Lecture No.

Lecture Contents
Introduction, What is a cell?, Cell theory, An overview of cell
Prokaryotic cell-structure, Gram staining
Eukaryotic cell structure: difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, difference between plant cell
and animal cell, plasma membrane
Cell wall, endomembrane system– endoplasmic reticulum
1 Endomembrane system- golgi body, lysosome, vacuole
Mitochondria, Plastid, Ribosome
Cytoskeletons, centrosome and centrioles, cilia and flagella
Nucleus, Chromosomes, Microbodies.
Introduction, Cell cycle–phases of cell cycle

Mitosis–definition, karyokinesis, cytokinesis

Significance Meiosis–definition, meiosis-I
Meiosis-II, significance of meiosis.
Tissue, meristematic tissue - characters, types, shoot and root apex organisation
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Primary permanent tissues i.e., parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma w.r.t. nature, distribution, cell
wall and cell structure and functions.
Complex permanent tissue- Xylem - components of xylem and their structures, primary and secondary
xylem, primary xylem– protoxylem and metaxylem Phloem- components, types of phloem (on the basis of
position and origin)
Tissue system - epidermal, ground and vascular; Types of vascular bundles, Internal structures of root
Internal structure of stem and leaf, Definition of secondary growth, types of tissues involved, Secondary
growth in dicot stem : formation and activity of vascular cambium in stelar region, secondary structures in
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stelar region - annual rings, heartwood and sapwood
Formation and activity of cork cambium in extra stelar region, periderm, bark, lenticels, Secondary growth
in dicot root - origin and activity of vascular cambium in stelar region and cork cambium from pericycle.
Epithelial Tissue: General features, basement membrane, types of Epithelial tissues-Simple and Compound
Epithelium, specialized epithelial tissues, glandular epithelium.
Simple & compound gland, Connective Tissue: Connective tissue proper, Loose connective tissue, Dense
connective tissues-characters with examples. Supportive connective tissue: Cartilage, Types of
cartilage-Hyaline, Elastic, white fibrocartilage & Calcified cartilage
Supportive Connective Tissue: Bone, its structure & composition Types of bones-Compact bone, Spongy
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bone, Differences between cartilage & bone: Dried bone & decalcified bone. Cartilage, Investing bone,
Sesamoid bone and Visceral bone
Muscular Tissue: Types of Muscles: Striated and non-striated/Smooth muscles (Single unit & Multiunit
smooth muscles), Cardiac muscles
Nervous Tissue: Structure of neuron and its part, Different types of neuron; Myelinated & Nonmyelinated
neurons, Neuroglia cells-Types of glial cells
Introduction, What is living?, Characteristics of living beings
Diversity in the living world, Nomenclature, Need for classification, Classification -taxonomy, systematics
Taxonomic categories, Biological concept of species
Taxonomical aids- Herbarium, Botanical gardens
Museum, Zoological parks, Key, Flora, Manual, Monographs, Catalogues.

Introduction, Kingdom system of classification- two kingdom, three kingdom, four kingdom, five kingdom
Six kingdom, Domains of life, Kingdom Monera- Characters of monera, Shape of bacteria, Bacterial Life
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process - Respiration
Nutrition, Reproduction – Asexual
Sexual recombination, Economic importance of bacteria
Archaebacteria-methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles
Eubacteria – Cyanobacteria
Mycoplasma, Protista-General characters
Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids
Slime moulds, Protozoans-major groups with some salient features
Fungi-general characters, Reproduction in fungi
Vegetative, Asexual, Sexual reproduction in fungi
Characters of different classes of fungi - Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes
Virus–introduction, discovery, structural components, structure of some viruses (TMV, bacteriophages),
6 Reproduction in virus.
Diseases, Sub-viral agents – Viroids, Virusoids, Prions; Lichens, Mycorrhiza
Introduction of plant kingdom, Classification systems– artificial, natural and phylogenetic, Branches of
taxonomy
Algae–general characters, Economic Importance of algae
Characters of different classes of algae- chlorophyceae, phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae
Bryophytes–general characters
Bryophyte classes, economic importance
 Pteridophytes– general characters, classes, economic importance
Gymnosperms – general characters, economic importance
Angiosperms – general characters, economic importance of angiosperms, Life cycle patterns
Basis of classification: Levels of organisation, Symmetry, Body-plan: Protostomous, Deuterostomous,
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Coelom; its types, Open/closed vascular system, Segmentation, Notochord, Broad classification of
Kingdom Animalia based on common fundamental features
Porifera: General characters, Body wall, Types of cells, Skeleton spicules and spongin fibres Canal
system-(General outline), Reproduction: Larva stages with examples
Cnidaria: General characters, Body wall, Nematoblasts-Structures, Hydra-General characters,
Polymorphism, Types of Zooids, Polyps, Medusa, Metagenesis, Corals. Ctenophora; General characters,
Comb plates, examples
Platyhelminthes: General characters, Symmetry, Parenchyma, Flame cells, Ladder like nervous part,
Reproduction, Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica (outline), Life cycle of Taenia solium with general features,
Pseudosegmentation Strobilation, Apolysis, Taenia saginata
Aschelminthes / Nematode: General characters, Renette cells, Reproduction with examples, Life cycle of
the Ascaris (outline), other nematodes-Ancylostoma, Wuchereria, Enterobius
Annelida: General characters, Reproduction, Larval form, Nereis–Heteronereis, Pheretima, Hirudinaria,
Pontobdella, Botryoidal tissue in leech
Arthropoda: General characters of arthropods, Chitinous exoskeleton, Types of respiration, excretory
8 structures, reproduction, types of metamorphosis in insects
Economic importance-Mosquito, Housefly, Silkmoth, Termites, Lac insect, Mollusca: General characters
with examples, Larval form, Pearl formation
Echinodermata: General characters, Water ambulacral system.
Hemichordata: General characters, stomochord, examples.
Chordates: General characters, 3 subphyla-Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata.
Urochordata-General characters with example. Cephalochordates-General characters with examples.
Vertebrata: Agnatha & Gnathostomata: Cyclostomata-General characters with examples-Petromyzon,
Myxine
Pisces: General characters, Classes-Placodermi, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes: Differences between
cartilaginous & bony fishes, Scoliodon, Chimaera, Exocoetus, Labeo, Lateral line system, Neuromast
organs, Types of scales
Amphibia: General characters, Parental care and examples
9 Reptilia: True land vertebrates, General characters, Rhynocephalia, Squamata, Crocodilia, Chelonia,
Poisonous & non poisonous, Snakes
Aves: General characters,
Mammalia: General characters, Subclasses-Prototheria, Metatheria, Eutheria
Health–Various types of diseases in Human–Bacterial, Viral diseases etc.
Fungal: Ringworms, Helminthic: Ascariasis, Elephantiasis, Protozoan: Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax and
Entamoeba histolytica.
Types of Immunity: Innate and acquired; Active & Passive Immunity, Humoral mediated Immunity, Cell
Mediated Immunity.
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Vaccination and Immunisation, Allergies, Auto immunity, Immune system of the body, Lymphoid organs:
Primary and Secondary.
AIDS–Causes, Detection, Symptoms, Prevention.
Cancer–Causes, detection, diagnosis & Treatment.
Drugs and alcohol abuse-Opioids, Cannabinoids, Sedatives and tranquilisers, Hallucinogens, Stimulants,
Tobacco adiction.
Adolescence, Addiction & dependence. Effects of drugs & alcohol abuse, Prevention & control.
Improvement in Food resources(Plant breeding-Conventional breeding, tissue culture- Method), Green
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revolution, Transgenic animals
Introduction, Importance, What do we know?, Historical account, Where does photosynthesis take place?,
Photosynthetic pigments
Absorption spectrum and action spectrum, What is light reaction?
Electron Transport System, Splitting of water, Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Chemiosmotic theory, Dark reaction– C3
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C4 cycle, Comparison between C3 & C4-plants, Photorespiration
Factors affecting photosynthesis.
Life processes(X & XI)
13 Digestive system(Alimentary canal), dental formula, dentition, layers of alimentary canal, digestive glands,
digestion of food,absorption of digested products, disorderrs of digestive system,
Respiratory passage, structure of larynx, sound production, lungs, pleurae, external structure of lungs,
Internal structure, alveoli.
Mechanism of breathing-Inspiration, expiration, thoracic & abdominal breathing, Respiratory/Pulmonary
volumes/Respiratory capacities, Exchange of gases between alveoli & blood; exchange of gases between
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blood & tissue cells, Transport of oxygen, Bohr’s effect;
Transport of carbon dioxide, Chloride shift (Hamburger’s phenomenon), Haldane effect.
Regulation of respiration: Neural regulation, chemical regulation, Respiratory disorders, Bronchitis,
Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorder
Fluid connective tissue–Blood & composition of blood-blood cells & plasma, blood coagulation, clotting
factors, lymph
 Circulatory pathways, Human circulatory system-external structure of heart, Internal structure-Atria,
Ventricle, Valves, Histology of heart wall, working of heart, Cardiac cycle, Heart sounds, conducting system
15 of heart
ECG-Normal ECG & changes as indication of heart diseases, Double circulation, heart beat, regulation of
heart beat- Neural regulation, hormonal regulation
Blood Vessels-Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, Vena Cava, Lymphatic system,
Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases, Angina, Heart failure
Mode of excretion- Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism (brief account), Different types of excretory
structures in various animals, Human excretory system-structure of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder,
nephron, cortical and juxtamedullary nephron
Glomerular filtration-Structure of Malpighian body, Ultrafiltration mechanism, glomerular filtration rate,
filtration fraction, autoregulation of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion, countercurrent
mechanism
Regulation of kidney function: Osmoregulation, control by juxta glomerular apparatus, Renin-angiotensin
16 aldosterone system (RAAS) Atrial Natriuretic factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus.
Composition of urine, micturition mechanism, role of other organs like kidney, lungs, liver and skin in
excretion, Disorders-uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis and artificial kidneys, kidney
transplantationRegulation of kidney function: Osmoregulation, control by juxta glomerular apparatus,
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) Atrial Natriuretic factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus
Composition of urine, micturition mechanism, role of other organs like kidney, lungs, liver and skin in
excretion, Disorders-uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis and artificial kidneys, kidney
transplantation
Human neural system: Central and peripheral neural system, neuron as structural and functional unit of
neural system, different types of neurons and their location. Nerve impulse, generation and its
transmission-Resting membrane potential, spike potential, action potential, depolarization, repolarization,
hyperpolarization.
17 Synapse, Electrical and chemical, synaptic transmission, mechanism of transmission of nerve impulse
through electrical and chemical synapse. Neurotransmitters; excitatory and inhibitory, Structure of
brain-forebrain, cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and their functions, Mid brain (corpora,
quadrigemina and cruracerebri), Hind brain (cerebellum, pons, medulla) ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid, Spinal cords
Peripheral nervous system: Cranial nerves (name, origin, distribution, nature and their functions), spinal
nerves-branches, (posterior, anterior, meningeal and visceral) plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
and coccygeal).
Autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and their functions, reflex
action, reflex arc, characteristics of reflexes types of reflexes-unconditioned, conditioned, monosynaptic
18 and polysynaptic reflex and their examples. Detail of knee jerk reflex, importance of reflex action
Sensory perception and processing: Human eye, coats of eye, part of eye, content of eye ball (lens,
aqueous humour, vitreous humour), extra occular eye muscle and their nerve supply, mechanism of vision,
accommodation, protective structures of eye, eyebrows, eyelids, Defects of eyes: Myopia, hypermetropia,
presbyopia, astigmatism, cataract and glaucoma. Nose: olfactory receptors its structure and
mechanism/working. Tongue-different types of papillae, taste bud, its structure and working.
Different types of receptors in skin-Tangoreceptor, algesireceptor, thermoreceptor, Ear: Structure of
external ear (pinna and external auditory canal) tympanum, middle ear (Eustachian tube and ear ossicles)
Internal ear-bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth-otolith organs (saccule and utricle) and
semicircular canal and cochlea, Receptor for balancing-macula and crista, receptor for hearing Organ of
corti, mechanism of hearing and physiology of equilibrium, diseases of ear
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Endocrine glands and hormones: Human endocrine system, hypothalamus-releasing and inhibiting
hormones, Pituitary glands-Anterior and posterior pituitary, its location, relationship with hypothalamus,
its hormones, their principal action, target organs, Disorders-Dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly,
diabetes insipidus, Thyroid-structure, Location, hormones and their function. Disorders of thyroid
gland-cretinism, myxedema, simple goiter, exophthalmic goiter,
Parathyroid gland: Structure, location, hormone and its mechanism of regulation of calcium homeostasis,
disorders. Adrenal gland: Structure, location, hormone and their function, disorders-addison’s disease,
cushing syndrome, aldosteronism, adrenal virilism, Pineal and its hormone, Thymus and its hormone.
Pancreas-structure, location, hormone with their principal action and disorders-hypoglycemia, diabetes
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mellitus, Gonads: (Ovary and testis-structure, location, hormones, principal action and disorders:
hypogonadism, precocious puberty eunuchoidism, gynaecomastia) hormones of heart, kidney and
gastrointestinal tract, mechanism of hormone action (protein and steroid hormone) role of hormones as
messengers and regulations, amplification of signals, synergistic and antagonistic effects.
Growth, differentiation and development. Growth - characteristics, phases of growth, growth curve,
growth rates - arithmetic growth and geometric growth, Absolute growth rate and relative growth rate.
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation, Definition with examples, Development -
Definition, factors regulating it, plasticity
Growth hormones : Auxins, Gibberellins
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Cytokinin w.r.t. their discovery, nature, types, biosynthesis, transport, functions, Growth hormones -
Ethylene, abscisic acid w.r.t. all above features
Dormancy - cause of dormancy, breaking of dormancy, seed germination, vivipary, Photoperiodism :
Definition and discovery, photoperceptive site and pigments (phytochrome) LDP, SDP and DNP.
Vernalisation - introduction, discovery, site, requirements, features/characters, examples.
Introduction, Asexual reproduction-Fission, Fragmentation, Regeneration, Budding, Spore formation,
Gemule formation, Flower - A fascinating organ of angiosperms, Pre-fertilization - structures and events -
21 Stamen, Microsporangium, Microsporogenesis.
Pollen grain, Development of male gametophyte, The pistil, Megasporangium (ovule), Types of ovule
Megasporogenesis, Embryo sac/Female gametophyte development.
 Pollination : Objective, Kinds - Autogamy, Geitonogamy, Xenogamy, Agents of pollination - Wind, Water,
Insects.
22 Outbreeding devices, Pollen-pistil interaction, Double fertilization
Post-fertilization, structures and events - Endosperm, Embryo development
Seed, Fruit; Apomixis and Polyembryony.
Sex organs, Male reproductive system: Testes, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Penis, Accessory glands of male
reproductive system, seminal plasma and semen
Structure of Female reproductive system-Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Female External genitalia and
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Accessory gland of female reproductive system. Structure of Mammary glands
Spermatogenesis and its hormonal control, structure of mature sperm. Oogenesis and structure of ovum.
Structure of ovary. Menstrual cycle: Various events and its hormonal control.
Capacitation and acrosomal reactions. Fertilisation, Fast block and slow block to prevent polyspermy.
Embryonic development: Cleavage, morula, blastula and implantation.
Gastrulation, fate of these germinal layers. Pregnancy and embryonic development.
24 Major features, function and types of placenta. Parturition and lactation
Reproductive Health, Problems & Strategies, Population explosion, Human population growth, Methods of
Birth control. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
STI (Venereal Diseases), Infertility, ART (Assisted reproductive technology).
Introduction, Mendel's law of inheritance, Inheritance of one gene: concept of factors and concept of
segregation, Punnett square, Test Cross, Law of dominance, Law of segregation
25 Explanation of the concept of dominance, Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple allelism,
Pleiotropy
Inheritance of two genes, Law of independent assortment,
Two gene interactions (brief account)
Polygenic inheritance, Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Linkage and recombination, Sex determination
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Mutations - Gene mutation, Mutations - Chromosomal aberrations
Genomatic mutations, Genetic disorders - Pedigree analysis
Mendelian and Chromosomal disorders
Introduction, The DNA-structure of polynucleotide chain, Derivation of DNA structure, DNA packaging in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
27 The search for genetic material, Transforming principle, Evidence from experiments with bacteriophage,
Properties of genetic material
RNA world, Replication of DNA - The experimental proof, The machinery and enzymes.
Transcription - Transcription unit, Types of RNAs and Process of Transcription in prokaryotes
Process of transcription in Eukaryotes, Genetic code - Salient features
t-RNA - The adapter molecule, Translation.
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Regulation of gene expression, Operon concept
Human genome project - Goals, Methodologies, Salient features, Applications and Future challenges, DNA
fingerprinting.
Origin of Universe (Big bang theory), Solar system, Theories of origin of life: Panspermia theory,
Abiogenesis theory, Theory of biogenesis. Chemical origin of life, Stanley Miller’s experiment.
Prebiotic system: coacervate and microsphere. Geological time scale.
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Evidences of evolution–Palaeontological, Time line of evolution, evolution of horse. Morphological and
anatomical evidences of evolution-Homologous, analogous, Vestigeal organs.
Evidences from Connecting links, Embryological evidences, Biogeographical evidences, Adaptive radiation.
Lamarck’s theory, Darwin’s theory–Darwin novelty, Mutation theory
Hardy Weinberg principle: Gene flow, Gene migration, Genetic drift, Mutation, genetic Recombination,
30 Natural selection. Speciation–Allopatric and sympatric.
Brief account of evolution: Evolution of plant forms. Evolutionary history of vertebrates through geological
period. Human evolution, Prior to Ape man, Ape man to prehistoric man, Prehistoric to modern man.
Introduction, Microbes in household products, Industrial products.
Microbes in sewage treatment, Biogas production
Biocontrol agents, Biofertilizers.
31 Introduction, Levels of organisation, Major biomes, Abiotic factors - Temperature
Abiotic Factors - Light, Water, Soil
Response to abiotic factors, Adaptations, Population Attributes: Population growth
Growth models; Population interactions.
Introduction, Types of ecosystem, Components of ecosystem, Ecosystem structure, Productivity and
decomposition
Energy flow, Ecological pyramids, Nutrient cycling
32 Ecological succession, Ecosystem services
Introduction, Levels of biodiversity, How many species are there on earth and how many in India?, Patterns
of biodiversity, Importance of biodiversity to the ecosystem.
Loss of biodiversity and its conservation.
 Types of movements: Ciliary, protoplasmic streaming, flagellar, muscular, type of muscle-(skeletal, smooth
and cardiac muscle) and their structure. Muscle contraction-structure of contractile protein-actin, myosin,
troponin and tropomyosin. Mechanism of muscle contraction-Sliding filament theory, Role of calcium and
regulatory proteins, power stroke, role of ATP, various stages in cross bridge formation
33 Properties of muscle contraction: All or none principle, single muscle twitch, energy source of muscle
contraction, Cori’s cycle, Rigor mortis, red and white muscle fibres, Isometric and isotonic contraction.
Treppe or staircase phenomenon, Disorders of muscles-Myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, tetany,
Axial skeleton: Skull-cranial bones, facial bones, Hyoid, Ear ossicles malleus, incus, stapes, Vertebral
column-cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx vertebrae, curves of the vertebral column.
Ribs-vertebrosternal/True ribs, vertebrachondral/False ribs, Vertebral/Floating ribs, rib cage, sternum
Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle, bones of upper limb (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals
and phalanges), pelvic girdle, bones of lower limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals,
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phalanges). Joints-fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial (Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding and saddle
joint), Bone and joint disorders-Arthritis, Osteoporosis, gout etc.
Primary and secondary metabolites, Carbohydrates, Saccharides, Monosaccharides, Triose, Pentose,
Hexose, Heptose, Derivatives of monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Functions of small carbohydrates,
Polysaccharides-homopolysaccharides & heteropolysaccharides; storage & structural polysaccharides.
Aminoacids: Structure, types, polar, non polar, acidic, basic, neutral, alcoholic aromatic, heterocyclic and
35 functions of amino acids, peptide bond formation, Structure of protein-Primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary properties of proteins; Types of protein and their functions,
Lipids: Structure and classification of lipids, simple lipids, conjugated lipids, derived lipids, functions of
lipids, Nitrogenous bases: nucleosides, nucleotides, higher nucleotides, types of nucleotides, functions of
nucleotides, Nucleic acid-DNA, RNA structure, types of it and function, Metabolities-primary & secondary
Enzymes: Importance, activation energy, chemical nature, active site, Classes of enzymes: Oxidoreductase,
Transferase, Hydrolase, Lyase, Isomerase, Ligase; Properties of enzymes, Working of enzymes-Lock & Key
model, Induce fit theory
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Enzymes: Factors affecting the enzyme activity: substrate concentration, Km value, Product concentration,
Temperature, pH; Enzyme inhibition-competetive, Non competitive, Allosteric enzymes, Isoenzymes and
Proenzymes
Biotechnology-Principles, Tools of recombinant DNA technology.
37 Separation and Isolation of DNA fragments. Cloning vectors, Competent host, Processes of recombinant
DNA technology.
Biotechnological applications in agriculture–Bt cotton, Pest resistant plants, Biotechnological applications
38 in medicine–Genetically engineered insulin
Gene therapy, Molecular Diagnosis, Transgenic Animals, Ethical Issues, Biopiracy