak;> =Kd;id ehj Rthkp tbtofp mk;ghs; jpUT+Q;ry;> KdPRuh; etkzpkhiy>
KdP];tuh; CQ;ry;> Kd;id ehNj];tuh; jpUT+Q;ry;> KdP];tuue;jhjp> KdP];tu
tbtofp gjpfk;> KdP]t ; ud; fg;gy;> KdP]t; uf;Fk;kp> =Kd;Nd];tuk; tbtofpak;kd;
jpUtpUj;jk;> =tbthk;gpif gQ;ruj;jpdk;>Kd;Nd];tuk; Fk;ghgpN\fkyu; (1963)>
Kd;Nd];tuk; Nfhb mu;r;rid kyu; (1961) vd;gdTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

eFNy]; t uk;
,yq;ifapYs;s Guhjd rpthyaq;fSs; fPupkiyr; rptd; NfhapYk; xd;W.
aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rptd; Nfhapy;fspy; mJNt kpfg;gioikahdJ. eFNy];tuk;>
jpUj;jk;gNy];tuk; vd;Dk; ngau;fshy; ,J toq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jyahj;jpiufSf;Fg;
gpurpj;jkhd jykhfTk;> rKj;jpuj; jPu;j;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf rpwg;GilajhfTk;
eFNy];tuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. rgpz;Bfuzk;> m];jprQ;[dk; Kjypa fpupiafSf;Fr;
rpwg;ghfTs;s Gz;zpa N\j;jpukhfTk; neLq;fhykhf tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
eFNy];tuk; gw;wpa rpy IjPfq;fSk; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfSk; aho;gg ; hz

itgtkhiyapy; $wg;ngw;Ws;sd. tp[auhrd; jdJ murhl;rpia Muk;gpf;Fk;
NghJ ehd;F jpirfspYk; ,Ue;j Myaq;fis GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; tljpirapy; fPupkiyr; rhuypy; jpUj;jk;giy vd;Dk; gjpapy;
jpUj;jk;gNy];tud;> jpUj;jk;gNy];tup Nfhapy;fisAk;. mjw;F g; gf;fj;jpy;
fjpiuahz;ltu; NfhapiyAk; fl;Ltpj;J> G+ridGupa thkNjthr;rhupahu; vd;Dk;
gpuhkzidAk; fhrpapypUe;J tutioj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f; Nfhapypd; jyr; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk; tz;zk; Guhzf;fijfs; gy cs;sd.

,jpy; eFyKdptupd; fijAk; xd;W. eFyKdp vd;Dk; Kdptu; mq;Fs;s kiyr;
rhuypy; jq;fpapUe;J jPu;j;jkhb te;jNghJ mtupd; fPupKfk; khwpa fhuzj;jpdhy;
mk;kiy fPupkiy vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;wJ. jpUj;jk;gNy];tuk; Nfhapy; eFNy];tuk;
Nfhapy; vd;Wk; jpUj;jk;gNy];tupak;kd; Nfhapy; eFyhk;gpifak;kd; Nfhapy; vd;Wk;
toq;fp te;jhu;fs;.
fPupkiyj; jyj;jpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk; mk;rq;fSs; khUjg;Guty;yp gw;wpa

fijAk; fhzg; gLfpd; w d. Nrho Njrhjpgjpahfpa jpirAf; fpuNrhod; kfs;
khUjg;Guty;yp vd;gts; jdJ Fd;ktpahjpia itj;jpaj;jpdhy; ePf;fKbahky;
jPu;j;jahj;jpiu nra;af; fpsk;gpdhs;. rhe;jypq;fk; vd;Dk; re;epahrp ,yq;ifapd;
tlKidapy; fPupkiy vd;nwhU kiyAs;sJ vd;Wk; mJ rKj;jpuj;jpYs;sJ.
mq;Nf Rj;j jPu;j;jKk; kiyaUtpj; jPu;j;jKk; fye;j cj;jk jPu;j;jk; xd;Wz;L.
mjpy; jPu;j;jkhb rpyfhyk; mq;F jq;fpapUe;jhy; Rfkiltha; vdf; $wpdhu;.
mijf; Nfl;L> khUjg;Guty;yp fPupkiyr; rhuypy; te;J ,wq;fp> eFyKdptiuf;
fz;L tzq;fp> MrPut ; hjk; ngw;W> mtupd; fPupKfk; khwpa nra;jpiaAk; Nfl;L
re;Njh\j;Jld; jPu;j;jkhbr; rpthya juprdk; nra;J te;jhs;. rpyfhyj;jpy;
mtSf;fpUe;j Fd;ktypAk; jPu;e;J Fjpiu KfKk; khwpw;W. jPuhj Neha; jPu;ff ; ty;y
mw;Gjkhd jyk; fPupkiy vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; ghq;fpy; mike;jNj
khUjg;Guty;ypapd; fij.
aho;g;ghz Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfspd; fhyj;jpy; eFNy];tuk; muru;fspd;

MjuTf;Fk;> mgpkhdj;jpw;Fk; cupa jykhf tpsq;fpaJ. ey;Y}upy; ,uhrjhdp
mikj;j rpqi
; fahupad;> fPupkiyNahL njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpdw
; J.
,t;thyak; fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> epUj;jkz;lgk;>

NfhGuthapy; > gupthuNjth; Nfhapy;f s; > gpufhuk; vd; D k; mikg; Gf;f Sld;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
rpthfk tpjpgg
; b epjj
; pa iekpjj
; pa cw;rtq;fs; eilngWtJ tof;fk;. jpUg;gs;sp
vOr;rp njhlf;fk; mu;j;jrhkg;G+ir <whf ehs;NjhWk; MWfhyg;G+ir eilngWk;.

khjg;gpwg;G> tU\g;gpwg;G> rpj;jpuhngsu;zkp> itfhrp tprhfk;> Mdp cj;juk;>

Mtzp %yk;> khdk;G+> Gul;lhjpr;rdp> khu;fopj; jpUntk;ghit> jpUthjpiu> khrpkfk;>
gq;Fdp cj;juk;> Nrhkthu tpohf;fs; eilngWk;. khu;fop khj Vfhjrpapy;
GuhzgldKk; eilngWk;.
rptd;Nfhapypy; tUlhe;j kNfhw;rtk; khrp khjj;jpy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

rptuhj;jpup mkhthirad;W jPu;j;Njhw;rtk; eilngWfpwJ. mk;kd; Nfhapypy; gq;Fdp
khjj;jpy; nfhbNaw;wj; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;gpy; Nju;jj
; pUtpohTk;
jPu;j;jKk; eilngWk;. mbahu;fs; jq;fp topghL nra;tjw;F trjpahf klq;fs;
cs;sd.
fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; vd;gd ,q;F Guhzgldk;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;NwhL eFyhry Guhzk;> Vfhjrpg;Guhzk; vd;gdTk;
gbg;ghu;fs;. khu;fopj; jpUntk;ghitf; fhyj;jpy; jpUthjT+ubfs; Guhzj;ijg; gbj;Jg;
gad; nrhy;YtJ tof;fk;. rpthr;rhupah;fs; Guhzgldj;ijj; njhlf;fp itg;gJ
,t;thya tof;fk;. mtu;fNshL gpwUq; fye;J nfhs;tu;. Vuk;igah; mg;ghrhkp
Iau; > tpj; J trpNuhkzp nghd; d k; g yg; g ps; i s> j.ifyhrg; g ps; i s Kjypa
tpj;Jthd;fSk; Guhzgldk; nra;jdu;. mtu;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fUfk;ghid
nra;jdu;. rq;fug;gps;is gz;bju;fshd fjpupg;gps;is> rq;fug;gps;is> ekrpthak;
vd;Nghu; mjid elhj;jpr; nrd;wdu;.
Nfhapy;fspd; kuGtopahd IjPfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy gpuge;jq;fs;

Njhd;wpd. mt;tifapy; eFNy];tuk; gw;wpa E}y;fshf ehk; Fwpg;gplf;$baitfs;
:- eFyhry Guhzk;- Vuk;igah;> nr. Rg;ukzpak; - eFyhry Guhzj;jpw;F vOjpa
ciu> ePu;Ntypg;gz;bju;> r. rptg;gpufhrk; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ghba eFNy];tu
khd;kpak;.,jidj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;jj
; tu;> m.FkhurhkpgG
; ytu;> muhypA+u; tp]t
; ehj
rhj;jpupahupd; eFykiyf; FwtQ;rp> Fkhurhkpg; Gytupd; eFNyru; CQ;ry;> gz;bju;.
,. ekrpthaj;jpd; eFNyru; rjfk; vd;Dk; gpuge;jk;> nr. Rg;ukzpak; vd;gtu;
eFNy];tuk; kPJ ghba gy gf;jpurf; fPuj
; j
; idfs;. kapyt
; hfdg; Gytupd; eFNyRtuh;
tpNehj tprpj;jpu ftpg;G+q;nfhj;Jvd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

nghydWitf; Nfhapy; f s;
goe;jkpo; E}y;fs; vOe;jfhyj;jpNyNa Nrhou;fs; gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fs; ghly;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. esd;fpss; p> neLq;fpss
; p> Nfhu;rn
; rq;fzhd; Kjyhd Nrhokd;du;fs;
gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fs; GwehD}W Kjyhdnra;As;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kj;jiuau;fs;
vd;Dk; FWepykd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;J jQ;iria kPl;Ljuzpia
Mz;l ngUik tp[ahya NrhoidNarhUk;. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhod;> mtd;
kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuNrhod; MfpNahuJMl;rpapNy Nrhouhl;rp vl;Lj;jpf;fpYk; gutp
tpupe;J ehdpyk; Nghw;Wk; ngUikngw;wJ. njd;dpe;jpahkl;Lkd;wp mUfpYs;s
,uhr;rpaq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL fly; fle;J flhuk; ntd;W ahth>
kyhah> xuprh> khiyjPT> yl;rjPT><ok; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ntw;wpf;nfhbehl;b ghupa
Mjpf;f tp];jupg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp cyfk; Nghw;Wk; cd;djkhdtu;fshf tuyhw;w ; py;
Ngrg;gLgtu;fshf Nrhou;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;whu;fs;. ,yq;ifkPJ gilnaLj;Jte;J
jkpou; rpwg;Gf; $w Ml;rpaikj;Jk; ,e;Jrkak; jioj;Njhq;f Nfhapyikj;Jk;
md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk; jkpou; jk; Gfo; $Wk; tuyhw;Wj; jlaq;fis ,yq;ifapy;
tpl;Lr; nrd;w ngUik Nrhou;fisNa rhUk;.
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhod; (fp.gp 985-1016) Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; (fp.gp 1012-1044)

MfpNahupd; Ml;rpapy; jkpofj;ijg; NghyNt <oj;jpYk; murpay;> r%f rkatsu;rr ; pfs;
NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jd. ,tu;fSila Ml;rpapy; ,yq;ifapy; ,e;jrkak; rpwg;gplk;
ngw;wJ. jq;fSila Ml;rpapd; fPoike;j gpuNjrq;fspy; ,e;Jrkaj;ij tsu;f;f
kpFe;j gpuaj;jdq;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. jhk; ifg;gw;wp ,Ue;j ,yq;ifapd; gFjpapid
<okhd Kk;Kbr; Nrhokz;lyk; vd Nrhou; Fwpg;gplb ; Ue;jdu;. ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpapy;
<ok; Kk;Kbr; Nrhokz;lyk; tsehL vd;wgpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtw;wpNy
epUthfg; nghWg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j Nrhog;gpujhdpfSk; tzpfUk; gilahUk;
Nfhapy;fis mikj;J epte;jq;fis toq;fp rkak; tsu;j;jdu;.
Nrhou;fs; ,yq;ifapy; jhk; ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfspNy ,e;Jrkaj;ij tsu;g;gjw;fhfg;

gyNfhtpy;fis mikj;jdu;. mf; Nfhapy;fs; ,d;wy;y vd;Wk; Nrhou;fhy rpwg;Gf;
$Wk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. Nrhouhl;rpapy; <oj;jpy; Myatsu;r;rpahy; ,e;Jrkak;
jioj;Njhq;fpaJ. Myaq;fs; fl;lg;gl;lNjhL mtw;wpw;F epte;jq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
ehs;NjhWk; G+ireilngWtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Nrhouhl;rpapNy
mUz;nkhopj;Njt tsehL vd;W toq;fg;l;l khNjhl;lkhd ,uh[uh[Guj;jpy;
,uh[uh[ <]; t uk; > jpUthkP ] ; t uk; vd; D k; ,UNfhapy; f s; mf; f hyj; j py;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j Nrhog;gpujhdpfSs; xUtdhd Nrho kz;lyj;J
\j;jpupa rpfhkzp tsehl;LNtshu; ehl;Lr; rpW$w;w ey;Y}u;f; fpotd; jhopf;Fkud;
vd;gdhy; ,uh[uh[ <];tuk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F ,iwapyp Njtjhdkhf
khNjhl;lj;pjy; epyk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL murhq;j;jpd; tUkhdKk; NfhapYf;F
epte;jkhftoq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; itfhrptprhfk; VO ehSk; tpoh vLj;J jPu;j;jk;
Ml;L tpf;fNtz;Lk; vdTk; jhopf;Fkud; mwf;fl;lis Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhd;. ,tw;iwf;
$Wfpd;w rhrdk; jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUthkP];tuk; vd;Dk;
, uz ;l ht JN f ha py py ; , uh N[ e ; jp uN r ho d p d ; n g U e ;j d j ;J g ; gz pk fd ;
rpWFsj;J}Uilahd; Njtd; re;jptpsf;nfupg;gjw;F Vw;ghLfis nra;jpUe;jjhfTk;
$wg;gLfpwJ.

cj; j kNrho<]; t uk; vd; D k; rpthyaj; i jg; gw; w p tlkj; j pa khfhzj; J f;

fltf;NfhwisapYs;s Mjfl vd;Dk; Cupy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;bdhy;
mwpaKbfpdw ; J. ,f;Nfhapiy 11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapypUe;j jkpog
; g
; pujhdpfs;
mikj;jdu;. muq;fd; ,uhNkrd; vd;ghd; ,e;jf; NfhapYf;F xU Ntyp epyKk;
ee;jh tpsf;Nfw;w 20 gRf;fisAk; toq;fpdhd; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. kz;ly fpupahd
epj;j tpNdhjGuj;jpy; gz;bj Nrho <];tuk; vd;Dk; rpthyak; xd;W ,Ue;jjhf
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fhyj;Jr;rhrdk; %ykhf mwpaKbfpwJ.
Nrhouhl;rpapy; Gyj;jpefukhd nghyeWit [dehjkq;fsk; vd;Dk; Gdu;ehkk;

ngw;Wj; jiyik epUthf epiyakhf tpsq;fpaJ. mq;F ,e;Jfyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;F
Fwpgg
; plj;jf;f mstpNy Vw;gl;lJ. njd;dpej
; pahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j epUthf mjpfhupfSk;
gilapdUk; ehdhNjrptzpfUk; njhopy; t pidQUk; me; j zUk; NtW gy
r%fg;gpuptpdUk; mq;Ftho;e;jdu;. mj;jifNahupd; topghl;Lj; Njitf;Nfw;g
gyNfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. gjpdhWf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l irt> itzt Myaq;fs;
nghyd; e Witapy; ,Ue; j jw; f hd rhd; W fs; fpilj; J s; s d. mtw; W s; rpy
Nrhouhl;rpf;Fupait Vidait gpw;fhyj;jit.
njhy;ypay; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fshy; ,uz;lhk; rpthyak;> Ie;jhk; rpthyak;>

Mwhk; rpthyak; vd;W $wg;gl;l fl;llq;fspy; Nrhou; fhy njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; rpthyakhd thdtd; khNjtp <];tuk; mopTwhJ ,d;Wk;
rPuhd epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; ,d;Wtiu epiyj;Js;s Nfhapy;fspy; ,JNt
gioikahdJ. Nrhou; fiyg;ghzpapd; rpwe;j gz;GfSf;F fw;wspahd ,uz;lhk;
rpthyak; rpwe;j cjhuzk;. Re;juNrhoDila gl;lj;jurpapd; epidthf mjhtJ
,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; jhapd; epidthf ,e; jMyak; mikf;f g;g l;b Uf; fyhk; .
,f;NfhapypYs;s mjpuhN[e;jpu NrhoDila fy;ntl;L Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapy; epUthf
Kiwapid rpwg;ghff; $WfpwJ. gd;khNf];tuu; vd;wrptdbahu; $l;lk; gw;wp mjpNy
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjpghy%yg; gl;Lilg; gQ;rhrhupa Njtfd;kpfs; vd;wFOtpdu;
thdtd; khNjtp <];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;. Nfhapy; gzpfisr; nra;fpd;w “guprhufu;
” gzpkf;fSk; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;jdu;. “khzpf;fk;” vd;wgl;lk; ngw;w Njtubahu;fs;
gyUk; ,Ue;jdu;. fq;if nfhz;l Nrhokhzpf;fk;> Njtd; fhkpahd ,uhN[e;jpu
Nrho khzpf;fk;> Njtd; ca;ate;jhdhd Kbnfhz;l Nrho khzpf;fk; Kjyhd
Njtubahiu mq;Fs;s rhrdq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
nghyeWitapy; Nrhou; mikj;j gpw Nfhapyf ; spd; ngau;fs; njupatpyi

; y. mq;Fs;s
Ie;jhk; rpthyaj;jpd; mopghLfspd; ,ilNa Nrhog; gpujhdpfspd; ngau;fisf;
Fwpg; g pLk; fy; n tl; L fs; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. mjd; %ykhf mf; N fhapy; f s;
Nrhouhl;rpf;FupaJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,e;j Ie;jhk; rpthyaNk nghydeWit
,e; J f; Nfhapy; f spy; kpfTk; ngupaJ. mjd; mopghLfspYk; Rw; W g; G w
mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJk; fw;fshyhd vl;Lg; gbkq;fSk; gj;njhd;gJ ntz;fyg;
gbkq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. jl;rpzh%u;jj ; p> fNzru;> tp]D; > fhsp> eluh[u; MfpNahupd;
gbkq;fs; mtw;wpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jr; rhd;WfspD}lhf Nrhouhl;rpapy;
,e;Jrkak; ngw;w tsu;r;rpia czuyhk;.
,yq;ifapd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapNy jpUNfhzkiy> fe;jsha;> gjtpah vd;gtw;iw

cs;slf;fpa Nrhoupd; Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nrhoupd; ngUk;ghyhd rhrdq;fSk;
njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;wpNy Nrhoupd; Nfhapy;
fl;Lkhdk;> Gdu;epUkhzk;> rkag;gzpfs; vd;gtw;iwj; njspthf mwpaf; $bajha;
cs;sJ.
,yq;if njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsj;jpdu; gjtpahtpy; Ie;J rpthyaq;fspd;

mopghLfis milahsk; fz;Ls;sdu;. mtw;wpilNa Nrhoupd; Ie;J fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd. xUNfhapypd; ngau; ,utpFykhzpff
; <];tuk; vd;W rhrdk; $Wfpdw
; J.
,e;j Myak; ,uh[uh[dJ fhyj;jpNy gjtpapypUe;j ehdhNjrp tzpfuhYk; epUthf
mjpfhupfspdhYk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ mjd; mopghLfspilNa fhzg;gLk;
rhrdq;fspdhy; czug;gLfpwJ.
Nrho ,yq; N f]; t udpd; Ml;r pahz; L fspy; jpUNfhzkiy kr; r Nf]; t uj; J
%y];jhdKk;> mNj ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhots ehl;bYs;s NtnwhU rpthyaKk;
njhlu;ghf Nrhokz;lyj;J ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhotsehl;Lg; gpujhdpfs; Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffisg; gjpT nra;tjhf khdhq;Nfzpr; rhrdk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
kr; r Nf]; t uk; vdg; g Lfpd; w jpUf; N fhNz]; t u %y]; j hdj; i j Nrhou; f s;
Gdu;epUkhzk; nra;jdu;. ,e;jf; NfhapYf;F ehs; topghl;Lj; Njitf;fhf epyk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJld; Nrhouhl;r papy; kr;r Nf];tuj;jpy; rpwg;ghf G+irtpohf;fs;
eilngw;wd. ,J njhlu;ghd tpupthd tpguq;fis epyhntspf; fy;ntl;L Fwpgg ; pLfpwJ.
vdNt Nrhou;fSila rpwg;ghd Ml;rpapNy njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kl;Lkd;wp <oj;jpYk;
,e;Jrkak; rhu;e;j Myaq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;wik rpwg;ghdJ.
jkpoftuyhw;w py; Ntnwe;j f; fhyj; jpYk; ,y;y hjthW kpfr; r pwg;g hd Ml; r p
tp]; j ; j upg; g pidAk; > rKjha Kd; N dw; w j; i jAk; > rka tsu; r ; r piaAk; >
fiyfl;Lkhdq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpa ngUik Nrhou; fhyj;ijNa rhUk;. ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpy; vj;jidNah kd;du;fs; ,lk;gpbj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; Mdhy; murju;kj;jpd;
top Ml;rpnrYj;jpjhKk; tho;e;Jfhl;b kf;fis ey;topg;gLj;jp ehLk; tsu;j;J
rkaj;NjhL fiytsu;j;J ehdpyk; Nghw;Wk; cj;jku;fshf jkpof tuyhw;wpYk;
cyf tuyhw;wpYk; rpwg;gplk; gpbj;jtu;fshf Nrho kd;du;fs; jpfo;fpwhu;fs;.
,tu;fSila ,yq;if tUifahy; ek; ,dj;jpd; Gfo; nrhy;Yfpd;w tuyhw;Wr;
rhd;WfSk; ,e;Jrkaj;jpd; Gfo; $Wk; Nfhapy;fSk; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk;
jkpo; ,dj;jpd; Gfo; gug;Gk; rhd;Wfsha; tuyhw;wpy; jlk; gjpj;Jtpl;lij ahuhYk;
kWj;J tplKbahJ. ,tw;iw mopatplhkYk;> mopf;fg;glhkYk; ghJfhg;gJ
jkpouhfpa vk; xt;nthUtupdJk; flik. mj;Jld; Muha;r;rpapd; %ykhf Gjpa
tplaq;fis fz;lwptJk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikiaAk; GfioAk; midtUf;Fk;
Gupaitg;gJk; tuyhw;W khztu;fsJk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fsJk; nghWg;G.

nghd; d k; g ythNzr; r uk;
,yq; ifapd; jiyefu; nfhOk; g py; nfhr; r pf; f ilg; g Fjpapy; Kw; w pYk;
fUq;fy;ypdhy; rpwg
; Ntiyg;ghLfisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;l xNu Myak; nfhOk;G
nghd;dk;gythNzr;ruk; MFk;.
Nfhtpy; tuyhW
,t;;thyak; 1856k; Mz;L mUzhryk; nghd;dk;gy Kjypahu; vd;guhy;
fl;lg;gl;l
; J. mtu; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; nfhOk;gpy; irthfk Kiwg;gb mike;j
Nfhapy; vJTk; ,y;yhj Fiw fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; mq;F tho;e;j irt
kf;fSf;nfd rpw;g rh];jpu Mfk Kiwg;gb mike;j Nfhapy; xd;iw mikf;f
Ntz; L k; vd; w vz; z k; nghd; d k; g yKjypahupd; kdjpy; Fbnfhz; l J.
,t;ntz;zj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; ,Ue;j Kjypahupd; fdtp;y; xUehs;
nja;t mq;ff P huk; fpilj;jJ. Mjd; gpd; mtupd; Nfhtpy; fl;Lk; vz;zk; Nguhu;tkha;
khwpaJ.
irtrkag; gw;WkpFe;j Kjypahu; nfhOk;G nfhr;rpf;filg; gFjpapy; Nfhapy;

fl;Ltjw;nfd Ie;J Vf;fu; epyj;ij thq;fpf; Nfhapy; gzpia Muk;gpj;jhu;.
njd;dpe;jpaf; Nfhapy;fSf;F epfuhd Nfhapyhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Mu;tk;
fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;Nj fl;llf;fiyQu;fis tutioj;Jf; Nfhapy; Ntiyfisj;
njhlq;fpdhu;.
nghd;dk;gythNzr;ruu; Nfhapiy ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; fl;bKbj;jNjhL mjd;

,lJgf;fj;jpy; mk;kDf;Fk; xU Nfhapy; mikg;gpj;jhu;. Muk;gfhyf; Nfhapypd;
%y];jhdj;jpy; kfhypq;fk; gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
nghd;dk;gy Kjypahu; mtu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l ,j;jyk; gpd; mtupd; ike;jd;

Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; mtu;fshy; Gjpjhf epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
gy;ytu;> Nrhou;> ehaf;fu;fspdhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fisg; ghu;j;j ,uhkehjd;
mtu;fs;> mtw;Wf;F epfuhf ,f;NfhapiyAk; mikf;f mthTw;whu;. vdNt
njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J tUtpj;j rpw;gf; fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;L Nfhapw;gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
fw;Nfhapy; fl;Lk; Nguhu;tKs;s ,uhkehjd; mtu;fs; 1907 ,y; fUq;fw;fl;ll

Ntiyfis Muk;gpj;jhu;. fl;Lkhdg; gzpfisj; jhNk Neupy; epd;W njhopyhsNuhL
njhopyhsuhf nraw;gl;l rptg;gzp mtupd; vz;zj;ij cau;j;jpaJ vdyhk;. ,tu;
Muk;gpj;j fUq;fy;yhy; Nfhtpy; fl;Lk; gzp MW tUlq;fspd; gpd;Nd mjhtJ
1912 ,y; Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ. tpahq;nfhilapypUe;J jUtpff
; g;gl;l fUq;fw;fisf; nfhz;L
,d;W ehk; fhZk; mofpa Nfhapy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nfhapypd; mikg;G
nfhOk;G nfhr;rpf;fil nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu; Myak; Mfk tpjp jtwhj
Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Xu; MyakhFk;. fUtiwapy; rptypq;fk;
(nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu;) gpujp\;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fUtiwf;F Kd;Gwk; mu;j;j
kz;lgKk; mjw;F Kd;ghf kfhkz;lgKk; cs;sd. fUtfiwapYs;s rptypqf ; j;jpwF
;
Neu;Nfhl;by; kfhkz;lgj;jpw;F Kw;Gwkhf ee;jp> gypgPlk;> nfhbj;jk;gk; vd;gd
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Iad; Myaj;jpw;F njw;Fg;Gwkhf mk;kd; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;thyaj;jpw;F %d;W jsk; nfhz;l NfhGuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyaj;jpd;
mk;kd; rptfhkRe;jup vdg;gLthu;. Rthkpf;F mikf;fg;gl;l MyaKk; fu;g;gf;fpUfk;>
mu;jj
; kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk; vd;Dk; xOq;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.
rptfhkp Myaj;jpw;F mUfpy; gs;sp miwAk; mjdUNf fy;ahz kz;lgKk;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;Nfhtpypd; fpof;F thrypy; ,iwtd; re;epjpf;F NeNu Kd;
gf;fkhf Ie;J mLf;F ,uhr NfhGuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; NfhGuj;jpy; rptdpd;
jpUtpisahlYk; > mbatu; gf; j pAk; fiyEl; g j; J ld; nrJf; f g; g l; L s; s ik
fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahFk;. ,uhr NfhGuj;ijj; jhz;b Kd;gf;fk; Kd; gpufhuj;jpy;
gd;dpU ,uhrpfSk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu; Nfhapypd; cl;gpufhuj;jpy; fNzru;> Nrhkh];fe;ju;>

ngUkhs;> tp\;Z> gQ;rypqf ; k;> Rg;gpukzpau;> rz;Kfu;> Qhditutu;> Rtu;zitutu;>
etf;fpufq;fs;> rdpgfthd; MfpNahUf;F jdpf; Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. ,t;thyaj;jpd;
jy tpUlrkhf khJis kuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
G+irfSk; tpohf;f Sk ;
,q;F jpdKk; MWfhyg;G+ir eilngWfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; jpdKk; fhiyAk; khiyAk;
G+irfSk;> epj;jpahf;fpdp tsu;f;fg;gl;L epj;jpa cw;rtKk; eilngWfpd;wd.
epj;jpahf;fpdp vd;gJ ,f;Nfhtpypd; mf;fpdp Fz;lj;jpy; vg;NghJk; neUg;G ,Uf;fr;
nra;tjdhy; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. epj;jpa cw;rtj;jpd; NghJ Rthkp
mk;ghNshL rpwpa Njupy; cyh tUthu;. khjg;gpwg;gd;W khjr;rq;fuhe;jpj; jPuj;jKk;>
ngsu;zkp jpdj;jpy; =rf;fu G+irAk; eilngw;W jpUtpohTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
epj;jpNahw;rtk;> khNjhw;rtk;> tUNlhw;rtk;> kNfhw;rtk; Mfpad ,q;F Mfk

Kiwg;gb rpwg;Gw eilngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,f;Nfhtpypd; tUlhe;j kNfhw;rtk;
gq;Fdp cj;juj;jpy; jPu;j;jk; tuf;$bajhf mjw;F xd;gJ ehlfSf;F Kd;
nfhbNaw;wj;Jld; Muk;gkhfp gj;J ehl;fs; eilngWfpwJ. ,q;F Ie;J ,ujq;fs;
gtdp tUfpd;wd. ,t;thyaj;juP ;j;jk; = Rtu;z G\;fuzp MFk;. Mk;ghs; cw;rtk;
Mbg;G+uj;jpw;F xd;gJ ehl;fSf;F Kd; njhlq;fp G+uj;jpdj;jpyd;W KbtilAk;.
kzthsf; Nfhyj; jpdkhd ijg;G+rj;jpdj;jd;W rptd;> mk;ghs; MfpNahUf;F

jdpj;jdp 1008 rq;Ffshy; rq;fhgpN\fKk; khiyapy; cw;rtKk; eilngWk;.
fhu;jj
; piff; filrp Nrhkthuj;jpdj;jd;W rptDf;F 1008 rq;Ffshy; rq;fhgpN\fKk;
Rthkp mk;ghs; cw;rtk; vd;gdTk; eilngWk;. eNlru; mgpN\f ehl;fspy; MUj;jpuh
cw;rtk; rpwg;ghdJ.
fe;jr\;b tpuj fhyj;jpy; jpdKk; mgpN\fk;> G+i[> ahfG+i[> jpUTyh

eilngWk;. etuhj;jpup tpuj fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ae;jpu G+i[> nfhY G+i[
vd;gdTk; Fwpgg
; plj;jf;fd. Gul;lhjpr; rdpff
; poikfspy; rdpgfthDf;F rpwg;G mgpN\fk;
eilngWk;. filrpr;rdp> fpU\;z n[ae;jp cw;rtk;> itFz;l Vfhjrp ehl;fspy;
kfhtp\;Z cw;rtk; eilngWk;.
Mfk rh];jpu uPjpapyhd fpupiafs; nfhz;l ,t;thyak; ,dkj Ngjkpd;wp

mbahu;fs; topgLk; nghf;fp\k; vd;gJ kWg;gjw;fpyi
; y. mj;Jld; mwnewp ghlrhiy
khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp Gfl;lg;gl;b tUtJk; rKjha tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; Vida kjj;jtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu; Myaj;jpd;
gzp Nghw;wj;jf;fJ7.

4.1 cyf ehLfspy; ,e;J ehfhpfk;
,e;Jg;gz;ghL ,e;jpa ehl;by; rpwg;ghf cilajhapDk; ,d;W cyfshtpa epiyapy;

gue;J tUtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. Muk;gfhy cyf ehfupfq;fspy; ghurPf ehfupf
mikg;G fpwp];J rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lJ. ,d;iwa ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bw;Fhpa rka
newp> nkhop> gz;ghL vd;gtw;wpd; %yhjhur; nra;jpfis Guhjd ghurPf ehfhpfq;fspy;
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;Njh - INuhg;gpa nkhopfspd; %yq;fis Ma;T nra;Ak;
NghJ rk];fpUj - yj;jd P ; nkhopfspilapyhd xg;gPLfs; G+h;tPf fhyk; njhlf;fk;
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; %yhjhur; nra;jpfis mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. cyf ehLfspy;
,e;J ehfupfr; nra;jpfs; gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ mjd; gy;tif gpuNjr mikg;Gfis
gpd;tUkhW mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
1. fpwp];J rfhg;jq;fSf;F Ke;jpa kj;jpa Mrpag; gz;ghL ,JNt ghurPf ehfhpk;

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
2. ,e;Njh Mupa nkhopfs; ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;F
3. ,e;jpahtpy; rk];fpUj - jkpo; nkhopapd; nry;thf;Fk; gz;ghLk; fye;jik.
4. jkpof fyhrhuk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; gutpaik.
5. ,e;jpa> ,yq;if> njd;fpof;fhrpag; gz;ghLfs; Nkw;ifNuhg;gpa ehLfspYk;
mnkupf;f ehLfspYk; gutpaik vd;gdthFk;.
,tw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf gioiahd fyhr;rhug; gz;ghL epytpaikahy; N[h;kdp>

Rtpw;yhe;J> mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w gy gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;Lg; guty;
tsu;r;rp ngw;W te;jpUg;gjidAk; Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Mrpa ehLfs; kj;jpa Mrpah>
njd;dhrpah> njd;fpof;F Mrpah vd tphpTgLfpd;wd. kj;jpa Mrpahit Nehf;Fk;
NghJ mjd; vy;iyahf ,d;iwa <uhd; ehl;bd; fpof;Fg; gFjpAk; Nkw;fpy;
nkrg;gj;NjkpahTk; ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;Fg;gu;r]; khepyKk; Kf;fpakhd gpuNjrkhf
mikAk;. ,g; gpuNjr G+H;tP f fhyq;fspy; ypq; f topghl; b d; milahsq; fs;
fhzg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. G+h;tPf fhyj;jpy; ,g;gpuNjr
nkhopfSf;Fk; Ntjq;fspd; nkhopaikg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa njhlh;G
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; G+h;tPf nkhopfs; fye;jikapdhy; Gjpa gz;ghLfs;
Njhw;wk; ngw topfhl;baJ.
njd;fpof;f hrpa ehl;L g; gz;ghl;Lg; guty;.

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs; Mrpa epyg;gug;ig Nrh;e;jdthfTk;> jPTf; $l;lkhfTk;
tpsq;fpd. epyg;gug;G rhh;e;jjhf gu;kh> rk;gh> jha;yhe;J> fk;Nghbah> kNyrpah
KjypadTk; ,e; N jhdP r pah> ahth> ghypj; j P T > Rtu; z jP g k; vd; g it jP T f;
$l;lq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo; ehl;bd; rq;f fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,e;jpag;
gz;ghLfs; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; gutyhapd. tlnkhop> jkpo>; Nfhapwf ; l;llf;fiy>
jpUTUt topghL gpuhkzpa newp> tho;tpay; Kiwfs;> fphpiafs; Mfpad gutyhapd.

ghurPf ehLfspd; ,e;J g;g z;g hL

gy;NtW murpay;> r%f nghUshjhu> tzpf fhuzq;fshy; ,yq;if> ,e;jpa
ehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,e;J ehfhpfk; Nkiy ehLfspy; gutpr; nrd;wJ. gy;yt Nrhoh;
fhyq;fspy; njd;fpof;fhrpah ehLfSf;F ,e;Jg; gz;ghLfs; gutpd. mtw;wpy
kNyrpah> fk;Nghbah ehLfs; gpujhdkhdit. MapDk; fpwp];J rfhg;jj;jpd; Kd;Ng
ghurPf ehLfspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp rQ;rhpf;Fk; mjw;fhd njhy; nghUl;
rpd;dq;fSk; rhd;whf ,Ug;gjid Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Nkw;Fyf ehLfspy; If;fpa
,uha;r;rpak;> If;fpa mnkupf;f ehLfspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;lk;rk;; tphpthf vOr;rp
ngw;wpUg;gjid Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
cyf ehfupfq;fspy; vfpg;J ehfupfk; ghgpNyhdpa ehfupfk; vd;gd Muk;g fhyg;

gz;ghl;ig gpujpgypg;gdthf mike;Js;sd. ghurPfk; fpNuf;f cNuhk ehfupf
tsh;r;rpf; fhyq;fSlDk; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ghurPf ehL vd;gJ ghurPfj; Jiw
Flhit mz;ba gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;iwa <uhd; gpuNjrk; G+h;tPf
ghurPf ehLfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ghurPfk; Mupaupd; Mjpg; gpuNjrkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s rpd;dhrpah vd miof;fg;gl;l ,lNk ghurPfk;
MFk;. ghurPfk; vd;gJ tl ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpia Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. Mupah;fs;
Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;fhrpa gFjpapNy tho;eJ
; gpwf
; hyk; tl ,e;jpahtpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpah>
tl ,e;jpah FbNaw;wq;fspYk; thf;F ngw;whh;.
ghurPf kf;fs; NghNfh];Nfh]; vd;Dkplj;jpYk; mjid mz;ba ,lq;fspYk;

tho;e;jpUe;jdh;. mk;kf;fs; fp.K1400 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; ,e;jpu kpj;jpu Kjypa
ngah;fis cila Njth;fis topgl;lhh;fs;. ghurPf ehl;by; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,e;J
Fy tk;rq;fSld; njhlh;G gl;lth;fshth;. aJFy tk;rk; Jh;thr Fytk;rk;
vd;Dk; ,Utiff; Fyf; FOf;fs; tho;e;jjhf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ghurPf ehl;by;
,Ue;Nj mf;Fyq;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; gutpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. aJFy tk;rk;
vd;gJ itzt newpf;F %yhjhukhd tplaq;fis vkf;Fj; jUfpd;wJ. ghurPf
ehl;Lg; gz;ghLfs; cldbahf ,e;jpahit te;jilatpy;iy gbg;gbahfNt gutp
te;jik gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

kNyrpah
njd;fpof;fhrpahitAk; mjpYs;s ehLfisAk; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ntt;NtW
ngah;fshy; mioj;jdh;. me;j tifapy; kNyrpahitAk; ,e;NjhNdrpahitAk;
,izj;J kNyrpah vd;W mioj;jdu;. kNyrpah vDk; ngaiu Kjd; Kjypy;
vNku;rd; vd;gth; 1937,y; kyha; nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F toq;fpdhh;.
kNyrpahtpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;W tpsq;Fk; nja;tq;fSs; ghjhuFU vd;Dk; nja;tk;

rptngUkhDld; njhlh;Gilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rptd; eluhrg; ngUkhdhf
kyha;jN ; jhy; nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; ghlfUf;F mwpKfkhfpapUe;jhh;. kyha; khatpj;ijf;
fhuu; f s; rptid kfhfhyd; vd mioj; j dh; . rf; j p vd; D k; nrhy; Y k;
njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w nrhw;fspy; xd;W. rf;jp vd;gijg;
ngw;wth;fs; Njhy;tpNa fhzhjth;fshfTk; gpwh; fz;Zf;Fj; njhpahjth;fshfTk;
tpsq;f KbAk; vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifAk; cs;sJ.
kNyrpa ehl;bNy mike;Js;s ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSs; Nrhh;l;L kiy - fNzrh;

Nfhapy;> kyhf;fh - ngha;ahj tpehafh; Nfhapy; Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. Nfhl;L
kiy fNzrh; Nfhapy; Nfhyhk; G+upd; ghl;lhsp kf;fSila ed;nfhilapy; ,Ue;J
fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;ehl;by; mike;Js;s ngha;ahj tpehafu; Nfhapypy; fNzru;>
Rg;gpukzpah;> khupak;kd;> ,uhkh; Kjypa ,e;J nja;tq;fspd; tpff
; pufq;fs; topghl;Lj;
nja;tq;fshf cs;sd. efuj;Jr; nrl;b khu;fs; mf;Nfhapypy; kPdhl;rp Re;jNuRtuiu
vOe;jUsr; nra;Js;sdh;. 3 ngUe; Nju;fs; ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;sd. etuhj;jpup>
fe;jr\;b vd;gd kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,q;F nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.
kNyrpah ehl;by; jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L topghLfs; ,aw;wg;gl;ljw;fhd

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;ehl;bNy mike;Js;s ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; Nfhyhyk;G+h; -
jz;lhAj ghzp Nfhapy;> ];fhl;rhiy fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; itu njU - kfh
khupak;kd; Nfhapy;> Nfhu;L kiy - fNzrh; Nfhapy;> gj;jha; - Kj;Jkhhpak;kd;
Nfhapy;> Nfhyhyk;g+h; - ,uh[ uhN[];tup Nfhapy; > gj;Jkiyf; Fiff;Nfhapy;fs;
> khf;fh - ngha;ahj tpehafu; Nfhapy; > re;ehrp kiy - fapyha ehju; Nfhapy;>
Iadhh; Nfhapy;> jpnusgij mk;kd; Nfhapy; Mfpad Kf;fpak; tha;e;jd.

fk; N ghbahtpy; ,e; J rkak;

fk;Nghbah - fk;G+r;rpah ,q;F 14 - kpy;ypad; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs;
fpku;>fk;Nghbau; vdy; fk;Nghbahtpy; ~G+dhf;| vDk; ,uhr;rpak; ,e;jpau;fspd;
Muk;gfhy FbNaw;wk;. fp.gp 1k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fk;Nghbahtpy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd;
guk;gy; fpku; NguuR cjhuzk; -aNrhtUkd;> #upatu;kd;> <];tutu;kd;> gttu;kd;.
,tu;fspd; Ml;rpapy; irt> itzt rkaq;fs; ngUtsu;r;rp ngw;wd. nfsjd;ad;
Ml;rpiaj; njhlf;fpatd; gpuhkzd; rj;jpupa Kiwapy; Mz;ltd;.
gttu; k d;
mtd; ehd;D rpthyaq;fis epu;khzpj;jhd;. rptypq;fj;ijg; gpujpl;il nra;jy;
,jpfhr Guhzq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy; gttu;kdpd; FUthfpa Nrhktu;krptd;>
#upad; Nfhapy;fs; mikj;jhd;. Nfhapy;fs; - mq;Nfhu;thl;> mq;Nfhu;Ntjp> gNahd;.
mq;Nfhu;thl; - fUtiw> Kd;kz;lgk;> jpUr;Rw;W> E}y; epiyak;> Nfhapw;G+q;fh>
gzp> jq;Fkplk;> fpof;F Nehf;fp> kiyfspy; mikj;jy;. ypq;fk; - gbfk;> fy;>nghd;
vd;gd %yg; nghUshf mikjy;.
mq; N fhu; t hl;

fp.gp.12k; E}w;whz;by; #upatu;kd;. Mde;jFkhuRthkp gid kiy rptd; Nfhapy;
Nghd;wJ vdy;. NkUkiyiaf; Fwpg;gjhfmikAk; ,t;thyaj;jpd; kj;jpaNfhGuq;fs;
NkUkiyapd; Ie;JNfhGuq;fisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Myaj;jpd; %d;W rJuf; $lq;fs;
kj;jpa NfhGuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjy; kz;lgk; ntspg;Gwr; rJuj;
J}z;fisAk;> cl;Gwk; %ba J}z;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 2008y; ,t;tthyak;
ru;tNjr fyhrhu ghuk;gupar; rpd;dkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lij mLj;J ,jd; Gfo;
,d;Dk; cau;e;jJ. Henri Mouhotv vDk; gpuQ;R vOj;jhsu; mq;Nfhu;thl;bd;
ngUikia cyf kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. murd; ,iwtbtk; vdy;. Njtuh[
topghL tu;kd; - NgNahd; Nfhapy; Njtuh[ ypq;fk; epWtTjy; ,e;jpuGuk; -
[atu;kd; - rptDUtpy;> mq;Nfhu;Ntjp - #upatu;kd;- tp\;ZTUtpy;> mq;Nfhu;thl;
Vohk;; [atu;kd; - Gj;jcUtpy;
,e; J Ez; f iyfs;

mq;Nfhu;thl; Nfhapy; khfhghuj uhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; rpw;gq;fshfTz;L. gNahd;
khfhghuj uhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; - uhkd; khidtpul;Ljy; - thyp Rf;fpuptd; tjk;>
rPijjPapy; ,wq;Fjy;> fz;zd; kiyiaj; J}f;Fjy; J}z;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
tpjhdk; jhkiu tbtmyq;fhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rtu; eldtbtq;fs;>
mg;ru];fspd; tbtq;fs;>kz;lgq;spd; ,UGwKk; rpq;fTUtq;fs;
mbatu; topghL
fp.gp.7 –kNfe;jputu;kd; - fhiu–ghly; ghl mwf;fl;lis: ,e;jputu;kd; fp.gp.9 mfj;jpau;
top te;jtu; vdy;. tlnkhop ,yf;fpa nkhopahfTk;> flTisAk;> muru;fisAk;
Nghw;Wk; nkhopahfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. rk];fpUjnkhopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fp.gp.7k;> 8k;
E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa ,e;J> ngsj;j Myaq;fs; gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fSz;L. ,uhkhazk;
,uhkfPu;j;j\p vd;w ngaupy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ.fy;ntl;L–‘mju;tNtj ep\N ; jh”–mju;tz
Ntjj;jpy; %o;fp vOe;jtd;. <rhdtUkdpd; jq;ifia kze;j Nrhkru;kh me;jzd;
‘Ntjj;jpy; fiufz;ltd;” Mq;Nfhu;Ntjpy; - rptrhj;jpuk;> rg;jrhj;jpuk;> Nrhjplk;>
rpttpahfuzk; gw;wpAz;L. ,aw;if mk;rq;fis ~mzq;Flh| vd;w ngaupy;
topghLnra;
www.nie.lk jdu;. 146 info@nie.lk
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL
Gyk; ngah; ehLfspy; If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> mnkupf;f ehLfspy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL

gutpa Kiwik gpujhdkhdJ. If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu yz;ld;
khefu gpuNjrj;jpy; khj;jpuk; 10f;F Nkw;gl;l ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rz;kj newpapYk; ehl;lhh; topghl;bd; mbg;gilapYk; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yz;ld; khefhpd;
gpujhd Myak; 1960 fhyfl;lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpa ,e;J khkd;wk;
,t;thyaj;ij gupghydk; nra;fpd;wJ. yz;ld; khefu Myaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
mikAk;.
1. mu;r;Nt KUfd; Myak;
2. fNuh KUfd; Myak;
3. nthy; jNk];u KUfd; Myak;
4. yz;ld; Y}u;rpad; rpthyak;
5. ntk;gpsp rpthyak;
6. tpk;gpd;ld; tpehafh; Myak;
7. fiuld; tpehafh; Myak;
8. &l;bd; Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;
9. <ypq; Ju;f;if Nfhapy;
10. ];Nuhd;tp ,uhruhNr];tup mk;kd; Myak;
11. yz;ld; Iag;gd; Myak; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.
,yq;ifr; irtkf;fs; ,e;jpa ,e;Jf;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpa ,e;Jf;fs; ,ize;J ,f;

Nfhapy; fyhrhuk; tsh;e;Js;sJ. mNjNtis Nkiyj;Njaj;jth;fs; ,e;J ehfhpf
ek;gpf;ifapYk;> ,e;J Mr;rpuk tho;tpYk;> ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhapw; fpupia top;ghl;bYk;
<LghL fhl;LtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,yq;if> jkpo;ehl;L irtkf;fspd;
Mjpf;fk; fhzg;gLtjd; %yk; irtnewp irtrpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; newpfspy;
,e;Jg;gz;ghL tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. yz;ld; irtrpe;jhe;j fofk; gpupj;jhdpa
irtf; Nfhapy; xd;wpak; vd;git ,e;J rkag;gzpahw;Wk; epWtdq;fshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fspd; Mf;fj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l $Ljyhd ,e;J Myaq;fs;

If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; jh;r;Nt KUfd; Nfhapy; gpujhd
khdJ. mjidj; njhlhe;J gy Myaq;fs; epjjpa fphpia topghl;bw;F cl;gl;ljhf
mike;Js;sd. nrhw;nghopTfs; > ehl;ba ehlfq;fs; %h;j;j cw;rtq;fs; ,lk;
ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rpj;jpuh ngsu;zkp ehspy; tpN\l cw;rtk; eilngWk;.
rptNahfk; mwf;fl;lis epiyak; rpwg;ghd mwg;gzp ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,yz;ld;
irt rpj;jhe;j ikak; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;ij gutr; nra;fpwJ. gy;fiyf; fof
kl;lj;jpy; ,e;Jf; fy;tp kuG gug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. Oxford University of Hindu studies vd;Wk;
ngUk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ.

If;f pa mnkhpf;f htpy; ,e;J g;g z;g hL
Rkhh; 100 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G mnkupf;fhtpd; rpf;fhf;Nfh efupy; cyf rkaq;fspd;

kfhehL $l;lg;gl;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; ,e;J rka tpsf;fTiu
nra;J mnkhpf;f ehl;ltiu ,e;J rkak; gw;wp mwpar; nra;a Mh;t%l;bdhh;.
mtiuj; njhlh;e;J gy tUlq;fSf;F gpd; guk fk;r Nahfhde;jh; fpupah Nahf
tpsf;fk; %yk; Nkiy ehl;ltiu Ngr;R td;ikahYk; gpurhu newpahYk; fth;e;jhh;.
,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; tlmnkhpf;fhtpy; ,e;J rka newpapy; irtKk;> rpttopghLk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. mnkupff; htpd; ,yj;jpud; Clfq;fspYk; ,e;Jkjf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nguhrphpah; fhu;];rfhd; vd;gtuJ “mz;lk;” vd;Dk;
njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlupy; ,e;J rka gpugQ;rg; gilg;Gj; jj;Jtk;> rf;jpj; njhlh;G
Mfpa tplaq;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. eluhr jj;Jtj;jpd; gpugQ;r Njhw;wk;>
gpugQ;r ,af;fk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. ,e;J rkaj;jpwF ; k; ,yj;jpud; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlh;ig ,J Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mnkhpf;fh ehl;bd; gpujhd efukhfpa ngd;rpy;Ntdpahtpy; ,e;J rka rhh;ghd

tplaq;fs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rptd;> tpehafh; Kjypa ,e;J rka nja;tq;spd;
mw;Gjk; mUs; epiy Mfpad Kjd;ikg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mnkupf;fhtpd; tutha
efhpy; irt rpj;jhe;jikaKk; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy; `Js MjPdKk; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
Hindusm today vd;Dk; gpuRuKk; mnkhpf;f ehl;by; ,Ue;J ntsptUfpd;wJ.
1970fisj; njhlh;e;J mnkupf;fh ehl;by; gy Mya ];jhgdq;fSk; mwf;fl;lis

epiyaq;fSk; nraw;gl;L tUtijf;fhz Kbfpd;wJ. tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ,e;J
Myarig nraw;gLfpd;wJ. tpehafh; Myak; xd;W jdpahd fUq;fw;fis nfhz;l
tpkhdj;Jld; kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,d;iwa cyfpy; fUq;fy;yhy; Md ,e;J Nfhapy;fspy;
%d;whtJ Myakhf kpsph;fpd;wJ.
`tha; epiya MjPdk; rpteluhrh; NfhapiyAk; epUkhzpj;js;sJ. irt rkag;

gpurhuq;fis ,khya mf;flkp Nkw;nfhs;s rUtNjr fpU];z gf;jp fofk; (Iskon)
itztk;> fpU\;z gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
ntq;fNl];tug; ngUkhd; Nfhapy; fypNghh;zpah> ngd;rpy;Ntdpah Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpf;fhf;Nfh efupy; = uhk Myak; xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xNu Myaj;jpy; fNzrh;> rptd;> Jh;f;if> ,yf;Fkp Mfpa nja;tq;fSf;fhd ehd;F
fh;g;gf;fpufq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nuhr;r];lh; ,uh[ ,uhN[];tup NfhapYk; gf;jp
G+h;tKk; fiy G+h;tkhd MyakhFk;. mnkupf;fh;fs; itzt gf;jp> itzt
fPh;j;jdk;> Nfhapy; Ez;fiy rpw;gk; Ntjhe;jk; Kjypa ,e;J rka $lq;fspy;
kpFe;j Mh;tKilatuhf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. Mfk tpjpg;gb Nfhapy; fiyfis
mikf;Fk; kuGk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
rpw;g rhj;jpu tpjpg;gb gy;yth;f; fhy Nfhapw; fiyia jOtpAk; kfhty;yg fzgjp
Myak; epA+Nahf; efupy; mikj;J ,e;jpa ,yq;ifaUf;Fk; mnkupf;fh;fSf;Fk;
gf;jp G+h;t czh;it jUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; ,e;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
ru;tNjr Ntj kugf; gy;fiyf;fof mikg;Gk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

fdlh Njrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu mq;F gy;fyhrhug; gz;ghl;il mtjhdpff ; f; $bajhf

cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s Myaq;fspy; fe;j Guhz gldk;> fe;j Guhz fyhr;rhuk; gpd;
gw;wg;gLtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. #ud; NghUk; fdlhtpy; cs;s ,e;J Myaj;jpy;
eilngWfpd;wJ. fdlhtpy; ,e;J Mhpa rig Nfhapy; njhz;L nra;tij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpdw ; J. 1948,y; fdlhtpy; tpehafh; Nfhapy; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fdlhtpy; xd;uhwpNah khfhzj;jpy; kl;LNk 15 ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fe;jRthkp>Jh;f;if Iag;gRthkp Nfhapy; Mfpad gpugy;akhdit. nkhd;wpay;
efupy; fw;gfg; gps;isahh; Nfhapy; xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhapy;fSld; ,ize;j r%f NritfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rpWth; ghlrhiy>

jkpo; irt fy;tp kuG fiyQh; ghlrhiy> FUG+ir> jkpo; tpohf;fs; vd;gd
elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fdlh ,e;J fyhrhu kd;wk;> Ntjhe;j Qhd kd;wk;> fdlh
irt rpj;jhe;j kd;wk;> fdlh rpt njhz;ld; epiyak; vd;git gpujhdkhdit.
cyf irt kfhehL> cyf irt rpj;jhe;j kfhehL vd;gtw;iwAk; elhj;jp
mnkupf;f ehL ,e;Jg; gzpapy; ngUik ngWfpd;wJ. fdlhtpy; cs;s gy;fiyf;
fofq;fspy; nfhe;Nfhbah gy;fiyf;fof ,e;Jf; fw;iffs; gPlk; ,e;Jf; fy;tp
kugpw; gzp nra;fpdw
; J vdyhk;. mnkhpff
; htpy; tpNtfhee;jh; Nahfhg; gy;fiyf;fof
nkhd;W ,aq;fp tUtJk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
mnkupf;f ehLfspy; fdlh> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> `tha; jPTfs; Mfpad ,e;Jg;

gz;ghl;Lg; gutYf;Fupad. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; `Nuuhkh `Nu fpU\;zh
,af; f j; j pdu; gftj; fP i j jOtpa ,e; J g; gz; g hl; b idg; gug; g pAs; s dh; .
,uhkfpU\;zkprdpd; NritfSk; gutyhf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,jw;fika If;fpa
mnkupf;fhtpy; tpNtfhde;j Mr;rpukk; ,e;J rkag; gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ. `tha;
ehl;by; Nahfu; Rthkp Mr;rpukk; ,e;Jg; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. eilKiw
Ntjhe;j rpe;jidia mbg;gilahf nfhz;Lk; g[id> gpuhh;j;jid vd;gtw;Wld;
,iw topghl;by; <LgLjy; Kjypad ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. mnkupf;f ehl;bd; rpf;fhf;Nfh
efuk; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; nrhw;ngho;pTf;FupaJ. mtuJ nrhw;nghopT eilngw;w
,lk; tpNtfhde;j mtd;A+ (tPjp) vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fdlh ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu:

nuhuz;Nlh efupy; Ie;J ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk;
nkhd;wpay; efupy; %d;W ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk;
td; $ thpy; ,uz; L ,e; J f; N fhapy; f Sk; > upr; k d; f py; tpehafu; Nfhapy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fdlh ehl;bd; ,e;J khkd;wk; irtePjp rQ;rpifia ntspapLfpd;wJ. mtw;Wld;

fdlh ,e;Jg;Nguit> fdlh ,e;J mUs;newpkd;wk;> fdlh irtrpj;jhe;j kd;wk;
vd;git gpujhdkhdit. guj ehl;ba fy;Y}hpfs;> gz;zpir kd;wk; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf
gy gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

5.1 : ,e;Jf; Nfhapw; fiyfs; - mwpKfk;
,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fspy; Ez;fiyfs; rpwg;G ngw;W tUfpd;wd. fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf;

fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,e;J kjk; nry;thf;F vk;%jhijNahuplk; ,Ue;J tUtJ
cz;ikNa. vk;Kd;Ndhhpd; topghl;bw;Fupa ,lkhf Nfhapy; jpfo;e;jJ. Md;kh
Kj;jp milAk; nghUl;L ,iwtd; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;fk; ,lk; Nfhapy.; ,f;Nfhapyf; spy;
fiy vd;gJ efKk; rijAk; gpize;J ,Ug;gJ Nghy; jpfo;tJ ngUikf;Fupa
rpwg;ghFk;.
fiy vd;gJ fyh vDk; rk];fpUj nrhy;ypd; jkpo;tbtkhFk;. fl;ll rpwg

; Xtpaq;fs;
fl;Gyf; fiyahfTk; ,ireld ,yf;fpaq;fs; mitfhw;Wf;fiyfshfTk; fl;Gy
tbtq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itfspd; rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
rpwg;Gf;Fupadthfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
,e;Ez;fiyfspy; ,ir> eldk;> ehlfk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;llf;fiy> ,yf;fpak;

vd;gd rpwg;Gf;Fupad ,tw;Ws; Nfhapyf
; spd; Rth;fs; J}z;fs;> NfhGuq;fs;> tpkhdq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpy; ,jd; rpwg;gpiz czh;e;J nfhs;syhk;.
Nfhapy; ,y;yh Cupy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;gjw;f ,zq;f fiyfSk; kf;fs;

tho; gpuNjrq;fspy; CLUtpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfhapyf; spd; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;l fl;llf;fiyia Nehf;Fkplj;J mq;F fu;gg

; f;fpufk;
,jd; Nkw;$iu> tpkhdk;> ];J}gp ,jw;F Kd; fpof;F Nehf;fp thry; Kd; kfh
kz;lgk;> fUitwiaAk; kfh kz;lgj;ijAk; ,izj;J mu;jj ; kz;lgk; Nfhapiyr;
Rw;wp gy miwfs; ,t;tiwfspd; tupirr; Rth;fs; NfhapYf;Fk;> RtUf;fk; ,ilapy;
tPjp> Nfhguk; ,tw;iw tpl gy kz;lgq;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fp.gp 8 E}w;whz;by;
,Ue;Nj fw;Nfhapy;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. Mdhy; njhd;Wnjhl;L fl;llf;fiy
rpwg;G ngw;wikf;Fg; gy Mjhuq;fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd.
,e;Jf; fiy ,e;J jj;Jtk; Mf;fj;jpwd;> mofpay;> kdkfpor

; r
; p ntspgg; hL vd;gtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLtjdhy; Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
J}z;fSk; J}z;fspd; vz;zpfi
; ffSk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. ,jpy; J}z;fspd;
rpwg
; Ntiyfspy; rpqf
; cUtq;fs; jhkiufs; vd;gd nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,itfspy;
rJu tbtkhfNth> Iq; N fhz> gjpdhWNfhz> (mWNfhz) tbtpdjfNth
mikf;fg;gLtJ rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.
fiy mDgtKk; Mj;kf P mDgtKk; xNu mDgtj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhLfs;; vd;gjid

czh;jj ; ,iwtdpd; cUtj;jpUNkdpfisj; jpUTU mikj;J Nfhapy;fspy; itj;J
topghL nra;tJ irt Mfkq;fspy; $wg;gLtJ rpwg;Gf;Fhpa mk;rk;. ,j; jpUTUtq;fs;
kuj;jpdhYk;> rhe;jpdhYk; ntz;fyj;jpdhYk; fw;fspdhYk; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,J fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rj;jpidNa czh;j;Jfpd;wJ vdyhk;.

NkYk; rptdpd; gy;NtW %h;jj

; q;fs; ,ypq;Nfhw;gth;> re;jpuNrfuh;> eluhrh;> gpr;rhldh;>
jl;rzh%h;j;jp> fy;ahz Re;juh; Nghd;Nwhh; topglg;gLtJ fiyapd; rpwg;ig
ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.
,tw; i w tpl tpkhdq; f spYk; NfhGuq; f spYk; ,iwtdJ mw; G jq; f s;

jpUtpishaly;fis rpj;jphpf;Fk; gy rpw;gq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. NkYk; Nrhoh;fs;
Nfhtpy;fspy; ntz;fyj;jpdhYk; fy;yhYk; mikf;fg;gl;l gy rpw;gq;fs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngWtJ eluhrhpd; tbtkhFk;. cjhuzkhf rpjk;gu
Fk;gNfhzk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; rpw;gq;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jit MFk;.
Nfhapy;fspy; ,iwtdpd; tbtq;fs; epd;W mku;e;j fple;j epiyapy; mikf;fg;gLk;
tbtq;fs; Nfhap;fspd; rpw;gf;fiyf;Fupa rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
fyhNahfp Mde; j Fkhu$thkp mth; f s; “fiy cUthf; f k; vd; g J J}a

csr; n raw; g hL” vdr; rkaj; j pw; F k; fiyf; F k; ,ilapyhd njhlh; i g
ntspf; f hl; b aik Nfhapy; f spy; tsh; r ; r p ngw; w Xtpaf; f iyfspy; ,Ue; J
njhpatUfpd;wJ. rpw;gj;jpid Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Xtpak; tsh;r;rp ngw;wik
rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.
rpwg
; E}y;fSk; Mfkq;fSk; jpUTUtq;fSf;Fj; jPll; Ntz;ba epwq;fis $wpAs;sd.
Nfhapw; $iufspYk; Rth;fspYk; J}z;fspYk; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fhQ;rp
ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;|> jQ;irg; ngUq;Nahapy; Rth;fspy; gioa RtNuhtpaq;fSk;
jQ;rg; nghpa Nfhapw; fUtiwapd; gpd;Gwr; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk;
rpwg;Gf;Fupait. NkYk; rptd; Re;juiuj; jLj;jhl; nfhz;l epfo;r;rp Xtpakhf
jPl;lg;gl;likAk; rpwg;G ngw;w tplaNk.
jpUehTf;furh; “capuhtzk; ,Ue;J cw;WNehf;fp cs;sf;fpspapy; cUntOjp”

vd;W ghLtJ fiyfs; cs xUikg;ghl;ilAk; G+uz mikjpiaAk; Md;kPf
,d;gj;ijAk; jUtijf; fhl;Lfpdw
; J. ,e;j tifapy ,irf;fiyAk; eldf;fiyAk;
rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;wd.
Mfkk; $Wk; topghl;by; fPjk; thj;jpak;> epUj;jpak; vDk; %d;Wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

,it %d;Wk; ,iwtid topgl tFf;fg;gl;l Kiwfs;. Ez;fiyfisg; Ngzj;
jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL cWJizahff; fhzg;gLtJ fiyapd; rpwg;Gf;F Kf;fpakhd
fhuzk;.
mgpN\fq;fspd; NghJk; Muhjidfspd; NghJk; kj;jsk;> Nksk;> jhsk;> rq;F>

Foy; > ehjRuk; Kjypa thj; j paf; fUtpfs; kP l ; l g; g l; l d. ,it flTsh;
jpUTUtq;fNshL Nfhapyf ; spy; rpjj
; pupjJ
; f; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; rptd; cLf;ifAk;
ehujh; jk;GuhTk;> ru];tjp tPizAk;> fz;zd; Gy;yhq;Foy; rq;F nfhz;L
tpsq;FtJ ,irf;fiyapd; kfj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Myaq;fspy; ,irf;fiy rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jij mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. mq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ehzaq;fspy; rKj;jpu Fg;jd; tPw;wpUe;J
tPizthrpg;gJ Nghd;w epiy ,f;f;hyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf;fiyapd; rpwg;gpid
czu Kbaf; $bajhFk;. NkYk; ehad;khh;fs; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpid
,ir %yk; Nfhapy;fspy; tsh;j;Jr; nrd;wdu;. ,jpy; Re;juh; “Vopiraha;
,irg;gadha;” vd;Wk; mg;gh; “Xirxyp vyhk; Mdha;” vdTk; ghbAs;sik
,f;fiyapd; rpwg;gpid typAWj;JfpwJ.

kdpj cs;sj;ijf; jd;takhf;fp ,iwrpe;jidapy; nry;tNj fiy vd;Wk; fiy

xU Nahf rhjdk; vd;Wk; fiy jd;dykpy;yhj cyffj;jpw;F xUtiu mioj;Jr;
nry;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; jpUthTf;furh; mupa NjdpDk; ,dpa Njthuq;fis
jyq;fs; NjhWk; ghbf;fspj;jhh; vd;Wk; rk;ge;jUk; ,irg; Gytuhfp kpsph;e;jhh;.
,th; ghba ghf;fis ahopy; mikj;Jj; jyq;fs; NjhWk; ghb te;jth; jpUePyfz;l
aho;g;ghzh;. “gz;Zk; gjNkOk; gyNthirj; jkpoitAk;” vd;W Qhd rk;ge;ju;
ghbaikAk; gy;yt muru; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj njd;dpe;jpa Nfhtpy;fspy; Njthuk;
ghlg;gl;bUg;gJk; ,irf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpdw; J. ,itgw;wp %d;whk;
ee;jptu;kd; fhyj;J jpUty;yk; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; Nrhog; ngUkd;dh; fhyj;jpYk; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf; fiy rpwg;Gw;Wf;

fhzg;gl;lJ. Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUntk;ghit> jpUg;ghit>
jpUj;jhz;lfk; Mfpad Nfhapy;fspy; ghlg;gl;ljhf fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd.
gpugQ;rg; gilg;G ehjhe;j eldj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. eldk; Ie;njhopy;

jj;JtkhFk;. ,ir kdij ,irtpf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ. ,irahy; topgLtJ
,iwQhdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.
,e;j tifapy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gjpfk;

XJk; tof;fj;ijAk; Kiwg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;Wk; ,uhruhNrr;ruk; Nfhtpypy; jpUg;gjpfk;
Xj Ik;gjpd;khiu epakpj;jhd; vd;Wk; NkYk; Nrhoh; fhy fy;ntl;bd; gb Njthuk;
XJgth;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;a Njthu ehafh; vDk; mYtyh epakpf;fg;
ngw;wpUe;jikAk; ,irf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpid czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpYk; mUzfpupehjh; ,aw;wpa ghly;fSk; ,irf;fiyf;Fupa

Mjhuq;fshf cs;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpd; Nfhapy;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;l J}z;fs; fUq;fhyp
Nghy; fUik epwkhdit. vz;nza; G+rpdhy; Nghy; gsgsg;G jd;ik cilait
caukhd J}z;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $Wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
ahop> Fjpiu Nghd;w tpyq;Ffspd; tbtk; rpw;gkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fhy
J}z;fspd; cauk; 18 mb cauk; tiuAk; mike;J ,Ug;gJ ,f;fhyf; Nfhapy;
fiy rpwg;Gg; ngWk; tifapid mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
,t;thwhf Ez;fiyfspd; nry;thf;F gy;yt> Nrho> ehaf;fu; fhyq;fspd; ,lk;

ngw;W tUtjidAk; mitgw;wpa mwpKf ciuapidAk; Nky; cs;sthW $wyhk;.

- jkpofj;jpy; fl;llf; fiy

gy; y tu; fhyf; fl; l lf; fiy
jkpof tuyhw;wpy; gy;ytu; fhyk; gf;jpnewpf; fhyk;> gf;jp ,af;ffhyk; vd;W
gythW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;
whz;L tiuahd gFjpapy; jkpofj;jpy; gy;yt> ghz;b a kd;d u;fspd; Ml;r p
eilngw;wJ. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Mo;thu;fs;> ehad;khu;fshy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpD}lhf
irt itzt rkaq;fs; ngUtsu;r;rp mile;jd. irt> itzt rkaq;fspd;
kWkyu;r;rpapy; Nfhapy;fs; gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. mt;thW mikf;fg;gl;l
Myaq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; tsu;rr ; paile;j jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiy gw;wp mwptjw;Fg;
ngupJk; cjTfpdw ; d.
gy;ytu;fhy kd;du;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Myaq;fs; jpuhtpl
fl;llf;fiy kuG Njhd;wp> tsu;rr; paile;jikiaf; fhl;Lfpdw ; d. ,f;fhy fl;llf;fiy
tsu;r;rpia mtw;iw mikj;j muru;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;> mtw;wpd; mikg;gpd;
mbg;gilapYk; tifg;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Myaq;fis mikj;j
muru;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>
1. kNfe;jputu;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.600 - fp.gp. 650 tiu
3. ,uh[rpk;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.650 - fp.gp. 700 tiu
2. eurpk;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.700 - fp.gp. 800 tiu
4. ee;jptu;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.800 - fp.gp. 900 tiu
gy;ytu; fhyf; fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpia Myaq;fspd; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapYk;
tifapy; Filjspfs;> kiyjspfs;> fl;Lj;jspfs; vdTk; tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
Filjspfs;
gy;ytu;fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr ; papd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf miktJ Filtiuf;
Nfhapy;fs;. kiyfisf; File;J mikf;fg;gl;l Filtiuf; Nfhapiy Muk;gpj;J
itj;jtu; kNfe;jputu;kd;. kz;lfg;gl;Lr; rhrdk; ,jid cWjp nra;fpwJ.
mf;fy;ntl;by; ~nrq;fy;> Rz;zhk;G> kuk;> cNyhfk; Kjyhdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ
gpuk;kh> tp\;Z Mfpa flTsu;fSf;F ,e;jf; Nfhapiy tprpj;jpurpj;jd; cUthf;
fpdhd;| vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidaLj;J kNfe;jputhbak;> khkz;û;> ty;yk;>
gy; y htuk; Kjyhd Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. rP a kq; f yk; >
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jsthD}u; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s Filjspfs; rw;Wg; gpwg
; l;lit.
Filtiuf; Nfhapy; f s; fUtiw> mu; j ; j kz; l gk; > Kfg; G kz; l gk;
vd;gdtw;iwAk; gpujhd thapiyAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. Muk;gfhyf; Filtiufspd;
Kfg;G kz;lgj;jpy; 7 mb cauKk; 2 mb mfyKq; n fhz; l J}z; f s; ,lk;
ngWfpd;wd. ,f;Fil tiufspy; cs;s fUtiwfspy; ,iwtbtq;fisf; fhzKba
tpyi
; y. ,iwtbtq;fs; Rij my;yJ kuj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fUJtu;.

gy;ytu; fhyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapyf ; spd; mLj;j fl;ll tsu;rr

; piaf; fhl;Ltd.
kz; l gq; f s; . kz; l gq; f Ss; mjpfkhdit Kjyhk; eurpk; k d; fhyj; j py;
mikf;fg;gl;lit. jpup%u;jj ; p kz;lgk;> Mjptuhf kz;lgk;> kfp\hRuku;jj ; pdp kz;lgk;>
ju;kuh[kz;lgk;> khky;yGuk; Nghd;wit cjhuzq;fs;. kz;lgf; Nfhapy;;fs;
Filtiufs; Nghy fUtiw> Kfg;G kz;lgk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gpujhd gFjpfshf
cilad. kz;lgf; Nfhapyf ; spy; fUtiwapd; vz;zpfi ; f thapyf ; spd; mikg;G>
fhtw; rpw;gq;fs; mikg;G vd;gdtw;wpy; khw;wq;fisf; fhzyhk;. kz;lg Nfhapyf ; Ss;
rpy kz;lgq;fs; ,iw tbtq;fis cila fUtiwfisf; nfhz;bUf;f> NtW
kz; l gq; f spd; fUtiwfs; ntWikahfTs; s d. rptd; > tp\; Z > gpukh
Mfpatu;fSf;Fupa jpup%u;j;jp kz;lgk; %d;W fUtiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F
jpUkhypd; jpUtbapy; ,Utu; mku;e;jpUg;gJNghy nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rptdpd;
fUtiwf;F Kd;Ds;s Jthughyfu;fs; fk;;gPukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdu;. kfplh#u
kz;lgj;jpy; kfplh#uku;jj ; dp kfplh#uid tjk; nra;Ak; fij rpwg ; f;Nfhykhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. nfhbf;fhy; kz;lgj;jpd; fUtiwapd; ,UGwKk; fhtw;ngz;fs;
fhzg;gLtjhy; nfhw;witf;Fupa Nfhapyhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gu;.
kz;lgf; Nfhapy;fspy; nghJthf 7 mb cauKs;s J}z; epiufs; fhzg;g
Lfpd;wd. ,jd; Nkw;GwKk;> mbg;GwKk; rJu tbtikg;igAk;> eLg; g Fjp vz;
Nfhz mikg;igAk; nfhz;lit. Nkw;gFjpapy; Fk;gKk;> jhkiu nkhl;Lk; njhq;F
tJ Nghy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J}z;fspd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk; rpq;fq;fs;> J}z;fspd;
ghuj;ij mit jhq;fpf; nfhs;tJNghy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ eaj;jw;FupaJ. NkYk;
J}z;fs; fyrk;> Fk;gk;> gyif> fpuPtk;> jhkiu,jo; Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. kz;lgq;fspd; $iug;gFjpapy; tpkhd mikg;Gfspd; nrJf;fy;fisf;
fhzyhk;.
kiy jspfs;
gy;ytu; fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; 2Mk; fl;l tsu;rr ; piaf; fhl;Lgit kiy
jspfshFk;. Kjyhk; kNfe;jputUkdpd; kfd; Kjyhk; eurpk;kdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l
,k;kiyjspfis ujf;Nfhapy;fs;> ghiwf;Nfhapy;fs;> nrJf;Fj;jspfs;> xw;iwf;
Nfhapy;fs; vdTk; $Wtu;. kuj;jpy; ,ujj;ijr; nrJf;FtJNghy ghiwfisf; Nky;
,Ue;J fPohf nrJf;fp mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshf kiyjspfs; cs;sd. khky;y
Guj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s kiyjspfs;> kfhghujf; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fshYk;
fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fspd; ngau;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. khky;yGu kiy jspfs;>
jUk ujk;> tPk ujk;> fNzr ujk;> rfhNjt ujk;> mu;r;Rd ujk;> nfhw;wit ujk;>
tlf;Fg; gplhup ujk;> njw;Fg; gplhup ujk;> tiyahd; Fl;il ujk; vDk; ngau;fshy;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

kiyjspfspd; tpkhdq;fs; ntt;NtW fiyg;ghzpfisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. jUk

ujk;> mu;rR
; d ujk;> njw;Fg;gplhup ujk; vd;gdtw;wpd; tpkhdk; jpuhtpl fiyg;ghzpiag;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. tlf;Fg; gplhup ujk;> tiyahd; Fl;il ujk;> nfhw;wit ujk;
vd;gd ehfu fiyg;ghzpapy; mike;jit. fNzr ujk;> tPk ujk; vd;gd rhiy
tpkhd mikg;igAilad. rfhNjt ujk; J}q;fhid khl fiyg;ghzpapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
khky;yGuf; Nfhapy;fSs; ju;kuh[ ujk; Vidatw;iwtpl mstpw; ngupaJ.
~mtdpg[hd gy;yNt];tuk;| vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,t;thyak; 42 mb ePsk;> 32
mb mfyk;> 40 mb cauk; cilaJ. ,t; ujk; %d;W jsq;fisAk;> mjd;Nky;
vl;Lg; gl;ilfisAila fpuPlj;ijAk;> rpfuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jUkuh[ ujj;jpd;
%d;W jsq;fspYk; ,e;J rkar; rhu;Gila rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
“rpw;gf;fiyf; fsQ;rpak;” vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; jUkuh[ ujk;> fhQ;rp ifyhrehju;
Myaj;jpd; mikg;gpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jJ.
fl; L j;j spfs;

fw;fisr; rPuhfg; nghope;njLj;J xd;wpd; Nky; xd;iw itj;J fl;Lfpd;w
fl;Lkhdf; fl;llf;fiyNa fl;Lj;jspahFk;. fl;Lj;jspf; fiykuG ,uh[rpk;k gy;yt
kd;ddJ fiykuG. cjhuzkhf khky;yGuf; flw;fiuf;Nfhapy;> <];tud; Nfhapy;>
KFe;jd; Nfhapy;>njd;dhu;ff ; hL khtl;lj;jpYs;s gidkiyf; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rp
Guj;jpYs;s itFe;jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;. khky;yGu flw;fiuf; Nfhapy; ghJfhg;gw;w
jpwe;jntspapy; mike;Js;s ,f;Nfhapy; fly; ePupypUe;JtUk; cg;Gf; fhw;whYk;>
fhw;wpy; tUk; kzyhYk; ,d;Dk; rpijtilahJ ,Ug;gJ gy;ytu;fhy fl;Lkhd
Ntiyapd; cWjpg;ghl;ilf; fhl;LfpwJ. khky; y Gu flw; fiuf; Nfhapiy
“[yradk;” vd jw;NghJ miof;fpd;wdu;.
,uh[rpk;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;l fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy; fiy tdg;GilaJ.
ngupa fw;wsp vd gpw;fhy rhrdq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;
jkpof jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiyapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fshd tpkhdk;> kz;lgq;fs;> gupthuj;
NjtNfhl;lk;> Rw;whiy> NfhGuk;> gpufhuk; Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhQ;rp
ifyhrehju; Nfhapy; fUtiwapy; 16 gl;il nfhz; l ,ypq; fk; cs;s J.
fu;g;gf;fpufj;ijr; Rw;wp tUtjw;F ghij mikg;G cz;L.fu;gg ; f;fpufj;jpd; fpof;Fg;
gf;fk; jtpu;e;j Vida %d;W jpirfspYk; cs;s gf;fr; Rtu;fspd; eLtpYk; Njt
Nfhl;lk; ,ize;jpUg;gJ rpwg;gk;rk;. tpkhdk; gy js mikg;Gk; mJ cs;Nehf;fpa
rupTld; NkNy Xq;fpnaOk; ghq;fpy; fiytdg;Gld;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehw;rJu tbtpyhd mjd; jsq;fspy; khlq;fSk;

Guhzf;fijia tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fSk; rpfuj;jpd; NkNy J}gpAk; cs;sd. jpUr;
Rw;whiyiar; Rw;wp 58 rpwpa NjtNfhl;lq;fs; cs;sd.
fhQ;r pGuj;jpYs;s itFe;jg;ngUkhs; NfhapNy gy;ytu; fhyf; fl; l lf;
fiyapd; kpf Kjpur ; r
; p ngw;w gilg;G vdf; $wyhk;. mJ ifyhrehju; Nfhapiyf;
fhl;bYk; XusT ngupaJ. Rw;whiy kz;lgk;> fUtiw> Kf kz;lgk; vd;gd mf;
Nfhapypd; Kf;fpakhd cWg;Gf;fshFk;. fUtiw Vwf;Fiwa 90 mb ePsKs;s
gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf rJu tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ. Rw;whiy kz;lgj;jpy; rpq;f
cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s J}z; tupirAk;> gy;yt mur kugpdJ Kf;fpa
khdepfo;r;rpfisf; $Wk; nra;jpfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fSk; cs;sd. K f
kz;lgk; fUtiwiag; Nghy rJu tbtKilaJ.
fUtiwapd; NkYs;s tpkhdk; rJu tbtpyhdJ. mjdJ cauk; jiu
kl;lj;jpypUe;J 60 mbMFk;. tpkhdk; ehd;F jsq;fisf;; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mijr;
Rw;wpYk; eiltopAk; cs;sJ. tpkhdj;jpy; cs;s rpwg ; Ntiyg;ghLfs; ghu;gN; ghiuf;
ftu;tjhf cs;sJ. Myaj;jpNy gpufhuj;jpd; cl;Gwj;jpYs;s jpUr;Rw;W $lq;fs;
nghUe;jpa rhiyfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rhiy neLfpYk; ahopj;J}z; epiufs;
cz;L. J}zpd; ghuj;ij ahopjhq;FtJ Nghy; kpfj; jj;Jt&gkhf rpw;gp jd;
iftpidj; jpwidf; fhl;bAs;shd;. gy;ytu; fhy fl;llf;fiyapYk; fiy
Ntiyg;ghLfspYk; kpf cau;e;j tsu;r;rpf; fhyk; ,uh[ rpk;kdJ Ml;rpf;fhyk;
vdf; $wyhk;.
gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j fl;Lj;jsp mikg;gpd; mLj;j fl;l
tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd gy;ytu; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpy; Ml;rp Gupe;j ee;jptu;kd;
fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs;. ,k;kd;dd; fp.gp. 800 - fp.gp. 900 Mk; Mz;bw;F
,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mikj;j Myaq;fs; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;. ,t;thyaq;fs; mstpNy
rpwpadthf ,Ug;gJld;> fiyg; gz;GfspYk; ,uh[rpk;kd; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk;
tsu;r;rpAilait vd;W $wKbahJ. cjhuzkhf fhQ;rpapYs;s Kj;j] P t
; uu;
Nfhapy;> kjq;Nf];tuu; Nfhapy;> nrq;fw;gl;bw;F mUfpYs;s Xuflj;jpYs;s
thlhky;y] P ;tuu; Nfhapy;> jpUj;jzpapYs;s tPul;lhNd];tuu; Nfhapy; Kjyhdit
Fwp;g;gplj;jf;fit. ,tw;Ws; fhQ;rpapYs;s Kj;jP]t ; uu;> kjq;Nf];tuu; Nfhapy;fs;
Kjypy; fl;lg;gl;lit. mtw;wpd; Eiothapypy; ,U J}z;fs; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
Kfkz;lgk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;gpupitr; Nru;e;j Vida ehd;F Nfhapy;fSk; miutl;l
tbtpy; mike;Js;sd. mit khky;yGuj;jpYs;s rfhNjt ujj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;
nfhz;ld.

Nrhou; fhyf; fl;l lf;f iy

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 850 - 1270 tiuahd fhyk; Nrho kd;du;fspd;
Ml;rpf; fhyk;. ,e;J rkak; Nfhapy; topghL> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> jj; J tk; vd; W
gy;NtW JiwfspYk; tsu;rr ; p fz;lJ. ,f;fhy ,e;J rka tsu;r
; r
; p vd;gJ Nfhapyf ; is
ikakhff; nfhz;Nl fhzg;gl;lJ. Nrho kd;du;fs; Nghupy; ngw;w ntw;wpfSf;fhfTk;>
kf;fspd; Md;kfP j; Njitia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfTk; gy Nfhapy;fis mikj;jdu;.
mt;thW Nrho kd;du;fs; mikj;j Nfhapy;fs; mf;fhyf; fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr ; piaf;
fhl;Ltdtha; cs;sd.
Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpia ntt;NtW tsu;r;rpf; fl;lq;fshf ,dq;
fhz;gu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;Ml;rp Gupe;j muru;fisAk; mtu;fs; mikj;j Myaq;fspd;
jd;ikfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,g;gFg;G mikfpwJ.
(m) Kw;fhyr; Nrhou; ghzp - fp.gp. 850 - 985
tp[ahyad; njhlf;fk; guhu;e;jd; tiuahd Nfhapy;fs;
(M) ,ilf;fhyr; Nrhou; ghzp - fp.gp. 985 - 1070
uh[uh[d; njhlf;fk; uhN[e;jpud; tiuahd fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l
Nfhapy;fs;.
(,) gpw;fhyr; Nrhou; ghzp - fp.gp. 1070 - 1270
1 Mk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; njhlf;fk; 3 Mk; uhN[e;jpud; tiuahd
fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapyf
; s;.
,t;thyaq;fSs; Kw;fhyr; Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapyf ; s; gy;ytu; fhy jpuhtpl fl;llf;fiy
tsu;rr
; papd; njhlu;rr
; piaf; fhl;Lfpdw
; d. mNjNeuj;jpy; mf;fhyf; Nfhapyf ; isg; NghyNt
mstpy; rpwpadthfTk; cs;sd. ehu;jj ; h kiy tp[ahya NrhNo];tuk;> GJf;Nfhl;il
%tu; Nfhapy; Nghd;wd Kw;fhy Nrhou; Nfhapy;fSs; rpy. Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy
tsu;rr; papd; cr;repiyiaf; fhl;Ltd ,ilf;fhyr; Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapy;fs;. jQ;irg;
ngUq;Nfhapy>; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNo];tuk; vd;gd mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit. gpw;fhyr;
Nrhou; Nfhapy;fs; Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;rr ; papd; Kjpu;rr
; pia fhl;LtJld;>
tp[aefu fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;NdhbahfTk; miktd. g p w ; f h y r ;
Nrhou; Nfhapy;fSs; rpjk;guk;> IuhtNj];tuk;> jphpGtdk; vd;gd rpy.
fl; l lf; f iyapd; tsu; r ; r p

Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; njhlf;fj;ijf; fhl;LtJ tp[ahya NrhNo];tuk;.
fUtiw> tpkhdk;> Kd;kz;lgk;> gupthuf; Nfhapy;fs; vDk; gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf
,t;thyak; cs;sJ. ehd;F jsq;fisf; nfhz;l tpkhdk; Nky; Nehf;fp $k;gpa
tz;zk; nry;fpwJ. tpkhdj;jpd; Kjy; %d;W jsq;fs; rJukhfTk;> ehd;fhtJ jsk;
tl;lkhfTk; mike;Js;sd. GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s %tu; Nfhapy; %d;W gpujhd
Nfhapyf ; is nfhz;l xU Nfhapyhf cs;sJ. %d;W ikaf; Nfhapyf ; Sf;Fk; kfh
kz;lgk;> ee;jp kz;lgk; vd;gd nghJthf mike;Js;sd.

xt;nthU ikaf;NfhapYk; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk; vDk; gFjpfis cilad.

ikaf;Nfhapy; xt;nthd;Wk; 21 mb ePsKk;> kfh kz;lgk; 91 mb ePsKk;> ee;jp
kz;lgk; 11 rJu mb ePsKk; cilad. Myaj;jpd; xt;nthU jpirapYk;; Jizf;
Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd.
Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; cr;repiyia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf
jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; cs;sJ. rhSf;fpa kd;did uh[uh[d; ntw;wp nfhz;ljd;
epidthff; fl;lg;gl;lNj jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy;. 5 0 0 m b e P sK k ; 2 5 0 m b
mfyKilajhf ,f;Nfhapy; cs;sJ. n j d ; j p i r N k U > ngupa Nfhapy;>
ngUTilahu; Nghd;w ngau;fs; jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapypd; fl;llf;fiyr; rpwg;ig
czu;j;Jtd. gpujhd Nfhapy; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> ee;jp
kz;lgk;> eu;jj; d kz;lgk;> thr;rpa kz;lgk; vd;W 6 gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Myaj;jpd; cWg;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; Mfk tpjpg;gb epUkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 45 mb
ePsKk; 9 mb mfyKk; nfhz;l fUtiwapd; ehw;GwKk; ehd;F thapy;fs; cs;sd.
jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; gpujhd gFjpahf miktJ gpukpl; tbtpy; mike;j
mjd; tpkhdk; vd;gu;. Myaj;jpd; tpkhdk; 216 mb cauj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJld;>
15 mLf;FfisAk; cilaJ. jQ;irf;Nfhapypd; kjpy; thapy; tpkhdk; 3 NfhGuq;fSk;
Nfuse;jfd; thapy;> uh[uh[d; thapy;> jpUtZf;fd; thapy; vDk; ngau;fshy;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
uhN[e;jpud; fq;ifia ntw;wp nfhz;ljd; epidthf mikf;fg;gl;l fq;if
nfhz;l NrhNo];tuk; jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; kWgjpgG
; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thyak;
567 mb ePsKk; 318 mb mfyKk; nfhz;l tshfj;jpDs; mike;Js;sJ. My
aj;jpd; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk; Mfpa gpujhd gFjpfs; xU
nghJthd gpukhz;lkhd mjpl;lhdj;jpd; Nky; mike;Js;sd. fq;if nfhz;l
NrhNo];tuj;jpd; gpujhd gFjpahf miktJ tpkhdk;. jQ;irg; ngUq; Nfhapypd;
tpkhdj; j pd; jsq; f s; ehw; G wKk; Neuhf mike; j pUf; f > fq; i f nfhz; l
NrhNo];tuj;jpd; tpkhdk; tpy; tisthff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. tpkhdj;jpy; Ie;J
gf;f tbtpYk;> ehw;rJu tbtpYk; mike;j khlq;fs; jsq;fis myq;fupf;fpd;wd.
fUtiwapd; ,UGwKk; tl ifyhak;> njd; ifyhak; vDk; ,U rpthyaq;fs;
cs;sd.

gpw;fhy Nrhou; fiyg; ghzp

gpw;fhy Nrho kd;du;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs; ,ilf;fhy Nrho fl;llf;
fiyg;ghzpapd; mLj;j fl;l tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. ,f;Nfhapy;fs; Nrhou; fhy
fl;llf; fiyapd; Kjpu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. mNjNeuk; Nrhog; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jtd. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk;; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> tpf;fpuk Nrhod;
Nghd;w muru;fshy; mikf;f g; g l; l Nfhapy; f shf ,it cs;s d. rpjk;g uk; >
jpupGtNd]; t uk; > IuhtNj]; t uk; Nghd; w Nfhapy; f s; gpw; f hy Nrhou; f hy
fiyg;ghzpia gpujpgypg;gd. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Nghd;w muru;fs; - rpjk;guj;jpy; epUj;j
rig> NfhGuq;fs;> E}Wfhy; kz;lgk;> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk; Nghd;w fl;ll mk;rq;fis
epUkhzpj;jdu;. rpjk;guj;jpd; jpUr;Rw;W khspifapd; Rtu;fs; Kjyhk;; FNyhj;Jq;fd;>
tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Kjypatu;fspd; fhyq;fspy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lit.
,ilf; fhyf; Nfhapy;fspd; tpkhdq; fs; caukhf mika> gpw;fhy Nrhou;
Nfhapy;fspd; NfhGuq;fs; caukhf ,Ue;jik ,f;fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;
fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rk;. rpjk;guj;jpd; VO thapy;fspYk; VO caukhd
NfhGuq;fs; cs;sd. ,uz;lhk; uh[uh[dhy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;l IuhtNj];tuk;>
,uh[,uhN[];tuk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thyak; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk;>
ngU kz;lgk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gpujhd gFjpfshff; cs;sJ. IuhtNj];tuj;jpd;
tpkhdk;> NjtNfhl;lk;> Rtu; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; gy rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,f;Nfhapy; gy rpw;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjdhy; “rpw;gq;fshy; ,iof;fg;gl;l xNu
Nrhou; tshfk;” vd;W tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.vdNt Nrhou;fspd; gpw;fhyf; Nfhapy;fs;
tp[aefu ehaf;fu; fhy fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;Ndhb vd;gu;.

tp[aefu ehaf;fu; fhy fl;llf;fiy
gpd; d zpAk; #oYk;
njd;dpej; pa ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp 14k; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; 18k; E}w;whz;bw;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l fhyk; tp[aefu ehaf;fh; fhyk;. Nrhoh; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy
Nrhoh; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wJk; mjidr; rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpa ,];yhkpah;fs;
gilnaLg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;L kjk; gug;g Kw;gl;ldh;. ,jdhy; ,e;J Myaq;fs;
gytw;iw ,bj;jopj;Jk; mq;fpUe;J fiyr; nry;tq;fisf; fsthbAk; nrd;wdh;.
,jdhy; ,e;J kjk; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy; fupfud;> Gf;fd; Nghd;Nwhh;
tlf;Nf xU muirAk; njw;Nf xU muirAk; Njhw;wpdh;. tlf;fpy; Njhd;wpa muR
,];yhkpaUf;Fk; njw;fpy; Njhd;wpa muR tp[aefu NguurhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,t; t urpay; tuyhw; w py; tp[aefuj; i j Njhw; W tpj; j xUtuhf fpU\; z
Njtuhah;fhzg;gl;lhh;. mJ Njhd;Wtjw;F gy gzpfis nra;j xUtuhf jpfo;gth;
tpj;ahuz;ah;;. ,t;thW ,f;fhyj;jpy; epytpa rka kWkyh;r;rp tp[a efu ehaf;fh;
fhy fl;llf;fiyapy; GjpaNjhh; gupkhzj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gpw kjq;fSf;F
vjpuhdJ vdg;; Gwf; fiy tbtq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpdh;.
tp[a efuupd; fl;llf;fiyr; rpwg;Gk; ehaf;fh; fhyf; fiyAk;
jkpo; ehl;by; gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk; Nrhoh;fhyj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy

tsh;r;rpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tp[a efu kd;dh;fs; Me;jpuh> fu;ehlfk;>
jkpo;ehL Mfpa %d;W khepyq;fspYk; Gjpa Gjpa fiyg; gz;GfSld; Gjpa Gjpa
Nfhapy;fis mikj;Jk; gioa Nfhapy;fis Gdh;epUkhzk; nra;Jk; fiyg;gzp
Gupe;jdh;. ,th;fspd; fiytsh;r;rpapy; Nfhapy;fspd; cs;sf tsh;r;rpapy; khw;wk;
Vw;gl;lJ. fiy nropg;Gw;w fhyk; ,f;fhyk; vdTk; fiy mwpQh; $Wth;.
,th;fspd; fiyg; gz;gpy; fy;ahz kz;lgk;> Mapuk; fhy; kz;lgk;> Rw;Wg; gpufhuk;>
NfhGuk;> J}z;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpj;J ,Ue;jd.
J}z; f s;
tp[a efu ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; %d;W tif rhh;e;j J}z;fs; Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspNy
mikf;fg;gl;lij mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
1. gpujhdkhd J}iz xl;ba tz;zk; mjd; gf;fq;fspy; flTs; gbkk;> ahop>

Fjpiu Nghd;w tbtq;fs; rpwg;ghf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
2. ,d;ndhU tif rhh;e;j J}z;fspy; Nfhapy; khjpupahd rpwpa cUtq;fs; fPo;

,Ue;J Nkyhf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy J}z;fspy; NfhGuk;> rpfuk; Nghd;w
tbtq;fs; rpw;gkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. ,d;ndhU tif rhh;e;j J}z;fs; eLtpYs;s gpujhd J}izr; Rw;wp mjd;

gf;fq;fspy; fk;gq;fs; Nghd;w J}z;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it midj;Jk;
xNu fy;ypy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. ehaf;fh; fhy rpw;gpfs; kpFe;j gsgsg;Gld; xspUk; fUik epwj;J}z;fis
gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,jdhy; ,w;iwtiu xspFd;whj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fy;a hz kz;l gk;
njd;d pe;jpa fl;llf; fiyapy; fy;ahz kz;lgk; vDk; Gjpa mikg;igj;

Njhw;Wtpjj; th;fs; tp[a efu kd;dh;fs;. ,J gy;yt> Nrho fhyq;fspy; mikf;fg;glhj
xd;W. ,ij mikj;jjpy; tp[aefuh; Nkd;ik milfpd;wdh;. gjpa Nfhapy;fspYk;
,th;fs; Gdh;epUkhzk; nra;j Nfhapy;fspYk; ,k;kz;lgq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
Myaj;jpd; fpof;F thapypd; ,lg;GwgkhfNt ,k;kz;lgk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;kz;lgk; mofpa rpw;gq;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf tpl;lyh
Rthkp fy;ahz kz;lgk;> fhQ;rpGu tujuh[ fy;ahz kz;lgk; vd;gtw;iw $wyhk;.
fhQ;rp Gu fy;ahz kz;lgk; Nfhapiy Nehf;fp caukhd ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. mk;

kz;lgj;jpd; eLNkilia Mik xd;W jhq;fp epw;gJ rpw;gkhf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mk; kz;lgj;jpy; cyfpay; rhh;ej
; nysfPff; fhl;rp rpw;gkhf cs;sJ. ,k; kz;lgj;jpd;
J}z;fspy; tp];Z> (eurpk;kdJ) ,uzpadpd; Fliy khiyahfg; NghLtJ vd;Dk;
eurpk;k mtjhuk; rpw;gkhf cs;sJ.
Rw; W g; g pufhuk;
tp[aefu kd;dh; me;epauplk; ,Ue;J Nfhapy;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L xU
NfhapYf; F xd; W f; F Nkw; g l; l Rw; W g; gpufhuq; f is mikj; j dh; . Rw; W g;
gpufhuj;jpDs;Ns kf;fs; FbapUg;Gf;fs;> filj;njUf;fs;> mq;fhbfs; vd gytw;iwAk;
mikj;J Nfhapiy xU efukhf khw;wpa ngUik tp[aefu kd;diur; rhUk;
vd;gu;. cjhuzkhf =uq;fj;jpd; Rw;Wg;gpufhuk; cz;L. mjpy; Myaj;jpy; cs;s
%d;W Rw;Wg;gpufhuq;fs; tp[aefuuhy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
uh[NfhGuq; f s;
tp[a efu fhyj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu; fpU];z Njtuhah;. ,th; mikj;j
NfhGuq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
1. jpUtz;zhkiyapy; ,th; mikj;j cah; NfhGuk;
2. tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; cah; NfhGuk;
3. fhQ;rp Vfhk;gu ehjh; Nfhapy; cau; NfhGuk;
4. rpjk;guf; Nfhapypd; tlf;Ff; NfhGuj;ij ,th; GJg;gpj;jhh;.
fy;N jh; (fw;N wu;)
jkpo;ehl;L fl;llf;fiyapy; gy;yt kd;dh;fNs kiyia nrJf;fp Njh; Nghd;w ujf;

Nfhapiy mikj;jdh;. mjd; njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;r;rp Myaj;jpDs; ujf; Nfhapiy
mikj;j ngUik tp[a efuiur; rhUk;. cjhuzkhf tpl;lyh Rthkp Nfhapy;
fy;Nju; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jpy; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,f; fl;llf;fiyNa
,jd; gpd; te;j ehaf;fh; kd;du;fspd; fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf
mike;jJ.
NkYk; jkpo; ehl;by; gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk;> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l Nfhapy;

fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tp[aefu fhyj;jpy; vw;gl;l
tsu;rr; papd; njhlh;rr
; pahf ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; fl;llf;fiy mike;jJ. 16k; E}w;whz;bd;
kj;jpapy; fhQ;rp> jQ;ir > kJiu Mfpa %d;W ,lq;fspYk; ehaf;fu;fs; tp[a
efu murh;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf Ml;rp Gupe;jdh;. ehaf;fh; fhy fiyapd; rpwg;gpw;F
,th;fNs tpj;jpl;ldh;.

17k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa fl;llq;fSk; Vida fiyfSk; ehaf;fu; fhy fiy

kuig ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd. ,t;thW Njhd;wpa fiykuG tpsq;Fk; ,lq;fshf
jpUtz;zhkiy> fhQ;rpGuk;> tpUQ;rp Guk;> rpjk;guk;> =uq;fk;> kJiu> ,uhNk];tuk;
Mfpa ,lq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd.
NfhGuq; f s;
tp[aefuuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l NfhGuk; ,uh[NfhGu mikg;gpy; ,f;fhyj;jpNy GjpaNjhh;

gupkhz tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. tpkhdq;fisf; fhl;bYk; NfhGuq;fs; cauk;
$badthf mikT ngw;wpUg;gjhy; ,f;fhyk; NfhGu tsu;r;rpf;fhyk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,itad;wp kd;dh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fspd; kz;lgq;fSk;
jpUr;Rw;Wk; Nfhguq;fSk; Gjpadthf fl;br; Nrh;ff; g;gl;ld. fl;llf;fiyf;F mzp
Nru;fF
; k; ehaf;fh; fhy rpw;gq;fs; Ng&h;> jhuhkq;fyk;> kJiu> mofh;Nfhapy;>
fpU];zGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp> jpUitFz;lk;> jpUf;FWq;Fb> njd;fhrp> Fk;gNfhzk;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sd.
fpU];z tPug;g ehaf;fh;
kJiu tpRt ehj ehaf;fh; fp.gp 1529 - 1564 kJiu nrhf;fehjUf;F mofpa
Nfhapy; mikj;jhh;. ,tuJ topte;jth; jhd; ,tuhthh;. ,th; rpwg;Gkpf;f gy
fl;llq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;. mtw;wpy kJiu Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;> nrhf;fehjh;
Nfhapy; kz;lgk; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ,tNd tp[a efu fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpff
; g;gl;l
Gfo;G+j;j rf;jp Myakhd kJiu kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuh; Mya fl;Lkhdg; gzpfis
G+h;j;jp nra;jtd;.
kJiu kPd hl;r p mk;kd; Nfhapy;.
ehaf;fuhy; Njhw;Wtpff
; g;gl;l ,t;thyak; jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiy tsh;rr
; papd; G+uzj;Jt
tsh;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J NfhGuq;fshy; tdg;G ngWk; Nfhapyhf cs;sJ.
ghz;bah; fhyk; njhlf;fk; ehaf;fh; fhyk; tiu gy fl;Lkhdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mk;kd; NfhapYk; Re;jNu];tuh; NfhapYk; mUfUNf mike;Js;sd. ,t;thyak;
kz;lgq;fs; njg;gf;Fsk;> Rw;whiy kz;lgk;> gpufhuq;fs; Nghd;w gy gFjpfis
cilaJ. J}z;fspy; tp[a efu ehaf;f rpw;gq;fs; gy ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
,j;jifa rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fs; tp[a efu ehaf;fh; fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; rpwg;gpidAk;

Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzj;ijak; Rl;b epw;fpd;wd.

fPo;g;gFjpapy; Re;juh; nts;shid kPJ ,Ue;J NghjpYk; mtUf;Fg; gpd; Nrukhd;

ngUkhs; ehadhu; Fjpiu kPJ nry;tJk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ahidAq; FjpiuAk;
gytif mzpfSld; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. ifapy; jhsj;Jld; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbf; nfhz;Nl
fapiy Nehf;fpr; nry;tjhfr; Re;juh; cUtk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ahidia tplf;
Fjpiu kpf;f Ntfkhfr; nry;fpd;wJ. Xtpaq;fspy; Re;juUk; NrukhDk; jhb
itj;Js;sdh; kaph; Kbg;G nfhz;Ls;sdh;. gyif mzpfis mzpe;Js;sdh;.
njd;dpe;jpaf; fl;llf;fiy rhh;ej ; mwptpaiyj; njhlf;fp itj;j G.NahtpA Lg;wpa];

vd;ghh; $WtJ
gy; y tu; rpw; g j; j pwdpNy ifNju; e ; j th; . NrhoNuh fl; l lf; f iyapy;
midj;Jr;rpw;gpfspYk; Nkyhdth;. mth;fspd; gzp fk;gPuKk; jdpikAk; tha;e;jJ.
Mdhy; Nrhoupd; fl;llf; fiyf;F vt;tifapYk; Fiwtw;wJ. mth;fspd; rpw;gf;fiy
vd;gJk; mf;fiyapw; gy;ytupYk; mth;fs; jho;e;jth;fs; my;yh; vd;gJk; ePyfz;l
rh];jpupahupd; fzpg;G.
,jpy; ,Ue;J kw;wf; fhyq;fis tpl vy;yhf; fiyfspYk; mjpAd;dj tsh;r;rpiaf;

fhl;Lk; fhykhf Nrhoh; fhyk; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthd jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapypd; Xtpa Ntiyg; ghl;bid NkYk;

Nehf;fpd; Nfhkfs; xUj;jp mtisr; Nrh;ej
; gzpg; ngz;fs; Xtpakhf fhzg;gLfpdw
; J.
,it mf;fhyg; ngz;fspd; cil tpNrlq;fisAk; mzp tpNrlq;fisAk; ekf;F
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. kw;nwhU ghy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Mly; ghly;fspy; kfsph; Xtpaq;fs;
,d;GWj;JtdthFk;. mk;kfsph;fSk; mzpfSk;mth;jk; ,irf;fUtpfSk; Gyg;gLk;
tifapy; jPll; g;gl;Ls;sd.,t;thwhd Xtpaq;fs; Nrhoh;fhy kf;fspd; cly; mikg;G>
cil tpNrlk;> mzpr;rpwg;G vd;gtw;iw ed;F Gyfg;gLj;jf;$badthf cs;sd.
jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; ,uh[uhN[];tu gpUfjP]t ; uh; Nfhapy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

,t;thyaj;jpd; Kbapd; epoy; xU NghJk; epyj;jpy; gbtjpyi; y. mj;jifa El;gj;Jld;
mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;,t;thyaj;jpy; rptd; Kg;Guq;fis vupj;jik>
eld kfsph; cUtq;fs; vd;gd rpwg;ghf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thyaj;jpd; ,irAk;
eldKk; fye;j topghL Kjd;ikaile;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thwhf jQ;irg ngUq;Nfhapy; vy;yhf; fiyfspYk; jdpj;Jtk;kpf;f fiyahf

jpfo;tJ ,jd; rpwg;gpid fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

tpf;fpuff;; fiy
,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; gpujhd mk;rq;fSs; Ez;fiyAk; xd;W ,J. Md;kPf
ClfkhfTk;> gf;j;pr; rhjdkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,e;J Ez;fiyfs;
rka jj;Jt %yq;fshf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;D k;
Nfhl;ghl;LlDk; fiy> r%j;jpw;fhfNt vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;LlDk; njhlu;Ggl;L
epw;gjidf; fhzyhk;.
,e;J Ez;fiyfshf fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> ,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;; Mfpad Fwpg;gplg;

gLfpd;wd. fyhurid ntspg;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaKk;
fiy tbtj;jpy; xd;whff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd fiy tbtq;fSs;
rpw;gf;fiyAld; ,ize;jjhfNt tpf;fpuf;ffiy nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fl;Gyf;fiyfSs;
xd;whfNt tpf;fpuff;fiy mikfpwJ. fiy tbtq;fis th];J fiy> %u;j;jpf;
fiy vd;W ,U gpupTfshf rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. th];J fiy
Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyahfTk;> %u;j;jp fiy rpw;g tpf;fpuff; fiyahfTk; mikfpwJ.
vdpDk; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyAld; ,ize;jjhfNt rpw;g tpf;fpuff; fiyfs;
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;Jrkak; jpUTUt topghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Nfhapy;fs;

nja;tq;fspd; jpUTUtq;fis gpujpl;il nra;A k; ,lq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
,t;tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;Fupa %yg;nghUl;fshf fUq;fy;> kuk;> cNyhfk;>
Rij vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; tpf;fpufq;fis cNyhfq;fspy; thu;f;Fk;
kuG fhzg; g Ltjdhy; tpf; f puff; f iyia thu; g ; G f; f iy vdTk; miog;g u; .
Guhzq;fspYk;> rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fspYk; cNyhfq;fspy; tpf;fpufq;fis thu;g;gJ
njhlu;ghff; $wg;gLk; tplaq;fs; njhopy; El;gj;jpwd; tha;e;jitahfTs;sd.
tpf;fpufq;fis cNyhfq;fspy; thu;f;Fk; Kiwik ,Utifahf mikfpd;wd.

- cl;GioT Kiwapy; thu;f;fg;gLk; tpf;fpufk;
- fdkhd Kiwapy; cs; ,ilntspapd;wp thu;f;fg;gLk; tpf;fpufk;
vd;gdthFk;. rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fspy; tpf;fpufq;is mikf;Fk; Kiwfs; rpw;gtpay;>
rpw; g msitapay; > rpw; g thu; g ; g pay; vd; w xOq; f py; tpgupf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd epakq;fs; tpf;fpufq;fspd; moifAk;> gf;jp
ntspg;ghl;bw;fhd Njhw;wg;ghl;bidAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltd mitahtd:
- msitg;gpukhzk;
- ,yl;rz tpjp
- gq;fmikjp
- `];j mgpeak;
- Milfs; Mguzq;fs;
- MAjq;fs;
vd; g dthFk; . tpf; f pufq; f s; nfhz; b Uf; F k; ,t; t plaq; f s; topgLgtu; f sJ
cs;sj;jpYk; czu;tpYk; uNrhghDgtq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf
mikfpd;wd.
tpf;fpufj;jpw;Fupa gq;f mikjpahdJ rkgq;fk;> mgq;fk;> mjpgq;fk;

(jpupgq;fk;) vd mikfpd;wd.
rkgq;fk; - Neuhf epw;Fk; tpf;fpufq;fs;.
mgq;fk; - xU tisitAila tbtq;fs;.
mjpgq;fk; - xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tisTfis cilait.

,tw;Ws; eluh[ tbtk; mjpgq;f (jpupgq;f) mikjpapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. jpupgq;f

mikjpapy; mike;j eluh[ tbtq;fs; gy Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gl;ld.
mNjNghy; tpf;fpufq;fis ];jhdf (epd;w) tbtk;> Mrd (mku;e;j) tbtk;>
rad (gLj;jpUf;Fk;) tbtk; vdTk; tifg;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; cs;sJ. ,tw;Ws;
rad tbtj;jpw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L tp\;Ztpd; mee;j rad tbtk;. vdNt
eluh[ tbtk;> mee;j rad tbtk; vd;gd irt itzt kugpy; kpfTk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cila tpf;fpufq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;J tpf;fpufq;fis rpj;jpuk;> rpj;jpuhghrk;> rpj;jhu;j;jk; vd;w epiyapYk;

tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,tw;Ws; rpj;jpuh ghrk;> rpj;jhu;j;jk; vd;gd cNyhf
gbkq; f Sf; F Mjhukhdit. rpj; j puhghrk; vd; g J cl; G ioT epiyapYk;
rpj;jhu;j;jk; vd;gJ cl;GioT mw;w epiyapYk; mikAk; tpf;fpufq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLtd.
tpf;fpuf msitfis Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ jhyk; vd;Dk; msit gpujhd

,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
thkd cUtq;fs; - rg;j jhy mikg;gpYk;
rptdbahu; tbtq;fs; - ml;l jhy mikg;gpYk;
nja;tPf tbtq;fs; - etjhy mikg;gpYk;
rpt tbtq;fs; - cj;jk jrjhy mikg;gpYk;
thu;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jtifapy; eluh[ tbtk;
cj; jk jrjhy mikg; gpYk; > mee;j rad tbtk; et jhy mikg;g pYk;
mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

eluh[u;
irtrka kugpy; rptDf;F 25 %u;j;jp Ngjq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;

Nrhkh];fe;ju;> jl;rzh%u;j;jp> ypq;Nfhw;gtu;> mu;j;jehuP]; tuh;> eluh[u; Kjyhd
%u;j;jp Ngjq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,t;tbtq;fis tpf;fpufq;fshf mikf;Fk;
kuG fhzg;gLtjdhy; tpf;fpuff; fiy tsu;r;rpapy; ,t;tbtq;fs; mjpf gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; irt rka> irtrpj;jhe;j> fiyj;Jt uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWk; eluh[ tbtk; tuyhw;W uPjpapy; njhy;nghUl;fspYk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;
Gfog;gl;l tbtkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
eluh[ tbtk; ehl; b a fyh jj; J tj; J ld; ,ize; j J kl; L kd; w p>
Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;JlDk; njhlu;Gilajhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Njthug; ghly;fspYk;>
irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; eluh[g; ngUkhdpd; gpujpkhyl;rz
tUzidfSk;> jj;Jthu;j;j rpe;jidfSk; 25 rpt %u;jj ; q;fSs; eluh[ tbtj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,e;J rka rhj;jpu E}y;fSs; rptdpd; gytifj; jhz;ltq;fs; gw;wpf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thwhd rpt jhz;ltq;fshf:
fhspfh jhz;ltk; - gilj;jiyAk;
nfsup jhz;ltk; - fhj;jiyAk;
rq;fhu jhz;ltk; - mopj;jiyAk;
Cu;j;Jt jhz;ltk; - mUsiyAk;
czu;j ;Jtjhf jj;J t tpsf;fk; $wg; gLfpwJ. ,tw;Wf;F mg; ghy; rptdJ
Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fkhf miktNj rptdpd; Mde;jj; jhz;ltkhFk;.
,jdhy; Mde;jj; jhz;ltj;ij gQ;r fpUj;jpa eldk; vdTk; $Wtu;.
jpUehTf;furu; eluhrupd; Njhw;wg; nghypT gw;wpg;ghba ghRuk; eluhr

tbtj;j pd; gpujpkh yl;r z fyhjj; Jtf; Nfhl;g hl; b id vLj;j f; fhl;L tjhf
mikfpwJ.
Fdpj;j GUtKk; nfht;itr;
nrt;thapy; Fkpz; rpupg;Gk;
gdpj;j rilAk; gtsk; Nghy;
Nkdpapy; ghy; ntz;zPWk;
,dpj;j Kila vLj;j nghw;ghjk;
fhzg; ngw;why;
kdpj;jg; gpwtpAk; Ntz;LtNj
,e;j khepyj;Nj
vDk; ghly; eluhr tbtj;jpd; tUzidahf miktjidf; fhzyhk;.
eluh[upd; gpujpkhyl; r zk;

Mfkq;fs;> rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; Kjyhd E}y;fspy; eluh[upd;
gpujpkhyl;rzk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}y;fspy; eluh[
tbtj; j pd; gq; f mikjpfs; > msitg; gpukhzq; f s; > mq; f yl; r zq; f s; >
Milmzpfyd;fs;> MAjq;fs; mit czu;j;Jk; jj;Jthu;j;j cz;ikfs;
Kjyhd tplq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. rkgq;fk;> mgq;fk;> mjpgq;fk; vDk; %tifg;
gq;f mikjpfSs; gy tisTfisAila mjpgq;f (jpupgq;fk;) mikjpapy;
eluh[ tbtj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,iw topghl;bw;Fupa tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;Fupa msTg;gpukhzq;fs;

gw;wp rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. mit mq;Fyg; gpukhzq;fshff ;$wg;gL
fpd;wd. me;jtifapy; eluh[ tbtk; cj;jk jrjhy gpukhzj;jpw;fikaTk;>
Kayfd; rJu;jhyg; gpukhzj;jpw;fikaTk; mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tsTg;
gpukhzq;fSf;fika fy;ypy; tiuag;gLk; NfhLfs; #j;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
eluh[ tbtk; Vida rpt %u;j;jq;fisg; Nghyd;wp eu;j;jd epiyf;Fupa

mq;f yl;rzq;fis nfhz;ljhf mikAk;. eluh[upd; jpUKb rlhghukhf
mike;J ,UGwKk; jpUthrpAld; ,ize;jthW mike;jpUf;F k;. jpUKfk;;
Gd;KWtYld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. ehd;F fuq;fSs; ,lJ Nkw;fuk; mf;fpdpia
Ve;jpathW ,Uf;f> ,lJ fPo;f;fuk; mga fukhff; fhzg;gLk;. tyJ Nkw;fuj;jpy;
cLf;ifAk; ,lk;n;gWk;. tyJ fhy; gPlj;jpd; kPJ Kayfd; kPJ Cd;wpathW
,Uf;f> ,lJ fhy; tyg;Gwk; Nehf;fp cau;j;jpagb FQ;rpj ghjkhff; fhl;rpaspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. eluh[upd; jpUtbapd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk; Kayfd; ,U fuq;fs; ghk;G
khiyAld; mika Ntz;Lk;. eluh[iur; #o jPr ;RlUld; $ba jpUthrp
mikAnkd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
eluh[ tbtj;j py; fhzg; g Lk; Milfs; > mzpfyd; f s; njhlu;g hd

tplaq;fSk; rhj;jpu E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jiyapy; gpiwr;re;jpud;> ngz;
cUtpy; fq;if KjyhdTk;> fOj;jpy; ghk;G khiy> Kj;J khiy> vUf;fk;G+
khiy KjyhdTk;> fhJfspy; Fz;lyq;fSk;> khu;gpy; G+Z}Yk; Mguzkhf
mikAk;. Gypj;Njhiy Milahff; nfhz;l eluh[upd; fhy;fis tPuf;foy;fs;
myq;fupf;Fk;.
eluh[ tbtk; czu;j ;Jk; jj;J tq;f s;;
rpt tbtq;fSs; xd;whfpa eluh[ tbtk; irt rpj;jhe;j> mwptpay; rpe;jidfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; $wg;gLk; gjp> gR> ghrk;
Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila gy rpe;jidfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l tbtkhf mJ
tpsq;FfpwJ. nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fSs; xd;whfpa cz;ik tpsf;fk;
~Njhw;wk; Jbajdpy; NjhAe;jpjp mikg;gpy;
rhw;wpapLk; mq;fpapNy rq;fhuk; - Cw;wkhk;
Cd;W kyu;g;gjj;jpy; cw;w jpNuhjk; Kj;jp
ehd;w kyu;g;gjj;Nj ehL|
vDk; ghlypy; eluh[ tbtk; gjpAld; njhlu;Gila Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;jpd; Fwpal P hf
mikAk; tpjk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ eluh[ tbtj;jpYs;s
cLf;if Ve;jpa fuk; - (rpU\;b) gilj;jiyAk;
mgafuk - (jpjp ) fhj;jiyAk;
jP Ve;jpa fuk;; - (rq;fhuk;) mopj;jiyAk;
Cd;wpa jpUtb - (jpNuhgtk;) kiwj;jiyAk;
J}f;fpa jpUtb - (mEf;fpufk;) mUsiyAk;
czu;jJ; tjhfj; jj;Jtj; njhlu;G $wg;gLfpwJ. Fwpgg; hf irt rpjj
; he;j rhj;jpuq;fspy;
$wg;gLk; ~jhliyNghy; $bait...| vd;gJk;> ~mauh md;gpd; mud;foy; nrYNk|
vDk; ghlYk; ,iwtdpd; mUsy; njhopy; %yk; Md;kh ,iwtdpd; jpUtbapy;
,izjYld; njhlu;GgLtjidf; fhzyhk;

irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; Md;k tpLjiyf;Fupa rhjdkhf $wg;gLtdtw;Ws; ek

rptha ke;jpuk; gpujhdkhdJ jpUtUl;gad; Ie;njOj;jUs;epiy vDk; mjpfhuj;
jpy; jpUite;njOj;jpd; ngUikiag; NgRfpwJ. jpUtUl;gadpy; ~Njhw;wk; Jb
rpfuk; rpf;fdth tPRfuk;............| vDk; ghlypy; eluh[ tbtk; #f;Fk gQ;rhl;ru
khfpa rpthaek vDk; rpfuhjp gQ;rhl;ruj;jpd; milahskhf mikfpd;wik
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; ];J}y gQ;rhl;rukhfpa ekrptha vDk; efuhjp
gQ;rhl;ru ke;jpu cghridAld; njhlu;Gilajhf mikfpd;wJ. mjhtJ
e - jpUtb
k - jpUtapW
rp - jpUj;Njhs;
th - jpUKfk;
a - jpUKb
vd;W eluh[ tbtj;jpw;Fk; irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; jpUite;njOj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
njhlu;G $wg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.
eluh[ tbtj;jpy; rptd; mzpej ; pUf;Fk; Milfs;> Mguzq;fs;> mtu; Ve;jpAs;s

MAjq;fs; Kjyhd mk;rq;fSk; gy cz;ikfis czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
me;jtifapy;
Kayfd; - Mztj;jhy; fl;Lz;l Md;khitAk;
ghk;G - Mztj;ijAk;
Gypj;Njhy; - Nfhgj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtd; vd;gijAk;
Kf;fz;fs; - ,r;rh rf;jp> fpupah rf;jp> Qhdrf;jpiaAk;
tPuf;foy; - gy tpidfs; gpwtpj; Jd;gj;ij ePf;FtijAk;
gtsepw Nkdp - rptdpd; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikiaAk;
ehd;F jpUf;fuk; - vy;iyapy;yh Mw;wiyAk;
new;wpf;fz; - capu;fspd; Jd;gq;fisg; Gd;KWtyhy; ePf;FtijAk;
rlhKb - Qhdj;ijAk;
gpiw - NguoifAk;
jpUePW - guhrf;jpiaAk;
#yk; - Kr;rf;jpiaAk;
Nfhlup - Nguhw;wiyAk;
czu;j;Jtjhf mj;jifa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fs; mikfpd;wd. eluh[iur; #oTs;s
jpUthrp Xq;fhuj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk;> mj;jpUthrpapy; ,lk;ngWk; Rlu;fs; ekrpthak;
vd;gjpYs;s vOj;Jf;fisr; Rl;LtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,j;jpUthrp Md;kh ghr
Qhdj;ij tpl;L gjp Qhdj;ij miltjd; %yNk Kj;jpiag; ngwKbAk; vd;gij
Rl;LtjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. cz;ik tpsf;fk;
~Xq;fuNk ew;wpUthrp cw;wmjdpy;
ePqf
; h vOj;Nj epiw Rluhk;| vd;gjd; %yk; jpUthrp jpUite;njOj;jpdJk;>
mjd; Rlu;fs; mjd; ml;ruq;fspdJ milahskhf mikfpd;wik $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

eluh[ tbtk; - tuhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

jkpofj;jpd; irt rka tuhw;wpy; eluh[ tbtj;jpw;Fg; gpujhd ,lKz;L.
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rptd; Mba nfhLnfhl;b> ghz;Luq;fk;> fghyk; Kjyhd
eldq; f s; gw; w pa Fwpg; G f; fs; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. vdpDk; rq; f kUtpa fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspNyNa rptdpd; eldk; njhlu;ghd njspthd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahupd; jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfj;jpy; ,e;eldk; gw;wpf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;
~fhLk; flYk; kiyAk; kz;Zk;
tpz;Zk; #o mdy; ifNae;jp MLk; mutk;
Gaq;fd; vq;fs; mg;gd; ,lk;
jpUthyq;fhNl|
vd;W mfpy mz;l ruhruq;fSk; ,iza rptd; eldk; Gupe;jikiag; ghLfpwhu;.
jkpofj; j py; KjyhtJ eluh[ tbtk; jUkuh[ ujj; j py; rpw; g khf
,lk;ngWfpwJ. thjgpr; rhSf;fpau; fhyj;J thjgpf; Fiff; Nfhapypy; 16 fuq;fSld;
$ba eluh[ tbtk; rpw;gkhfTz;L. ,it fw;rpw;gq;fshf mika Nrhou;
fhyj;jpNyNa cNyhfq;fspYk; kz;zpYk; eluh[ tbtq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
,it ntz;fyg; (cNyhfg;) gbkq;fshfTk;> kl;fyg; gbkq;fshfTk; mike;jd.
Nrho muru;fspd; mur rpd;dkhfTk;> rka rpd;dkhfTk; eluh[ tbtk; tpsq;fpaJ.
Nrhou;fhy rhrdk; xd;wpy;
~ghjhjp Nfrhe;jk; xU KoNk ehy;tpuy;
miu cruj;J ,uz;L jpUf;if cilatuhf
fdkhf vOe;jUsptpj;j ngupa ngUkhs;...|
vd;W eluh[upd; cNyhf thu;g;GKiwapd; gpujpkhyl;rzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jQ;ir>
fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNo];tuk;> rpjk;guk; Kjyhd ,lj;J eluh[ ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;
Fwpgg
; plj;jf;fit. kJiu kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapypy; fhy;khwp MLk; epiyapyhd
eluh[u; tbtj;ijf; fhzyhk;.
eluh[ tbtj;jpd; fiy> jj;Jt> mwptpay; njhlu;Gfs; gw;wp gy mwpQu;fSk;

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. fyhNahfp Mde;jFkhuRthkp gpugQ;r ,af;fj;jpwF ; k;
eluh[ eldj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;G gw;wp mwptpay;G+u;tkhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
eluh[ tbtk; czu;j;Jk; jj;Jtk; fhy Njr tu;j;jkhdq;fisf; fle;jJ vd;W
mtu; $Wfpwhu;. Nky;ehl;bduhfpa fkpy; mgpynty; vd;gtu; eluh[ tbtj;jpd;
rpwg;ig tpae;J $wpAs;shu;. H.C.ngy; vd;gtu; nghyeWitf;fhy eluh[ gbkq;fs;
gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. nghyeWitapy; mUfpy; rptfhkRe;jup mikAk;
tz;zkhd eluh[ gbkk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUthrpAlDk;> mt;thW mikahj
tifapYkhd eluh[ tbtq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Myaq;fspy; eilngWk
eNlr mgpNrfk; ,iw topghl;by; gpujhdkhdJ. tUlj;jpy; MW khjq;fSf;F
xUKiw eilngWk; ,g;G+irapy; eluh[Uf;F tpNrl fpupiafs; ,lk;ngWk; tof;fk;
cs;sJ. rpwg;ghf rpjk;guj;jpy; jpUntk;ghitapdN
; ghJ eilngWk; ~M&j;uh juprdk;|
kpfTk; gf;jp G+u;tkhdJ.

mde; j radu; tbtk; ;

,iw topghl;bw;Fupa tp\;Ztpd; jpUtbtq;fSs; mde;j rad tbtKk; xd;W.
,e;J Guhzq;fspy; jpUg;ghw;flypy; MjpNrld; vd;Dk; ghk;gizapd;

Nky; tp\;Z gs;spn fhz;l fhl;r pNa md e ;jr ad tb tkhfTs;sJ.
tpf;fpuff;fiyapy; rad (gLj;j) epiyapyike;j jpUTUtkhf tpsq;;Fk; mde;j
rad tbtk; Nahf epj;jpiu tbtk; vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ~Nahf epj;jpiu
vd;gJ tyJ ifia Cd;wp mjpy; jiyia itj;J tyJ gf;fkhfr; rha;e;J
fhy;fis ePl;b> fz;fs; Kf;fhy; gq;F %bathW> ,iwrpe;jidapy; %o;fp>
kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp cwq;Fk; epiy| vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW nra;Nthu;
,iw If;fpak; ngWtu;. ,e;j Nahf epj;jpiuf; fhl;rpNa mde;j rad tbtj;jpd;
gpujpkh yl;rzkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ tyJ gf;fk; xUf;fspj;J gLj;j
epiyapy; fhy;fis ePl;b> tyJ ifia jiyf;Ff; nfhLj;J ,ikfs; Kf;fhy;
gq; F %bathW Nkw; ghu;i tAld; tpsq; F tJ mde; j rad tbtk; vd; W
$wg;gLfpwJ.
Nahf epj;jpiu tbtk; vd;gJ mwpJapy; epiy. ,J Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;

nghUe;Jk; epiyahFk;. mwpJapy; epiynad;gJ mwpe;j Japy;> mwpfpd;w Japy;>
mwpAk; Japy; vd tpupT ngWfpd;wJ. ,iwtd; Kf;fhyKk; czu;e;jtu; vd;gij
,f;Fwpg;G czu;j;JfpwJ.
mde;j rad tbtk; fhj;jy; njhopYld; njhlu;GilaJ. mde;j radk;

vd;gJ gpd;tUkhW tpuptilfpd;wJ. mde;j vd;gJ m\;l ehfq;fSs; xd;W.
mJNt MjpNrld; vDk; ghk;G. mjd; glk; Filahf tpsq;f mjd; fPo ;
ghk;gizapy; ngUkhs; gs;sp nfhs;tjhfg; Guhzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,e;J tpf;fpuff;
fiyapy; gLj;jpUf;Fk; radf; Nfhykhfpa mde;j rad tbtk; rpwg;Gg; ngWk;
tbtkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jpUtuq;fj;J muq;fehju; Nahfrad %u;j;jp vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
,iwtd; gs;sp nfhs;Sk; mde;j radf; Nfhyk; vd;gJ vl;L tifahff

;$wg;gLfpwJ.
cj;jhd radf; Nfhyk; jUg;g radf; Nfhyk;
jy radf; Nfhyk; Nghy radf; Nfhyk;
khzpf;f radf;Nfhyk; tlgj;jpu radf; Nfhyk;
tPugj;jpu radf; Nfhyk; G[q;f radf; Nfhyk;
vd;gdNt mit.
mde;jradk; vd;gJ mwpJapy; epiy vdj; jkpopy; ciug;gu;.mwpe;j Japy; -

mwpfpd;w Japy;> mwpAk; Japy; vd Kf;fhyK; njhf;ftUk; mjhtJ ,iwtd;
Kf;fhyKk; czu;e;jtdha; JapYk; epiy vd;gu;. Md;khitg; nghWj;jtiuapy;
Japy; eiyapy; nrhu;g;gdj;ijj;jtpu gpwpnjhd;iwAk; czuhJ. Mdhy; gukhd;kh
Kf;fhyKk; czu;e;J fhj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;fpwJ vd;gjid ,t;tde;j radk;
czu;j;JfpwJ.
mde;j rad tbtk; Nahf epj;jpiu tbtkhFk;. tyJ fhy;

ePz;L fplf;f> ,lJ fhy; rw;W klf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk;. fpuPlk; kFlk; kzpKbahFk;.
,JNt tp\;Ztpd; mde;j rad tbtj;jpd; myq;fhu Kbahfpd;wJ. tyJ if
jiyiaj; jhq;f ,lJ fuk; flf Kj;jpiuAld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.

gpujpkhyl; r zq; f s;
 rq;FNghy; ntz;ikahd mde;jradj;jpNy Nahf epj;jpiuapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
 tyJ fhy; ePz;L fplf;f> ,lJfhy; rpwpJ klf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk;
 jiy rw;Wj; J}f;fpagb ,Uf;f clk;G gLf;if kPJ ePz;L fplf;fpd;wJ.
 ,Ufuq;fs; fhzg;gLk;
 tyJ if jiyaizahff; fpuPl kFlj;ij jOtpapUf;Fk; fpuPl kFlk;
vd;gJ kzpKbahFk;. ,jdJ Njhw;wk; fz;lhkzp my;yJ G+ir kzpia
xj;jpUf;Fk; fpuPl kFlk; tp];Z gbkj;jpw;F kpfTk; cupajhFk;.
 ,lJ if clNyhL rkkhf my;yJ Koq;if kbe;J flf Kj;jpiu
jupj; jpUf; F k;
 ifj;jyj;jpypUe;J ngUtpuiy ePlb ; cs;Kfkhfr; rpwpJ tise;J
eLtpuiyAk; mzptpuiyAk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,izj;J Kd;Ndhf;fp
tise;J Rl;LtpuiyAk; rpWtpuiyAk; jdJ ,lq;fspy; epWj;jp Nkw;
fZf;fis rpwpJ tisj;Jg; gpbf;Fk; if flf Kj;jpiu vdg;gLk;.
 Ke;jkhf jpUf;fz;fisj; jpwe;J Nehf;Fgtu;.
 fUikAk; kQ;rSk; fye;j tz;zKilatu; Fwpg;ghf ePy
tz;zj;jpUNkdpAilatUk; kQ;rs; t];jpuk; cLj;jpatUkhf
tpsq;F fpd;whu;.
 fhybapy; kfhyl;Rkp jpUtbtf; nfhg;GopypUe;J ntspte;J ePz;Ls;s
kyu;j;jhkiuapy; gpukNjtd; tPw;wpUg;ghu;.
 ,j; jpUTUtj;jpw;nfd;Nw jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khky;yGuk;>
fhQ;rp nfhs;stz;zk; nra;j ngUkhs;> jpUth&u;kiy Mfpait Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; gs;sp nfhz;l ngUkhDf;Nf jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd.
 nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy; Njtjhdk; vDk; Cupy; mike;Js;s muq;fu;
tbtk; kpfg; ngupajha; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,J 7kP ePsKk; 3kP cauKk; cilaJ nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; nghUkhs;
Myak;>aho;g;ghzk; ngUkhs; Myak; vd;gtw;wpYk; ,t;tbtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,irf; fiy
Myaq;fspy; ,irf; fiy
 jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; tsu;j;j Ez;fiyfspy; ,irf;fiy Kf;fpakhdJ.

,ir ,iaGgLj;Jk; rhjdk;.
 ,iwtNd ,ir tbtpdd; (ehjg; gpuk;kk;) vd;gJ ,e;Jkj ek;gpf;if
 ,ir nrtpf;F ,d;gk; Cl;LtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ Ik;Gyd;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jp cs;sj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpg; Ngupd;gg; Ngw;iwAk; juty;yJ.
 ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,irf;fiy kpf cd;djf; fiyahf
kpspu;fpd;wJ.
,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,irf;fiy kpf cah;ej

; cd;dj fiyahf mikfpdw ; J.
,ir vd;gJ xU fiytbtk; mNjNtis topgLgtiu ,iwtd; kPJ ,irTgLj;Jk;
rhjdkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; Clhff; fl;ll mikg;G rpw;gnghypT>
tpf;fpuffiy eldk;> ,ir Kjypa fiy tbtq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;wd. mtw;wpy;
,irf;fiyNa Kjd;ikahdJ. ,iwtNd ,irtbtpddhf tpsq;fpdhd; vd;W
$wg;gLk; Vopiraha; ,irg;gadha; ,d;dKjha; ,iwtd; tpsq;Ffpwhd; vd
,e;J ,irg; ghuk;ghpak; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,iwtopghl;Lf;Fhpa rhjdkhfTk;
gf;jpf;fhd topKiwahfTk; ,irg;ghly;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ehkrq;fhP ;j;jdNk ,iw
topghl; b w; F upa gpujhd rhjdk; vd; g ijAk; =kj; ghftjk; rpwg; g hf
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,e;J ,irkugpw;fhd %yhjhuq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rhkNtjk;

,irNtjkhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. rhkfhdk; ghLjy; vd;gJ ,irf;fiyapd; gpujhd
mikg;ghf $wg;gLfpdw ; J. rhkNtjj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl gpwf ; hy ,irf;fiy
tsu;r ;rp Vw;gl;lJ. Guhzf; fijfs; Mfk ,yf;fpaq;fs; nja;tPf gpujpkh
yl;rzq;fis ,irf;fiy> ,irf;fUtp vd;gtw;Wld; ,izj;J topgLk; epiy
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,iwjpUTUtq;fis ,irf; fUtpfSld; rpjj ; upfF
; k; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.
rptngUkhd; - lkUfk;
jpUee;jp Njth; - kj;jsk;
ehujh; - jk;Guh
ru];tjp - tPiz
fz;zd; - rq;F Gy;yhq;Foy;
vd; g tw; N whL fhzg; g LtJk; ,irf; f iy
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; nja;tPf gpujp fhzg;gLtJk; ,irf;fiy tsh;r;rpf;Fk; nja;tPf gf;jp
khyl;rzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd;
rhkfhdk; thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytdhf rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. Fg;jh; Ml;rpf;fhy
ehzaq;fspy; ,irf;fUtpfs; fhzg;gLtJk; Fg;j murh;fs; ,irf; fiyQh;fs;
vd tUzpff ; g;gLtJk; ,q;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. re;jpu Fg;jh; tPiz thrpfF ; k;
fhl;rpAk; Fg;jh; fhy ehzaq;fspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. guj Kdptupd; gujehl;ba
rhj;jpuj;jpYk; ehl;baf; fiyAld; ,ize;j ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf; fiyQh;fs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; cs;slf;fq;fspy; xd;whfpa
fiytbtk; Nfhapw; gz;ghl;bd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhf mikfpd;wJ.

gy;yth; NfhapYk; ,e;J ,irkuGk;
gy;yth; Ml;rpapy; ngsj;jk; gutpa mNj Ntis tlnkhopf; fhyrhu kuGk; gutpf;
fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;Ntisapy guj Kdptupd; ehl;ba rhj;jpur; nra;jpfSk; jkpofj;jpy;
gutyhapd. gy;yt murh;fspy; xUtuhfpa ,uh[rpk;kd; thj;a tpj;ahjud; vd
miof;fg;gl;lhd;. murh;fs; rq;fhP ;z[hjpjud; vd;Dk; tpUJlDk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
gy;yth; fhy Nfhapy; rhrdnkhd;wpNy jpUg;gjpfk; ghLgth;fF ; k; jpUg;gs;spj; jhkk;

gjpgg
; hh;fF
; k; ney; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l nra;jp $wg;gLfpdw
; J. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy
vl;bw;Fk; Vopw;Fk; cupajhf ,irf;fiy typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. vz;RitAk; VopirAk;
Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;lhf ,f;fy;ntl;L mikfpd;wJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpgg

; plg;gl;l ghzh; kuG njhlh;eJ
; gy;yt ,irf;FOf;fspilNa
gutp te;Js;sikiaAk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ePyfz;l aho;g;ghz kugpdh;>ghzgj;jpuh;
Miu ehadhh; MfpNahh; rptzj;ahuhfTk; mNjNtis ,irf fiyQh;fshfTk;
tpsq;Ftijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
Njthug; ghly;fspNy “ryk;G+nthL J}g kwe;jwpNad; jkpNohbirg;ghly; kwe;jwpNad;”

vd;gjd; %yk;; jkpOk; ,irAk; fye;j ghly;fis ehad;khh;fs; gf;jpG+h;tkhf
ghbr; nrd;whh;fs; vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. jpUQhdrk;ge;jiug; GfOk; NghJ ehSk;
,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jh; vd;Wk; Gfog;gLtijf; fhd;fpNwhk;.
rk;ge;jh; gjpfq;fs; ,irg;ghly; tbtq;fshfr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Re;ju%h;j;jp
ehadhh; ,iwtid VopirahAk;> ,irg;gadhfTk; tUzpj;Jg; ghbAs;shh;.
khzpf;fthrfh; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpg; ghliy G+ghs ,irapy; ghLtij mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpdw ; J. khzpff; thrfh; ghly;fspy; jpUthrfk; kdij cUf;Fk; ,irg;ghlyhFk;.
mtw;NwhL ehl;lhupirg; ghlYk; fhzg;gLfpdw ; J. jpUtk;khid> jpUr;rhoy; vd;git
ehl;lhupa ,irg; gz;Giladthf tpsq;fpd.
Njthug; gjpfq;fis XJthh;fs; ghbdhh;fs; vd;gjw;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cz;L. “fhjyhfp

frpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp XJthh; jik ed;newpf;Fa;g;gJ.....” vDk; ghlyb gy;yth;
fhyg; gjpfq;fs; Njhd;wpa mNj fhyj;jpNyNa XJthh;fshy; gjpfk; ghLk; kuGk;
gpd; g w; w g; g l; l ik vLj; J f; f hl; l g; g l; L s; s J. Njthug; gjpfq; f spy; gy; t if
,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jf;if> jz;Zik> jhsk;> tPiz> KuR
Kjypa ,irf;fUtpfSk; Kj;Jg;nghw;whsk; (ry;yup) Kjypa ,irf;fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;likia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. Njthug;ghly;fspy; gz;fs; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
“fhe;jhuk; ,ir mikj;J fhupifahh;

gz;ghl ftpdhh; tPjp
Njk;> jhk; vd;W muq;NfwpNrapioahh;
elkhLk; jpUitahNw”
vd gz;gw;wpa ghly;fs; Njthuq;fspy; ntspg;gLjiyf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
“kz;zhh; KoTk; FoYk; ,ak;g klthh; elkhLk; kzpauq;Fk;........” vdr; Re;juh;
ghba ghlypYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nrhou; fhyf; Nfhapy;f Sk; ,irkuGk;
gy;yth; fhyj; njOe;j gjpfq;fspd; njhFg;G Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lijj; njhlh;eJ

;
gd;dpU irtj; jpUKiw tsh;r;rp cUthfpaJ. gd;dpU irtj;jpUKiw tsr;r;rpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl jpUKiw ,ir kuG NkNyhq;fpaJ> Nfhapy;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,irkuG Nrhou; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNyNa cd;dj epiy
ngw;wJ. jpUKiwg;ghly;fis Nfhapy;fspNy tpz;zg;gk; nra;a XJthh;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. XJthh;fis gplhuh;fs; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. jQ;irf; Nfhapypy; 48
gplhuh;fSk; cLf;if> kj;jsk; thrpg;gtuhf Ik;gJ Ngh; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
jpUnthw;wpA+h; Nfhapypy; gjpdhW ,irg; ngz;fs; epakpff
; g;gl;ljhfTk; jpUthkhj;J}h;
Nfhapypy; gjpdhW ghh;itaw;Nwhh; Nfhapy; fpupiafspd; NghJ gz;NzhL gjpfk;
ghl epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
Myaq;fspy; gy;tif ,irf;fUtpfs; thrpf;fg;gl;ld. jf;if> jz;Zik jhsk;>

tPiz vd;gtw;Wld; cLf;if> kj;jsk;> KoT (FlKoh)vd;gdTk; Kf;fpakhdit.
tPiz thrpfF
; k; kuGk; Nfhapypy; epfo;ej
; J. tPizf;fhzp vd;Dk; epge;jk; Nrhoh;fhyf;
NfhapYf;Fupajhf tpsq;fpaJ. Nrhoh;fhyf; NfhapYf;F mz;ikapy; fhe;jh;t
njUfhzg;gl;lJ. mq;F ,irf; fiyQh;fSf;F tPLfs; mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
tPizf;fhzp> ctr;rfhzp> jpUg;gjpf;fhzp vd;git ,irf; fiyQh;fSf;fhf

Nrho murh;fs; toq;fpa epge;jq;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. FNyhJq;f Nrhodpd;
murpahuhfpa Nfhg;ngUk;Njtp Vopir ty;ytp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fPjk;> thj;jpak;>
epUj;jpak; Mfpa %d;Wf;Fk; cupa tsu;r;rpf; fhykhf Nrhoh;fhyk; tpsq;fpaJ.
Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,irg; gjpfkhfpa jpUtpirg;gh ghlypNy “,d;dpir
tPizah; ahopdh; xUghy; ,Uf;nfhU Njhj;jpuk; ,ak;gpdh; xUghy;” vd;gJ Nrhoh;
fiy Nfhapypy; fPjKk; thj;jpaKk; Kjd;ik ngw;wik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;ls;sJ.
Njthug; gz;zpir Nfhapypy; tsh;r;rp ngw;wik kw;nwhU tsh;r;rp mk;rkhFk;.

XJthh; kuG jpUf;Nfhapypd; Njthrpupa kz;lgj;Jld; ,ize;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
Njthu Rw;Wf;fy;Y}hpfs; jdpahf mikf;fg;gl;ld. jpUg;gjpafhzp> jpUf;ifNfl;bg;Gwk;
vd;Dk; epge;jq;fs; NfhapYf;Fupajhf mike;jd. Njthuehafk; vd;Dk; XJthh;
Kjd;ik ngw;whh;. ,t;thW gy;tif ,irKiwikfs; jpUf;NfhapYld; ,ize;J
tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gij fhz;fpNwhk;.
Nrhouhl;r pf;F g; gpe;jpa ,irf; fiy
Nrhouhl;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpNy ,irj; jkpOld; ,ize;jjhf

ehlfj; jkpOk; tsh;r ;r p ngw;wJ. gz;zpirapd; njhlh;r;r pahd tsh;r ;r pia
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mUzfpupehjhpd; re;jf;ftpij jhs mikjpAila ghly;fs;
tpsq;fpd. jpUg;Gfo; VOjhs milTfisf; nfhz;l ,irg;glhlyhf mikfpd;wd.
jpUg;Gfo; ghly; mikg;Gk; gy;tif gzp mikg;igf; nfhz;ljhf mikfpd;wJ.
jkpopirf; fPh;j;jidfspy; vOr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. fPh;j;jidg; ghlyfs;; ,iw fPh;j;jpiag;
ghbg; guTtd. ,j;jifa ghly;fs; gf;jpf; fPh;j;jidfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld.
gf; j pg; g hly; f s; gd; d pU ghly; f shfTk; FwtQ; r pg; ghly; f shfTk; ehlf
fP h ; j ; j idfshfTk; tpsq; F fpd; w d. Kj; J j; j hz; l th; > mUzhryf; f tpuhah; >
NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahh; MfpNahh;; fPh;j;jid tsh;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;G nra;jdu;
jkpopir ,af;fKk; cjtpaJ. fPh;j;jid vd;gJ gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk;
vd;Dk; tbtpy; ghLjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ..

fPh;j;jidg; ghly;fs; fh;e hlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahdit. ,uhf jhs

mikg;Gilajhf fPh;j;jidg; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd. ,uhf> jhs ght yak; Nru
,ir ehl;bag; ghly;fs; vOr;rp ngw;wd. fu;ehlf ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F gz;zpir
gq; f spg; G nra; j J mjidj; njhlh; e ; J fP j k; > fP h ; j ; j id vd; D k; tbtpy;
,irg;ghly;fspy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. fu;ehlf ,ir tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa ,uhff;
fz;Lgpbg;G> gjpa gz;zpir tsh;rr
; p> fPhj
; j
; idg; ghly; tsh;rr ; p njYq;Ff; fPhj
; j
; idf;
fyg;G vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. Gue;jujhrh; njYq;F fPh;j;jidf;F Kd;Ndhbahf
mike;jhh;.
jkpopirf; fP h ; j ; j id tsu; r ; r papy; Kj; J j; j hz; l th; > mUzhryf; f tpuhah; >
khupKj;Jg;gps;is> ghtehrk;rptd; MfpNahh; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdh;. jyGuhzq;fs;
jyf; fPh;j;jidfs; ,th;fs; ghbdhh;fs;. ,th;fSld; jpahfuhrh;> Kj;JRthkpjl P ;rpjh;>
rpahk rh];jpupfSk; rq;fj P Kk;%h;jj ; pfshfg; gzp nra;jhh;fs;. jkpopirNa fh;ehlf
,irtbtkhf tsh; r ; r paile;j J. gs; S> fPh ;j ;j id> FwtQ;r pg; ghly;f Sk;
Nfhapy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. jpUth&h; Nfhapypy; Mlg;gl;l ,ir
ehlfkhfNt jpUth&h;g; gs;S tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

Notes Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

khztu; f Sf;f hd tsE}y; ,e;J ehfupfk; juk; - 12

rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>

(tsE}y; Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; Njit fUjpNa ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gjpg;G : Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfu

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPlr

tz fyhepjp khk;Gy;n fhl Rkdujd Njuu;

tsE}iyg; gad;g Lj;J tjw;f hd mwpTWj;jy;f s;.

ghlrhiyfspy; rka ghlk; fiyj;Jiwg; ghlkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;> tho;fi ; fapy;

khztuplk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd fw;ww;

,t; tsE}y;; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fj; JizGuptJld;>

jpU nghd; n[a&gd;

gzpg; G : - fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfu

- tz. fyhepjp khk; G y; n fhl Rkdujd Njuu;

,izg; g hf; f k; : jpU nghd; n[a&gd;

tpla MNyhrid : - Nguhrpupau; . ,uh.it. fdfuj; j pdk;

- Nguhrpupau; . gp. NfhghyfpU\; z Iau; >

- Nguhrpupau; . vk; . Ntjehjd;

- jpUkjp. rhe; j p Nfrtd; >

- jp; U kjp ehr; r pahu; nry; t ehafk; >

- Nguhrpupau; fyhepjp kh.fUzhepjp>

- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) v];. =Kuspjud;>

- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) tp. gtNerd;.

- jpU. v];. ukzuh[h>

- jpU. vd; . Rguh[; >

cs; t hup : - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;

n t spth up - jpU. ng. Ngupd; g uhrh

- jpUkjp vk; . rz; K fjh]; >

- jpU. v]; . fkyehjd; ;

- jpUkjp. nfsry; a h fhe; j &gd;

- jpUkjp . vk; . NguUs; n ry; t p

. - jpU. v]; . Nfhgpehj; >

- jpUkjp . vk; . rptFkhud;

ml; i lg; g lk; - jpU. rJu kJrq;f

fhupahya cjtp - jpUkjp v];.rp.gpupaju;rdp

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

1.0 : ,e;J ehfupfk;> ,e;Jg; gz;ghL

‘ehfupfk;’ vDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;> efu;+mfk; vdg; gFj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

ehfupfk; vd;gJ jkpOf;Fg; Gjpa nrhy;yd;W. ,J Vwf;Fiwa 2000 Mz;Lfs;

gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ?

gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mf czu;T tsu;r;rpapd; rPu;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ? vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; jpl;lkhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij

ehfupfk; vd;gJ ahJ?

ehfupfk; vd;gJ “efuj;NjhL ,ize;jJ” vd;w mbg;gilapy;> gz;ghl;L

gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk; xg;gPL

1.2 cyf ehfupfq;fspy; ,e;J ehfupfk;

,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bd; Muk;g epiyia mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ cyfpd; gioikahd

ghgpNyhdpahtpy; rpd;> \hk];> cy; vd;Dk; jpup%h;j;jpf; nfhs;if ,Ue;jjhff;

fpNuf;f atd ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nkhopapay;