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3 Digestion and Nutrition

The document outlines the processes of digestion and nutrition in animals, detailing various feeding mechanisms such as filter, deposit, fluid, and bulk feeding. It describes the human digestive process, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination, along with the roles of different digestive organs and accessory organs. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition, highlighting essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, along with their dietary sources and deficiency effects.

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16 views27 pages

3 Digestion and Nutrition

The document outlines the processes of digestion and nutrition in animals, detailing various feeding mechanisms such as filter, deposit, fluid, and bulk feeding. It describes the human digestive process, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination, along with the roles of different digestive organs and accessory organs. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition, highlighting essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, along with their dietary sources and deficiency effects.

Uploaded by

janinevmagno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGESTION

AND
NUTRITION
FOOD PROCESSING
✓ Animals use different ways of
getting and eating their food. One
of the reasons for this is the
differences in the diet.
✓ Three major types of diet:
➢ Herbivorous(plant-based)
➢ Carnivorous(animal-based)
➢ Omnivorous(plant and animal-
based)
FEEDING MECHANISMS
The different types of nutrition in animals include:
1.Filter Feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in water.
Commonly used by fish.
2.Deposit feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in the
soil. Earthworms use this mode of ingestion.
3.Fluid feeding: obtaining nutrients by consuming other organisms’
fluids. Honeybees and mosquitos exhibit this mode of food intake.
4.Bulk feeding: obtaining nutrients by eating the whole of an organism.
Example: Python.
Figure 3. Fluid feeder
Figure 1. Suspension feeder

Figure 2. Substrate feeder


Figure 4. Bulk feeder
THE DIGESTION PROCESS
NUTRITION PROCESS
1. INGESTION – intake of food
2. DIGESTION – chemical and
mechanical breakdown of
food
3. ABSORPTION – digested
food is absorbed by the
body cells
4. ELIMINATION – removal of
undigested material out of
the digestive tract
MECHANICAL DIGESTION

✓ Grinding, biting, chewing of food


are all mechanical digestion.
✓ It also includes the moving down
of food to the stomach.
✓This occurs in the mouth when
you chew food, churning in the
stomach, which mixes and breaks
down food particles.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION

✓Acids and enzymes present in the


stomach and intestines facilitate
the chemical digestion.
ALIMENTARY CANALS

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
1. Mouth
✓ Digestion starts at the oral cavity
where mechanical digestion
happens.
✓ Your teeth chew, cut, tear, and grind
the food that you ingest
2. Pharynx
✓ leads two openings: larynx which
continue to the lungs and esophagus
that leads in the stomach
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
3. Esophagus
✓ “to carry what is eaten”
✓ it is a muscle that is lubricated
with mucus, and it involuntarily
contract and relaxes, pushing
food down into the stomach.
➢ PERISTALSIS
✓ The cause of movement creates
a peristalsis that moves food
along the gut.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
3. Esophagus
➢ ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
✓ it helps moves the food into one
direction only.
✓ a ring muscle that separates the
esophagus and stomach
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
4. Stomach
✓ stores up to almost 2L of food and
fluid.
✓ it secretes gastric juice composed of
enzyme, mucus, and an acid (HCl).
✓ digested food mixed with stomach
acid is called CHYME.
➢ PYLORIC SPHINCTER
✓ a ring of muscle that separates the
stomach and small intestine.
ACCESORY ORGANS

Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
ABSORPTION PROCESS
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
5. Small Intestine
✓ It consist of three parts:
duodenum, jejenum, and ileum.
✓ It is about six meters (20 feet)
long when stretched.
✓ Like the stomach lining, the
small intestine’s wall lining also
contains glands that secret
several digestive enzymes.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
5. Small Intestine
➢ DUODENUM
✓ the first part of the small
intestines that receives the
secretion of the liver (bile) and
the pancreas (pancreatic juice)
which join the chyme.
✓ The bile from the liver breaks
down fats and makes them
accessible for digestive enzyme in
a process called emulsification.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
5. Small Intestine
➢ The rest of the small intestine
functions in nutrient and water
absorption.
➢ Its structure is made up of villi,
which are the fingerlike
structures of the intestinal wall.
➢ Each villus is lined with
thousands of tiny projections
called the microvillus.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
6. Large Intestine
✓ shorter but much broader than
small intestine.
✓ The main function of it is to
reabsorb water and mineral salts
from undigested food material.
✓ It is about 1.5 meters long and
consists of cecum and appendix.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE PROCESS
7. RECTUM AND ANUS
✓ Rectum stores feces that must
be eliminated through the anus
for a short time.
✓ Anus is a sphincter that
separates the large intestine and
outside of the body, completing
the process of digestion.
PROPER NUTRTION
FOOD PYRAMID
✓ Macronutrients such as
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
are nutrients that can obtained
from different sources of food.
✓ Vitamins and minerals in small
quantities are important for the
metabolic needs.
✓ ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS are
molecules which our body cannot
make, hence we must obtain
them from our diet.
VITAMINS DIETARY SOURCES DEFIENCY EFFECTS
Vitamin A (retinol) Green and orange fruits Blindness, weakened
and vegetables immunity

Vitamin B Meats, nuts, grains, and psychological problems,


dairy products which can range from mild
depression or anxiety, to
confusion and dementia.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Citrus, broccoli, and Scurvy


tomatoes

Vitamin D Dairy products Rickets in children, bone


defects in adults

Vitamin E (tocopherol) Vegetable oils and nuts Defect in nervous system


Vitamin K Green vegetables and tea Impaired blood clothing
MINERALS DIETARY SOURCES DEFIENCY EFFECTS
Calcium Dairy products and green Growth problems,
vegetables decreased bone mass.

Potassium Meats, dairy products, Weakened muscles,


fruits and vegetables, and paralysis, heart problems.
grains

Magnesium Whole grains, leafy Impaired nervous system


vegetables

Iron Meat, eggs, nuts, whole Anemia, weakened


grains, green vegetable immunity

Iodine Seafood, iodized salt Goiter

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