FIRE SAFETY FIRE SCIENCE (I MEMO NA TIBUOK KAY DLI MUSUGOT

PD No. 1185: The Fire Code of the Fire is the process of burning. It is in fact OG A,B,C LANG!!!!!)
Philippines and Regulations a chemical reaction initiated by
presence of heat energy in which a Class “A” Fires - Ordinary combustible
RULE 1-GENERAL PROVISIONS DIVISION substance combines with oxygen in the such as wood, paper, and cloth.
1- GENERAL air and the process is accompanied by
emission of energy in the form of heat, Class “B” Fires - Flammable liquids such
SEC. 1.103: REQUIRED FIRE SAFETY light and sound. as oil and grease.
PROGRAM/MEASURES • Liquids
B. All occupants or lessees of buildings, Therefore, three elements are essential • Greases
structures or facilities shall organize for combustion: • Gasses
themselves and develop and • Acombustible matter i.e fuel
implement fire safety programs to • Oxygen Class “C” Fires - Energized electrical
include among others, fire • Source of heat, Spark flame etc. equipment
prevention in the premises,
notification of the fire service to the Class “D” Fires - Flammable metals
existence of a fire, evacuation of • Magnesium
persons and initial firefighting. The • Titanium
building owner shall take the initiative • Zirconium
of formulating the fire safety program • Potassium
for his building and of organizing the • Lithium
occupants to implement the • Calcium
program. • Zinc

The Best Way to Prevent Occurrence of Fire Protection

Fire Fire is a chemical reaction known as A method of fire protection involves the
• Education/Orientation combustion. It is also the rapid oxidation conveyance of water in pipes to
• Establishment of Fire Brigade of combustible material accompanied extinguish fire within a building fall into
Organizations by the release of energy in the form of the field of plumbing. Water may be
• Exercise/Training heat and light. supplied through riser pipes or
o Fire Drill standpipes. A riser or standpipes with
o Hands-on Fire Extinguisher hose connections in a tall building may
be fed from storage tank, from pump or
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
from a mobile pumping engine in the Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral • closures (fire dampers) Sometimes
street connected to a breaching or component of the three components of firestops are treated in building
‘Siamese Post’ structural fire protection and fire safety in codes identically to closures.
a building. PFP attempts to contain fires Canada de-rates closures, where, for
Automatic sprinkler are the devices that or slow the spread, through use of fire- instance a 2 hour closure is
discharge water automatically when resistant walls, floors, and doors acceptable for use in a 3 hour fire
the temperature of air surrounding (amongst other examples). separation, so long as the fire
sprinkler reaches a predetermined level. separation is not an occupancy
Material employed in design and separation or firewall. The lowered
Fire protection in land-based buildings, construction: rating is then referred to as a fire
offshore construction or onboard ships is • fire-resistance rated walls protection rating, both for firestops,
typically achieved via all of the • firewalls not only have a rating, they unless they contain plastic pipes and
following: are also designed to sub-divide regular closures.
a. Passive fire protection - the buildings such that if collapse occurs • firestops
installation of firewalls and fire rated on one side, this will not affect the • grease ducts (These refer to ducts
floor assemblies to form fire other side. They can also be used to that lead from commercial cooking
compartments intended to limit the eliminate the need for sprinklers, as a equipment such as ranges, deep
spread of fire, high temperatures, trade-off. fryers and double-decker and
and smoke. • fire-resistant glass using multi-layer conveyor-equipped pizza ovens to
b. Active fire protection - manual and intumescent technology or wire grease duct fans.)
automatic detection and mesh embedded within the glass • cable coating (application of fire-
suppression of fires, such as fire may be used in the fabrication of fire- retardants, which are either
sprinkler systems and (fire alarm) resistance rated windows in walls or endothermic or intumescent, to
systems. fire doors. reduce flamespread and smoke
c. Education - the provision of • fire-resistance rated floors development of combustible cable-
information regarding passive and • occupancy separations (barriers jacketing)
active fire protection systems to designated as occupancy • spray fireproofing (application of
building owners, operators, separations are intended to intumescent or endothermic paints,
occupants, and emergency segregate parts of buildings, where or fibrous or cementitious plasters to
personnel so that they have a different uses are on each side; for keep substrates such as structural
working understanding of the intent instance, apartments on one side steel, electrical or mechanical
of these systems and how they and stores on the other side of the services, valves, liquefied petroleum
perform in the fire safety plan. occupancy separation). gas (LPG) vessels, vessel skirts,
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
 bulkheads or decks below either 140 Categories of AFP: and an alarm is sounded to enable
°C for electrical items or ca. 500 °C for a. Fire suppression Fire can be emergency evacuation as well as to
structural steel elements to maintain controlled or extinguished, either dispatch the local fire department.
operability of the item to be manually (firefighting) or An introduction to fire detection and
protected) automatically. Manual includes the suppression can be found here.
• fireproofing cladding (boards used use of a fire extinguisher or a Where a detection system is
for the same purpose and in the Standpipe system. Automatic means activated, it can be programmed to
same applications as spray can include a fire sprinkler system, a carry out other actions. These include
fireproofing) Materials for such gaseous clean agent, or firefighting de-energising magnetic hold open
cladding include perlite, vermiculite, foam system. Automatic suppression devices on Fire doors and opening
calcium silicate, gypsum, systems would usually be found in servo-actuated vents in stairways.
intumescent epoxy, Durasteel large commercial kitchens or other d. Hypoxic air fire prevention Fire can
(cellulose-fibre reinforced concrete high-risk areas. be prevented by hypoxic air. Hypoxic
and punched sheet-metal bonded b. Sprinkler systems Fire sprinkler systems air fire prevention systems, also
composite panels), MicroTherm are installed in all types of buildings, known as oxygen reduction systems
• enclosures (boxes or wraps made of commercial and residential. They are are new automatic fire prevention
fireproofing materials, including fire- usually located at ceiling level and systems that reduce permanently the
resistive wraps and tapes to protect are connected to a reliable water oxygen concentration inside the
speciality valves and other items source, most commonly city water. A protected volumes so that ignition or
deemed to require protection typical sprinkler system operates fire spreading cannot occur. Unlike
against fire and heat an analogy for when heat at the site of a fire causes traditional fire suppression systems
this would be a safe) or the provision a glass component in the sprinkler that usually extinguish fire after it is
of circuit integrity measures to keep head to fail, thereby releasing the detected, hypoxic air is able to
electrical cables operational during water from the sprinkler head. This prevent fires. At lower altitudes
an accidental fire. means that only the sprinkler head at hypoxic air is safe to breathe for
the fire location operates not all the healthy individuals.
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is an integral sprinklers on a floor or in a building.
part of fire protection. AFP is Sprinkler systems help to reduce the Construction and maintenance
characterised by items and/or systems, growth of a fire, thereby increasing All AFP systems are required to be
which require a certain amount of life safety and limiting structural installed and maintained in accordance
motion and response in order to work, damage with strict guidelines in order to maintain
contrary to passive fire protection. c. Fire detection Fire is detected either compliance with the local building
by locating the smoke, flame or heat, code
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
 Systems of Fire Fighting c. Flush Hydrant These hydrants are
Requirement of Water It may be broadly classified as external installed underground in a brick or
The quantity of water required for fire (City) and Internal (Building) fire fighting cast-iron chamber with its top cover
extinction depends upon the System slightly above the street level. Letter
magnitude of fire and duration taken to F.H. are inscribed on the top of cover
extinguish it. The use of non-potable External Fire fighting System for identification. A flush hydrant
water should be avoided for the fear of a. Fire hydrants are generally located consists of following components,
cross connection and subsequent at a distance apart of about 90 m to one sluice valve, a duck-foot bend, a
health hazards. The size of main ring, dry 120 m in inhabitant area and about 65 mm dia instantaneous type
riser and wet riser, for firefighting within a 300 m in an open area. One fire coupling. Cast Iron Cap permanently
building, is designed keeping in mind hydrant for every 4000 to 10000 sq. secured to the duck-foot bend by
that a distant hydrant will discharge area is normally provided. Hydrants means of a chain. Hydrants are
about 1000 liters per minutes at 3.5 are generally provided at street connected to underground
kg/sq.cm pressure. And at any given crossings, water demands of one litre distribution main by flanged joints.
time at least two hydrants are in per head per day is considered for Hydrants are also used for street
operation. fire hydrants. Fire hydrants are of two washings, flush sewers and watering
types pillar or post hydrant and sunk gardens. Residual Pressure heads
Storage of Water or flush hydrants. recommended at fire hydrants, for
A sufficient Quality of water for the b. Pillar or Post Hydrant These hydrants which provision is generally made
purpose of firefighting of the building remain standing above ground like a while designing a system With pump
must be made available in an post by about 0.9 m to 1.2 m and engine 10 to 14m for direct flow 42 to
underground tank within the premises. connected to a water main 53 m
Tank capacity may be taken as 30 min underground. It consists of a sluice
water supply at 1000 liters per minutes valve, a duck foot bend, a 65 mm dia Internal Fire Fighting System
The water tank and cover should be post one, two or three outlets. These The local self govt i.e. Municipal
designed to take load of 18 tonnes outlets are spaced around the Authorities have been empowered to
vehicular load if flush below ground periphery of the hydrant barrel, so make by laws to protect lives &
level. The firefighting storage and pumps that it can serve a greater number of properties for fire protection system
requirements as per Development fire tenders at a time, they are within their municipal limits. These bylaws
Control Regulation of the Bombay painted red in color, flushed once in are generally based on NFPA (National
Municipal Corporation every six months and kept in working Fire Protection Act).
condition.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

The following methods are classified to ▪ Hose & Automatic Sprinkler ▪ Water is turned into water
extinguish fire within the buildings: System distribution system either
▪ The courtyard of the building automatically or manually on the
a. Residential Premises Fire Protection should have at least two fire outbreak of fire or the sounding of
System hydrant. alarm gong to smother or
• Fire Hose System ▪ The pumps will have a RPM not extinguish fire.
• Dry Riser/ Wet Riser System exceeding 2000 ▪ When the fuse melts in due to the
• Automatic Sprinkler Systems ▪ These hydrants are connected to heat generated by fire, water
• Potable fire extinguishers, an overhead/ storage tank for fire gushes in and air exhausted
• Fire alarm Systems fighting purpose with a booster through the sprinkler head quickly.
b. Industrial Fire Fighting System pump, and a non-return valve ▪ In the preaction system water, is
• High velocity Water Spray near the tank and a fire pump, admitted to to the system by a
• Medium Velocity fire spray gate & non-return valve over the valve actuated by a thermostatic
• Foam underground storage tanks. controlled device that function in
• Dry chemical Powder ▪ The facility to boost water pressure advance of the sprinkler system.
• Carbon dioxide in the riser directly from the mobile ▪ The distribution system is laid with
• Alarm Gong pump should also be provided to a slope of about 1:200, so that the
• Portable fire extinguisher the wet riser system. complete water is drained out of
• Fire alarm System b. Dry Riser System the system.
▪ A dry Riser system or dry pipe ▪ Provision of necessary pressure
Residential Premises Fire Protection system is made of complete gauges is made on main water
System water-distribution system with supply, distribution, air tank,
a. Fire Hose System sprinkler head or risers and pumps, etc.
▪ This system involves the installation branches with hydrants c. Wet Riser System
of vertical riser pipe with hose throughout the buildings in which ▪ The provision of wet riser system
connections at strategic points there is no running water. whenever made for residential
throughout the building. The ▪ In the sprinkler system the dry pipe building should have the following
standpipe or riser ca-n be kept system is used partly to protect the features: The
filled with water is know as wet interior of the buildings against ▪ Wet riser are designed for Zonal
riser system otherwise it is known as hazards of burst and leaky pipe to distribution of water according to
dry riser system avoid freezing of water in the height of building
▪ The main features of these systems pipes. ▪ The first riser up to 60 m height
includes: should be 10 cm dia
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
 ▪ The second riser upto 100m height club houses, colleges, dormitories, Sprinkler Classification
of 15 cm dia hospitals, hotels, office buildings, An automatic sprinkler head is a fire
▪ The third riser upto 150 m height of and the basement used as car extinguisher nozzle, closed in a state of
15 cm dia parking's. readiness by a heat sensitive release
▪ These risers are connected to fire ▪ Automatic sprinklers are element. The sprinkler may be classified
pumps separately provided for connected to a water distribution as:
this purpose in the buildings. system. A sprinkler nozzle is closed
▪ A wet riser must be provided near by a fusible plug that melts at a a. Sprinkler based on Release:
the enclosure staircase. predetermined temperature, • Fusable element Sprinkler is
▪ The pipe fitting should be above normal room temperature, opened under the influence of
approved make and quality by releasing water to fall on the heat by the melting of eutectic
the competent authority. source of heat. Automatic metal or chemical.
d. Fire Hose Sprinkler System. Sprinklers have • Glass bulb sprinklers are opened
▪ Standard fire hose is made up of the advantage of quickly under the influence of heat by the
rubber lined cotton fibre 65 mm in supplying water to fire before it destruction of the glass bulb
dia, capable of standing routine gain dangerous headway and of through pressure of the fluid
test pressure of 14 kg/sqcm. preventing the access of air to the enclosed therein.
Sometimes unlined or rubber lined fire by smothering it with water. In
or rubber cotton hose may be some cases an open head b. Sprinkler based on water distribution
used for this purpose. sprinkler system for the protection • Conventional Sprinkler - The
▪ The fire hose is housed in a special of the interior of the building is Conventional sprinkler have a
made glass cabinet. provided. spherical water distribution
▪ Sprinklers have the advantage of directed towards the ground and
e. Automatic Sprinkler System quickly supplying water to fire the ceiling for the definite
▪ The installation of sprinkler system before it gain dangerous protection area.
requires special planning in new headway and of preventing the • Umbrella Sprinklers - The umbrella
building design and usually access of air to the fire by sprinklers have a parabolic water
involves an extensive renovation smothering it with water. distribution directed towards the
of an existing building. The ▪ In some cases an open head ground for a definite protection
sprinkler system may be installed in sprinkler system for the protection area with some of water sprays
the following types of buildings or of the interior of the building is the ceilings
sections of a building as a first aid provided. • Sidewall Sprinkler - The sidewall
assistance. i.e. apartment houses, sprinkler has a one-sided half-
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
 parabolic water distribution ▪ 13 Less than 300 heads min 6 body of the sprinkler may be
directed towards the ground for a spares mounted above the lower plane
definite protection area. ▪ 300-1,000 heads min 12 spares of ceiling.
Sprinkler Heads ▪ More than 1000 heads min 24
Types: spares Sprinkler System Design
• Upright ▪ The following step may be taken to
• Pendant arrive at suitable sprinkler system
• Sidewall c. Sprinkler based on Arrangements ▪ Draw an architectural plan and other
• Recesses Heads • Universal Sprinkler - This Could be indicating the location and size of
upright and pendent. the water supplies, connecting pipes,
• Upright Sprinkler - Upright feed main risers, gate, check alarm
sprinklers are so arranged, that the etc.
stream of water is directed ▪ The sprinkler system piping is installed
upwards against the distribution parallel to the ceiling, and the
plate. maximum distance being 250 mm
• Pendent Sprinklers - Pendent from ceiling
sprinkler are so arrangement that ▪ Under the ceiling the area per
the stream of water is directed sprinkler is taken as 6 sq. m to 9 sq. m.
downward against the distribution ▪ The number of sprinklers on each
plate. branch is taken to minimum 8
• Dry Pendent Sprinkler - Dry ▪ If the number increase beyond 8, it is
pendent sprinkler are kept free of advisable to have 65 mm supply pipe
water while in a state of readiness for the same.
by a special catch construction in
the down pipe Fire Escapes
• Dry upright sprinkler - Dry upright ▪ A fire escape is a special kind of
Storage Cabinet sprinkler are upright sprinkler, emergency exit, usually mounted to
This contains: which are kept free of water while the outside of a building or
▪ Extra heads in a state of readiness by a spécial occasionally inside but separate from
▪ Sprinkler wrench catch construction up into the main areas of the building.
Cabinets hold a minimum of six sprinklers unheated roof space. ▪ It provides a method of escape in the
and sprinkler wrench in accordance to • Ceiling Sprinklers - Ceilings event of a fire or other emergency
NFPA® 13 sprinklers, in which part of the that makes the stairwells inside a
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
 building inaccessible. Fire escapes building. Once the tube is ready, a. Process risks such as paint, foam,
are most often found on multiple- escapees enter the tube and slide down plastic and foam rubber
story residential buildings, such as to a lower level or the ground level. b. High piled storage rises in
apartment buildings. At one time, petroleum products.
they were a very important aspect of Industrial Fire fighting Systems
fire safety for all new construction in The industrial area constitute variety of Methods of Fire Extinguishing
urban areas, more recently, combinations of men and material and a. High Voltage Water Spray Systems
however, they have fallen out of processes. Therefore, it is necessary to ▪ High Voltage foam spray
common use. take additional measures for the extinguishes fire involving oils, or
▪ This is due to the improved building industries. The capacity for water similar flammable liquids. The
codes incorporating fire detectors, storage tank for fire fighting of an equipment consists of pipes and
technologically advanced fire industrial building i is worked out at a a nozzles is permanently fixe around
fighting equipment, which includes rate of 2.5 lit/sqm. Of lattable floor area the plant to be protected and is
better communications and the subjected d to minimum of 2,25000 litres. usually automatic controlled for
reach of fire fighting ladder trucks, A of two pumps must be installed to immediate operation in the event
and more importantly fire sprinklers. discharged 2275 litres per min at a of fire.
The international building codes and pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 at a desired floor. b. Medium Velocity fire Spray systems
other authoritative agencies have ▪ The medium velocity water spray
incorporated fire sprinklers into multi- systems protect plant, structures
story building below 15 stories and It must be noted that the requirement of and machinery against fires which
not just skyscrapers. water supply, pumping capacity and involves higher inflammable
other ater supply measures and other liquids, gases & solids. When a fire
Escape chute features of hydrant systems depends on occurs, medium velocity water
An escape chute is a special kind of growth the size of the risk and its fire spray equipment applies water in
emergency exit, used where growth finely divided droplets travelling at
conventional fire escape stairways are • Light Hazard Occupancies: Buildings medium speed and give
impractical. The chute is a fabric (or with lower hazard such as school, protection to tanks structures and
occasionally metal) tube installed near hospitals, hotels. factory equipment's by cooling,
a special exit on an upper floor or roof of • Ordinary Hazard Occupancies: by control burning of inflammable
a building, or a tall structure. During use, Consisting of the majority of the liquids and by dilution of explosive
the chute is deployed, and may be commercial and industrial buildings gases.
secured at the bottom by a firefighting • High Hazard Occupancies: These
crew some distance out from the occupancies are divided into:
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
c. Foam System be effectively installed in sublimes into gas, absorbing heat
▪ Foam system has earned restaurants, fuel stations etc. from the burning material and
recognition as a effective e. Carbon dioxide surrounding atmosphere.
method. Foam systems are ▪ Carbon dioxide has been used for
specially suited for fires in oil many years to extinguish the f. Portable Fire Extinguisher
storages, flammable liquids such flammable liquid fires and fire ▪ Portable extinguishers are
as benzoyl, petrol, alcohol, and involving electrically energized manufactured in a variety of
lighter petroleum products. In this equipment's. Carbon dioxide shapes & sizes. In order to avoid
system fluroprotein foam about one and half times as confusion, extinguisher of the
compounds is applied forcefully heavy air, a property that same type, should be similar in
to burnin hydrocarbon liquid accounts for its ability to replace shape, appearance and as far as
which prohibits fire spread. This air above burning surface and possible, in method of operation.
system is generally operated maintain a smothering It is also advisable to standardize
manually. atmosphere, It is non combustible the sizes, if possible although in
d. Dry Chemical Powder and does not react with most some instances less heavy models
▪ Dry Chemical Powder used to substances may be desired, where for
combat fires in flammable liquids, ▪ Smothering effect: Carbon example, women are likely to use
gases and greases include such dioxide is stored under pressure as extinguisher.
fires when involved with energized liquid, when released, it is ▪ The extinguisher should be
electrical equipment is a discharged into the fire area located in conspicuous positions
potassium bicarbonate based dry principally as a gas. When on bracket or shelves where they
chemical. The chemical powder is released on burning material, it can be readily noticed by persons
free flowing, water repellent and covers then and removes the following the normal escape
non abrasive and when used as a oxygen to a concentration which route like exits and stair landing on
fire extinguisher agent will cannot support combustion each floor.
produce no toxic effects. ▪ Cooling effect: The rapid
Because of its excellent fire expansion of liquid to gas when
fighting effectiveness this product carbon dioxide is released from
is widely used in other high risk storage cylinder produces a
areas. refrigerating effect that converts
▪ Carbon dioxide or Nitrogen is used part of the carbon dioxide into
as a expelling gas. This system can snow. This snow, which has a
temperature of 80 °C soon
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
Types of Extinguishers:
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Stored pressure dry powder (ABC)
• Clean agent type extinguisher
(Halon)

Minimum size is 2A:10BC. The number

indicates the number of square feet &
the letter indicates the type of fire.

Alarm Gong
The sounding of alarm should occur
shortly after the opening of a sprinkler
head. An alarm valve which is a type of
back pressure valve, should be fitted on Fire Alarm System
the main supply pipe immediately It is an integral part of any fire protection
above the main stop valve. The alarm system. It is said that the first five minutes
gong should be close to the main stop of fire are most important than the next
valve, but should be sited outside the five hours. Fire can be extinguished
building in a position where it will readily when it is in an incipient stage. Moreover
be audible to the police and other people can be warned of fire hazards
petrol's. In order to avoid false alarm and evacuation of the buildings
caused by fluctuations in the pressure of become easy. The heat & smoke
supply, a device is necessary in most detectors detect fire and actuate the
types of alarm systems to permit of such alarm system. The system helps
temporary fluctuations without lifting of evacuation of the premises and to bring
the alarm. fire fighting facilities into action as
quickly as possible. The Fire alarm
systems are provided in the residential
buildings with heights above 15 m and
industrial and commercial buildings with
height above 24 m. If the height of
building is above 35 m. It is necessary to
ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM
have provision of heat & Smoke ▪ Remember to call 100, 101, 102, 103 areas and the location of the fire
Detectors (Police, Fire, Ambulance, & Traffic alarms.
Police) ▪ Train yourself and the security
Training Services & Maintenances ▪ Do not allow encroachments or personnel in the proper operation
▪ Training of personnel to handle a fire storage in courtyards, open and use of first aid hose real and fire
situation and effectively operate courtyards are needed for placing & extinguisher.
both hand fire appliances and fixed operating fire and rescue ▪ Practice evacuation drills.
equipment, installed within the appliances, ▪ Irrespective of the magnitude of fire,
premises, say of a factory or a high ▪ Do not allow storage or obstruction in summon the Fire Brigade at the
rise buildings, is normally overlooked. the common corridors and staircases earliest.
This is incredible in view of the fact ▪ Do not allow the fire door of
that the owner has spent several staircases to be kept open
hundred lakhs to install the best of ▪ Use staircase not lift, in case of fire as How to use a fire extinguisher:
equipment to protect life and lifts may fail, trapping people inside. Pull pin
property. In the event of fire ▪ Do not allow refuge area to be Aim
emergency, the people around must enclosed or misused. Squeeze
respond very quickly and put to ▪ Do not reenter the fire affected Sway
gainful use of equipment's. building to collect valuables or for
▪ In Addition to this a disaster other purposes.
management plan should be worked ▪ Do not allow fire fighting tanks to be
out by the owner and made known misused or remain empty
to all the persons working within the ▪ Do not switch off the fire or smoke
premises. detection system.
▪ Do not switch off electricity of entire
Safety Measures building in the event of fire. This will
▪ Apart from the training needs it is also stop all the fire protection and
necessary to follow certain fire fighting systems installed within.
precautions and alertness while fire is ▪ Do not carry any alterations &
on. Where ever the height of your additions in the buildings, without
building, ensure you follow some consulting the fire brigade.
basic precautions: ▪ Acquire yourself with the layout of
the escape route, staircases, refuge

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

 HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR
CONDITIONING (HVAC)

Types of Systems
• Central Forced-Air Systems
• Hot Water Systems
• Zone Control Systems
• Radiant Heat

Central Forced Air System

Maintenance of Fire Extinguisher ▪ Most Common HVAC System
▪ Circulates air through or around heating
a. Report used extinguishers
and cooling devices.
b. Watch for tampering
▪ A fan forces air into ducts
c. Recharge properly ▪ Supply ducts transport conditioned air
d. Watch for corrosion into building through diffusers or supply
e. Keep nozzle clean registers
f. Watch out for empty gauges ▪ Air is routed back to heating/cooling
g. Conduct regular inspection device through return ducts

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

▪ Device used to condition and circulate
air as part of an HVAC system
▪ Large metal box containing a blower,
heating or cooling elements, filter, and
sound attenuators
▪ Connects to ductwork that distributes
the conditioned air through the building
and returns it to the AHU
▪ May need to supply heating, cooling, or
both
▪ A furnace generates heat
o Fuel oil or natural gas
o Electric heating elements
o Heat pump

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

▪ A refrigeration system absorbs heat ▪ Hot water pipes or electric heating
o Air conditioner element runs through building
Diffuser
o Heat pump component
▪ Smaller air handlers may contain a fuel- ▪ Dependent on radiant heat
burning heater or a refrigeration o Heat transferred from hot surface to
Air Handling
evaporator placed directly in the air people and objects
Unit
stream
▪ Large commercial air handling units
Heat Pump (HP)
contain coils that circulate water
▪ A machine or device that moves heat
o Boiler provides hot water or steam What are the basic concepts of HVAC?
from one location (the source) to
o Chiller provides chilled water ▪ As discussed earlier, HVAC stands for
another location (the mechanical work)
▪ Can produce heating or cooling by heating, ventilation, and air
Typical AHU components: conditioning. Some require it for cooling
reversing the direction of heat flow
1. Supply duct purposes, or heating purposes, or
▪ Can be used in:
2. Fan compartment ventilation. HVAC maintains the required
o Forced Air System
3. Flexible connection temperature, humidity, air pressure, and
o Hot Water System
4. Heating and/or cooling coil quality required in any particular room or
o Radiant Heat System
5. Filter compartment area.
6. Return and fresh air duct ▪ HVAC system improves air quality of
Typical HVAC system for a commercial area by circulating air and adding fresh
building air to the system. It removes dust
Hot Water System
▪ Water heated in boiler and circulated particles and microorganisms by filtering
through pipes to radiators the air through very fine HEPA filters.
▪ Requires plumbing rather than ductwork HVAC system helps in maintaining
temperature and humidity and makes
the area comfortable.
Zone Control System (PPT gikan)
▪ One heater and one thermostat per How does HVAC affect air quality?
room ▪ Did you know that your HVAC system
▪ No ductwork affects your indoor air quality? Most of
▪ Often used in hotel rooms the time, your heating and cooling
system benefits your home's air quality
and removes airborne particles, but
Radiant Heat HVAC Duct
System or Air clogged ductwork and other issues can
▪ Supply heat directly to the floor, wall, or negatively affect the air you breathe.
Duct System
ceiling

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

Where is HVAC used?
▪ Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Types of Air Conditioning Systems Centralized
(HVAC) system is designed to achieve Type Air
the environmental requirements of the 1. Unit/Room Air Conditioner Conditionin
comfort of occupants and a process. A self-contained unit which houses the g System
HVAC systems are more used in different compressor, condenser and evaporator
types of buildings such as industrial, in the same cabinet
Basic components on the types of Air
commercial, residential and institutional
2. Split Type Conditioning System Conditioning system
buildings.
Composed of two separate sections,
What Are the Different Components of an one installed inside the room while the 1. Unit Type of Air conditioning system is
HVAC System? other is mounted outside the building composed of the following:
• Thermostat/Timer • Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
3. Package/Cabinet Type Air Conditioning
• The Thermostat is the most visible part • Air Cooled Condensing Unit (ACCU)
system
of a heating and cooling unit, though
A type of split type air conditioning unit
it's also the most overlooked in 2. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is composed of the
maintenance. 4. Centralized Type Air Conditioning following:
• Heat Exchanger System • Fan
• Blower Motor A type of air conditioning system used for • Coil
• Condensing Unit large installation with the use of ducts • Filter
• Ductwork
• Evaporator Coil 3. Air Cooled Condensing Unit (ACCU) is
Unit/Room
• Vents composed of the following:
Air
• Refrigerant Lines • Air Cooled Condenser (ACC)
Conditioner
• Compressor
What is HVAC system types?
There are four main types of HVAC systems.
Split Type Air 4. Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) is
There are split systems, hybrid systems,
Conditioner composed of the following:
duct-free systems, and packaged heating
• ACC Fan
and air systems.
• Condensing Coil
Air Conditioning
▪ Air conditioning is defined as the Package 5. Air Cooled Water Chiller (ACWC) is
Type Air composed of the following:
simultaneous control of air temperature,
Conditioner • Air Cooled Condensing Unit (ACC)
humidity, motion and purity of air in a
confined space. • Evaporator
• Chilled Water Pipes

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

6. Air Condensing Unit (Direct Expansion and cool the air stream injected into the 1. Heat transmitted through walls, roofs,
method) is composed of the following: air-conditioning space. floors, partitions, ceilings and glass owing
• Fan Coil Unit (FCU) 2. Heat - is a form of energy that is differences between indoor air
• Compressor transformed by temperature difference temperature.
3. Condenser - heat exchange device in a 2. Heat from solar radiation striking upon
7. Centralized System elements: refrigeration system; it consists of a vessel the exterior surfaces of walls and glass,
• Air Handling Unit (AHU) or arrangement of pipes or tubing in absorbed by them and conducted
• Method of cooling which refrigerant vapor is liquified by the through the interior
• Source of Heating such as boilers or removal of heat 3. Heat carried in by infiltrating or
furnace 4. Compressor - a machine for drawing ventilating outside air
• Air Distribution System refrigerant from the evaporator at a 4. Heat given off by occupants
• Control Equipment relatively low pressure, compresses it and 5. Heat given off by lights, cooking devices,
discharge it to the condenser. motors, fans and industrial processes
8. Fan Coil Unit 5. Humidity - water vapor within a confined within the conditioned space.
(FCU) space or environment.
What is the cooling load of HVAC system?
6. Humidity ratio - weight of water vapor in
▪ The heating load is the amount of heat
a mixture per pound of dry air.
Air Cooler energy that would need to be added to
7. Air - is a mixture of water vapor and dry
Condenser a space to maintain the temperature in
air
(ACC) an acceptable range.
8. Wet bulb temperature - shown by a
▪ The cooling load is the amount of heat
thermometer that cause the air
energy that would need to be removed
evaporation of its moisture.
Air Conditioning Diagram from a space to maintain the
9. Dry bulb temperature - temperature of
temperature in an acceptable range.
air-water vapor mixture as measured in
the normal way with a thermometer. Heat Gain through the Walls/Roof/Floor
10. Air Duct - a passageway usually (sensible)
fabricated of metal, fiber glass, 𝑄 = 𝑈 × 𝐴 × (𝐸𝑇𝐷)
concrete or cement and asbestos fibers where:
used to transfer air from one location to Q =
heat gain or heat transfer rate
across/though the wall/roof/floor
another.
U = value of the wall/roof/floor material
11. Tons of Refrigeration - the useful A = area of the wall/roof/floor
refrigerating effect equal to 211 KJ/min Effective Temperature Difference of the
Mechanical Terms ETD = wall/roof/floor
or 12,000 Btu/hr
1. Evaporator Unit - the mechanical
equipment, coupled with a central air Heat Gains in Building
conditioning system, used to dehumidify

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

Heat Gain through the Glass (sensible) Total Heat Gain where:
entering
𝑄 = 𝐴 × [𝑈 × (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 ) + (𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 × 𝑆𝐶)] 𝑄𝑤 = heat from water 𝑡𝑎 = temperature of
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑇𝑆 + 𝑄𝑇𝐿
where: air
leaving
Q = heat transfer rate through the glass where:
𝑄𝑎 =
heat absorbed
𝑡𝑏 = temperature of
QT = total heat gain by air
A = area of the glass QTS = total sensible heat
air
U = value of the glass constant entering
QTL = total latent heat
𝑐𝑝𝑤 = pressure specific ℎ𝑎 = enthalpy of air
To = room outside temperature heat of water flow
Ti = room inside temperature constant
leaving enthalpy
𝑐𝑝𝑎 = pressure specific ℎ𝑏 =
SHGF = sensible heat gain factor of glass Required Cooling Capacity heat of air
of air flow
SC = shading coefficient of the glass
mass of water 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑇 𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 =
flow × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
(use for the exam)
Heat Gain from occupants (sensible/latent) 𝑚𝑎 = mass of air flow 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚3 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑇 × 1.25
(used for design daw but katong sa taas gamiton sa exam)
𝑄𝑆/𝐿 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 × 𝑆𝐻𝐺/𝐿𝐻𝐺 entering
𝑡1 = temperature of 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
Note: hot water
where:
heat transfer rate from occupants
Tons of refrigeration (Tref) = 211kJ/min leaving
QS/L = (sensible)
𝑡2 = temperature of
hot water
SHG = sensible heat gain /person
LHG = latent heat gain /person Energy Balance
For any heat exchanger, the energy
Heat Gain from lighting (sensible) balance is... heat energy from heating or
cooling medium = heat energy absorbed
𝑄 = 33 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝐴 by medium to be heated or to be cooled
where: HOT WATER - AIR HEATER
Q = heat transfer rate from lighting
A = floor area Heat Energy from hot water = energy
received by air
Heat Transfer rate due to air infiltration
(sensible)
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑄𝑎
𝑄 = 33 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝐴
(𝑚𝑤 )(𝑐𝑝𝑤 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) = (𝑚𝑎 )(𝑐𝑝𝑎 )(𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏 )
where:
Q = heat transfer rate from lighting (𝑚𝑤 )(𝑐𝑝𝑤 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) = (𝑚𝑎 )(ℎ𝑎 − ℎ𝑏 )
A = floor area

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

ACOUSTICS OF A BUILDING • velocity of sound depends on nature Acceptable Indoor Noise Level
and temperature of medium.
ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM
Acoustics - the science of sound, including
its generation, transmission and effects of Frequency or pitch: Number of cycle or
sound waves, the technology of designing vibrations / sec. Greater is no. of cycle
spaces, structures and mechanical systems higher will be the pitch.
to meet hearing needs. • Pitch is the measure of quality of sound.

Sounds - an oscillation in pressure of the

atmosphere which is capable of being
detected by the human ear. Intensity or loudness of sound: flow of sound
energy/sec through unit area. Behavior of Sound
Airborne sound - sound taht is transmitted • intensity is a measure of quantity of ▪ Sound originated from any source either
through air by a series of oscillating pressure sound energy as a speech or music, it is transmitted
fluctuations. from the source in all directions.
▪ Sound travels till it strikes on some surface
Decibel - the unit in which the level f various Measurement of Sound: unit - Bel = 10 dB Ear from where, a part of it is reflected back,
acoustical quantities is expressed. doesn't respond in proportion to the intensity a part being absorbed, or transmitted.
of sound, and that its response in
Acoustics: is the science of sound which proportional to the logarithm of the intensity
assures the optimum conditions for of sound. Refelction Coefficient: ratio of the reflected
producing and listening to speech, music intensity over the incident intensity
etc.

Acoustical design and construction is done Absorption Coefficient: ratio of energy

to for dissipation of the noises, external and absorbed by the area to the energy striking.
internal and insulation against sound.

Acoustics and Sound Insulation Transmission loss: reduction in intensity of

Acoustics can be achieved by considering sound in passing through the barrier or
two aspects: measure of the effectiveness of a barrier or
• proper control and remedy of the surface in insulating against the transmission
acoustical defects in buildings of sound.
• sound insulation
• Medium: Solid, liquid & Gas.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

Acoustical Defect Defects and Recommended Remedies
a. Echoes: Echo is an indirect or a reflected d. Sound Foci: when reflected sound rays
voice which is heard just after the direct meets at a point which causes
hearing of the voice coming from the concentration effect for the reflected
same sound source. echoes and creates a sound of large
▪ Echoe forms when time lag between the intensity.
two voices or sound is about 1/17th of a ▪ can be eliminated by providing
sound and the reflecting surfaces are geometrical designed shape of interior
situated at a distance greater than 15m. face including ceiling/providing
▪ Remedy of this defect is to select the absorbing material.
proper shape of the auditorium and
surfaces and to use the rough and e. Dead Spot: Side effect of sound foci. Acoustics - Requirements and conditions
porous material for interior surface. deficiency of reflected sound rays • Adequate sound intensity.
causes low sound intensity at some • Evenly distributed
b. Reverberation: Prolongation of sound points. • Clear and distinct
after the source producing it has died • Reach the audience with the same
out. f. Insufficient loudness: In large auditorium, frequency and intensity
due to lack of sound reflecting flat • Noise protection to be done
Reverberation time: surfaces near the source or stage and
excessive absorption of sound in the hall, Factors in Acoustical Design
results in this defect of insufficient • Site Selection
loudness. • Volume
▪ Provide loud speaker • Shape
• Interior Surface
g. Exterior Noise or Outdoor Nuisance: • Reverberation
Reverberation should be short for cause mainly due to poor sound • Seating arrangements and audience
auditorium as a cinema theatre or public insulation a partly due to poor planning. • Sound Absorption
address. good very good
Factors in Acoustical Design
c. Acoustical correction: Addition of a. Site selection:
absorption units, to make up the ▪ if possible, site should be away from
deficiency of actual absorption busy street, railways, airports, etc
available for a hall or room in order to ▪ if not, then orientation, layout,
obtain optimum reverberation time or structural design should be done
conditions. accordingly.
▪ Noise reduction

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

b. Volume: ▪ Max time gap between sound ▪ coefficient absorption for distemper
▪ Puropose of hall. source and listener should be 45 milli- is higher than paint.
▪ Height is of greater importance. sec ▪ wood panel has higher coefficeint at
o Public lecture hall - 2.8 to 3.7 ▪ ceiling and wall reflector should be lower frequency.
m3/person within 8m of the sound source.
o Musical Concert Hall - 4.2 to 5.6 ▪ Path difference between direct and Acoustical Treatment
m3/person reflected sound at no listening point a. Open Air Theatres:
o Cinema Theatres - 3.7 to 4.2 should exceed 12 m. ▪ Selection of site is most important.
m3/person ▪ Plain side wall are normally found Calalin, Joshua Unverified
suitable. ▪ Avg noise level should not exceed 40
c. Shape: ▪ Concave ceiling surfaces such and dB.
▪ For correcting the defects. domes should be avoided. ○ smooth ▪ Slope of seating area should not be
▪ For better distribution of sound. ceiling should not be parallel to floor less than 12 degree.
▪ Ceiling height for a room or hall to be ▪ Convex shaped wall considered best ▪ Sound amplification system
used for speech and music is kept ▪ Rear wall should not be provided as
varying from 1/3rd to 2/3rd of the concave walls unless treated with b. Cinema Theatres for Sound Films:
width of the room. sound absorbent ▪ Fan shaped floor plan with diverging
side wall.
Relationships between ratio & Vol per seat e. Reverberation: ▪ Splayed type ceiling with slight
▪ Optimum reverberation time upward slope towards the rear end.
▪ For orchestral music. t is about 15% ▪ Ratio (H:W:L) should be approx 1:2:3.
longer than that for unaided speech. ▪ Surface near sound source should be
▪ For music, it is 40% longer. hard polished.
▪ Vol - 3.5-4.5 m3.
f. Seating Arrangements:
▪ largest contributor to the absorption c. Radio Broad Casting Studios:
of sound o distance of front row ▪ Perfect Sound Proofing/Noise
should be about 3.5 m for drama and insulation:
4.5m for cinema. o Floor, walls, & ceiling must be rigid
▪ Width of seat 45 to 55cm. material.
d. Treatment of interior surfaces: ▪ Back-to-back distance 85-105 cm ▪ Variable reverberation time:
o Different absorption is required in
▪ Provide favourable reflections
g. Sound absorption: the same room as suitable for
▪ Tilted portions of the ceiling can be
arranged ▪ Usefull positioning of the sound type of studio.
absorbing material. o Noise level - 25-30 dB.
o Ratio of H:W:L - 2:3:5.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

 o Shape should be rectangular with c. Cavity Resonators: b. Indoor Noise: source of origin inside the
flat ceiling. ▪ When sound waves enter the room.
o Provision of window should be resonator; due to multiple reflections o conversation of occupants, banging
min. inside, the sound waves are of doors, footsteps, etc.
o Air tight. absorbed
o Heavy Curtains can be used ▪ The cavity resonator may be Classification based on analysis of sound
designed to absorb sound of any insulation problem:
d. Class Lecture Rooms: particular frequency generated by a. Airborne Noise: generated in the air & is
▪ Room dimen 7:8.5:4 considered machines such as air conditioner transmmitted through air.
satisfactory for 40 students. plant, machines etc.
▪ Length to width 1.2 to 1(wide rooms b. Structure Borne or Impact Noise:
are more satisfactory. d. Composite Type-Absorbents: originates and progress in the building
▪ Noise level- 40dB. ▪ A composite absorber is a single unit structure.
▪ t - 0.75 sec at freq. (500-2000) & 9 sec which does the function of the other o caused due to structural vibration
at freq.(125CPS) three absorbers mentioned before.
▪ Vol per can be kept as small as ▪ The composite absorber of a Sound Terminology
possible 12m2 or less. perforated panel fixed over an air Sound Absorption: prevention of reflection
space containing porous absorbent. of sound waves
Classification of Sound Absorbents ▪ When sound waves strike the panel,
a. Porous Absorbents: they pass through it and damped by Sound Insulation: prevention of transmission
▪ Sound waves strike surface of a resonance of the air in the cavity. of sound
porous of a material, a part of sound Noise Sound Structure: indicate loss of sound
waves gets reflected while the other ▪ Unwanted sound energy on reflection at a surface.
part enter the porous material. ▪ Noise created from high frequency is
▪ The part of reflected waves energy is more unpleasant and harmful. Transmission loss: reduction in sound
reduced while, the part of waves ▪ Two types: intensity during the transmission of air-borne
that entered into the porous material o Outdoor Noise sound from the source to the recipient. <40
is converted into heat o Indoor Noise of 46
▪ rock wool, glass wool, foamed
plastics, asbestos fibre, curtains, Classification based on their origin:
spray felt etc. a. Outdoor Noise: source of origin outside
from the room or building.
b. Resonent Panel's Absorbent: o Road traffic, railways, aeroplanes,
▪ Semi hard material in the form of loudspeaker, moving machineries
porous fibre boards.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

Max Acceptable Noise c. Wall and Partitions (vertical barriers): Why Do We need Acoustics?
▪ Rigid and Homogenous Patitions: Acoustics are fundamentally important to
Thickness of wall affects the sound learning environments. Learning is
insulation property. intrinsically linked with communication, and
▪ Partitions of Porous Material: Porous aural (sound) communication is acoustics.
Concrete Masonry, cinder concrete Similarly, learning is about concentration,
etc. 10% more absorbent than non- and external noise is a major distracting
porous. factor in education. The importance of
▪ Hollow & Composite Partition walls or acoustics is not limited to classrooms. Noise
Double wall Construction: Composite in corridors and public spaces can soar if
partition of cavity wall type they are too reverberant (too much echo),
Noise Control & Sound Insulation construction by filling the cavity or with voices raised louder and louder to
a. General Consideration: leaving the air space with some overcome the background echo, just like
▪ Isolate it at source resilient material shouting conversations at a noisy cocktail
▪ Selection of location and orientation party or restaurant. So, to come over these
▪ Lining of wall and ceiling by means of d. Floor & Ceilings(Horizontal barrier to problems of sounds we need acoustics.
airfilled materials, like felts, straw boards noise):
etc ▪ Use of resilient material on floors. Terminologies related to Acoustics:
▪ Rigid wall, floor, partitions can prevent ▪ Providing a floating floor Airborne sound - Sound or noise radiated
transmission of noise construction: Additional floor float directly from a source, such as a
▪ struture borne noise can be prevented over the existing surface by means of loudspeaker or machine, into the
by introducing discontinuities in the path resilient material. surrounding air.
of vibrating waves or expansion joint.
▪ personal protective devices phones etc. What is Acoustics?
ear plugs, head Acoustics is defined as the scientific study of Ambient noise - Total noise level in a
sound which includes the effect of specified environment.
reflection, refraction absorption diffraction
b. Constsructional Measures: and interference. It also deals with the
▪ Wall and Partitions properties of the sound waves, their origin, Audible frequency range - The range of the
▪ Floor and Ceilings propagation and their action on obstacles. sound frequencies normally heard by the
▪ Windows and Doors human ear. The audible range spans from
▪ Insulating Sanitory Fittings What is Sound? 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, but for most engineering
▪ Machine mounting or Insulations of Sound is an alteration of pressure that investigations only frequencies between
Machinery propagates through an elastic medium about 40 Hz and 11,000 Hz are considered.
such as air which produces and auditory.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

Decibel (dB) - (1) Degree of loudness. (2) A Sabin - Unit of acoustic sound absorption, Frequency is measured in the number of
unit for expressing the relative intensity of equivalent to the absorption by one square sound vibrations in one second. A healthy
sounds on a scale from zero for the average meter of perfect absorber. ear can hear sounds of very low frequency,
least perceptible sound to about 130 for the 20 Hertz (or 20 cycles per second), to a very
average pain level. Sound absorption - (1) The process by which high frequency of 20,000 Hertz. The lowest A
sound energy is converted into heat, key on the piano is 27 Hertz. The middle C
Diffraction - The process whereby an leading to the reduction in sound pressure key on a piano creates a 262 Hertz tone. The
acoustic wave is disturbed and its energy level. (2) The sensation perceived by the highest key on the piano is 4186 Hertz.
redistributed in space as a result of an sense of hearing.
obstacle in its path. How do we Hear Sound?
Sound insulating material - Material Sound waves travel into the ear canal until
Direct sound - Sound that reaches a given designed and used as partitions in order to they reach the eardrum. The eardrum
location by direct, straight-line propagation minimize the transmission of sound. passes the vibrations through the middle ear
from the sound source. bones or ossicles into the inner ear. The inner
Sound insulation - The reduction or ear is shaped like a snail and is also called
Frequency - Repetition rate of a cycle, the attenuation of sound by a solid partition the cochlea. Inside the cochlea, there are
number of cycles per second. between source and receiver. This may thousands of tiny hair cells. Hair cells change
include a building wall, floor, barrier wall or the vibrations into electrical signals that are
Noise - Unwanted sound. acoustic enclosure. sent to the brain through the hearing nerve.
The brain tells you that you are hearing a
Noise Reduction (NR) - The difference in Sound intensity - The sound flowing per unit sound and what that sound is.
sound pressure level between any two area, in a given direction, measured over
points along the path of sound an area perpendicular to the direction of Good Acoustics Involve?
propagation. flow; units are W/m2. ▪ Good distribution of sound to all the
seats, which depends on proper shaping
Reflection - Redirection of sound waves. How is Sound Measured? and finishes of all interior surfaces.
Sound energy travels in waves and is ▪ Natural sound diffusion and
Refraction - Change in direction of sound measured in frequency and amplitude. envelopment.
waves caused by changes in the sound Amplitude measures how forceful the wave ▪ A sense of intimacy for the audience
wave velocity. is. It is measured in decibels or dBA of sound and a sense of ensemble for both
Reverberant sound/reverberation - The pressure. O dBA is the softest level that a performers and audience.
sound in an enclosed space, which results person can hear. Normal speaking voices ▪ Proper reverberation times through out
from, repeated reflections at the are around 65 dBA. A rock concert can be all frequencies, which depend on room's
boundaries. about 120 dBA. volume and the total sound absorption
of all materials.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

▪ Freedom for the acoustical faults of ▪ Sound waves generated inside a hall a curved surface produces a harmful
echoes, flutter, and focus. are known as structure-borne sound. effect.
▪ ▪ They are produced due to apparent
Factors affecting architectural acoustics: motion of benches & footsteps & Acoustical Materials:
• Reverberation time propagated through walls and floors. a. Sound Absorbers:
• Loudness These sound absorbing acoustical
• Echelon effect d. Echelon effect: panels and soundproofing materials are
• Structure Borne sound ▪ Unwanted sounds are produced used to eliminate sound reflections to
• Echo when people walk on staircase or improve speech intelligibility, reduce
• Focusing due to Walls and Ceilings floors or hard paved paths due to standing waves and prevent comb
poor finishing of the floor surface, filtering. A wide variety of materials can
Factors affecting architectural Acoustics: structural effects, etc. be applied to walls and ceilings
a. Reverberation time: ▪ The above mentioned unwanted depending on your application and
▪ When the reverberation time is too high, sound are termed as 'echelon effect'. environment. These materials vary in
the sound produced by the speaker will thickness and in shape to achieve
persist for a long period of time. e. Echo: different absorption ratings depending
▪ Similarly, when the reverberation time is ▪ If the time interval between direct on the specific sound requirements
low, sound dies quickly and becomes sound and reflected sound is less
inaudible in a short amount of time. than 1/15 of a second, the reflected TYPES:
▪ In order to improve the sound, sound is helpful in increasing • Acoustical foam panels
reverberation time of a hall should be loudness. • White paintable acoustical wall
increased to an optimum value. ▪ But if the time interval is less than that, panels
then the sound arrives later and will • Fabric wrapped panels
b. Loudness: cause confusion. • Acoustical wall coverings
▪ Reverberation time of a hall is directly • Ceiling tiles
proportional to loudness. f. Focusing due to Walls and Ceilings: • Baffles and banners for ceiling
▪ Low loudness results in existence of ▪ Sound produced by speaker • Fiber glass blankets and roll
sound for a shorter period while high undergoes multiple reflections at
loudness results in existence of sound ceilings and walls. b. Sound Reflectors:
for a longer period. ▪ Reflected sounds from ceilings and It is very important to provide as much
▪ Therefore sound produced by the walls should not be focused on natural reinforcement for the
speaker should be within audible particular point, rather it should be unamplified voice as possible. This
range. distributed throughout a hall. applies equally in smaller rooms,
▪ Generally a plane surface reflects classrooms, meeting rooms etc, but is
c. Structure Borne sound: sound uniformly but a curved surface particularly important for larger spaces
does not. So reflection of sound from

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

 where the distance between the
speaker and the listener is greater.

Natural reinforcement is achieved by

the strategic placement of reflective
surfaces. For example in theatres it is
common to place reflectors above the
stage, and to angle these to give useful
reflections, particularly to the back of
the auditorium. Hard flat surfaces can be
considered to reflect sound in a similar
manner to they way that a mirror reflects
light (i.e the angle of incidence equals
the angle of reflection.

c. Acoustical Materials:
Sound Diffusers: These devices reduce
the intensity of sound by scattering it
over an expanded area, rather than
eliminating the sound reflections as an
absorber would. Traditional spatial
diffusers, such as the polycylindrical
(barrel) shapes also double as low
frequency traps. Temporal diffusers, such
as binary arrays and quadratics, scatter
sound in a manner similar to diffraction
of light, where the timing of reflections
from an uneven surface of varying
depths causes interference which
spreads the sound.

TYPES:
• Quadra pyramid
• Diffuser Pyramidal
• Diffuser Double duty
• Diffuser Quadratic Diffuser

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM

FORMULAS Heat Transfer rate due to air infiltration Energy Balance
(sensible) 𝑄𝑤 = 𝑄𝑎

Heat Gain through the Walls/Roof/Floor 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑎 × 𝑐𝑝𝑎 × (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 ) (𝑚𝑤 )(𝑐𝑝𝑤 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) = (𝑚𝑎 )(𝑐𝑝𝑎 )(𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏 )
(sensible) where: (𝑚𝑤 )(𝑐𝑝𝑤 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) = (𝑚𝑎 )(ℎ𝑎 − ℎ𝑏 )
𝑄 = 𝑈 × 𝐴 × (𝐸𝑇𝐷) Q = heat transfer rate from lighting
where: A = floor area
heat gain or heat transfer rate where:
Q =
across/though the wall/roof/floor entering
U = value of the wall/roof/floor material 𝑄𝑤 = heat from water 𝑡𝑎 = temperature of
A = area of the wall/roof/floor air
ETD =
Effective Temperature Difference of the Total Heat Gain leaving
wall/roof/floor heat absorbed
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑡𝑏 = temperature of
by air
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑇𝑆 + 𝑄𝑇𝐿 air
constant entering
where: 𝑐𝑝𝑤 = pressure specific ℎ𝑎 = enthalpy of air
Heat Gain through the Glass (sensible) QT = total heat gain heat of water flow
𝑄 = 𝐴 × [𝑈 × (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 ) + (𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 × 𝑆𝐶)] QTS = total sensible heat constant
leaving enthalpy
QTL = total latent heat 𝑐𝑝𝑎 = pressure specific ℎ𝑏 =
where: of air flow
heat of air
Q = heat transfer rate through the glass
A = area of the glass mass of water 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 =
U = value of the glass flow × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
To = room outside temperature
Ti = room inside temperature Required Cooling Capacity
𝑚𝑎 = mass of air flow 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚3 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
SHGF = sensible heat gain factor of glass
SC = shading coefficient of the glass 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑇 entering
(use for the exam) 𝑡1 = temperature of 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
hot water
Heat Gain from occupants (sensible/latent) 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑄𝑇 × 1.25 leaving
(used for design daw but katong sa taas gamiton sa exam) 𝑡2 = temperature of
hot water
𝑄𝑆/𝐿 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 × 𝑆𝐻𝐺/𝐿𝐻𝐺 Note:
where: Tons of refrigeration (Tref) = 211kJ/min
heat transfer rate from occupants Conversions: (write ur own)
QS/L =
(sensible)
SHG = sensible heat gain /person
LHG = latent heat gain /person

Heat Gain from lighting (sensible)

𝑄 = 33 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝐴

If no given standard use this
where:
Q = heat transfer rate from lighting
A = floor area

ENGINEERING UTILITIES TWO - FINAL EXAM