Chapter_2.
Chapter_2.
TORSION OF CIRCULAR
and non-circular
structures
Introduction
Members in torsion are encountered in many engineering applications. The most
common application is provided by transmission shafts, which are used to transmit
power from one point to another
circular shafts are commonly used to transmit power in rotating machinery
Because a circular cross section is an efficient shape for resisting
torsional loads
A shaft is said to be in torsion, when equal and opposite torques are applied at the
two ends of the shaft. .
Due to the application of the torques at the two ends, the shaft is subjected to a
twisting moment.
This causes the shear stresses and shear strains in the material of the shaft.
Torsion refers to the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded by
moments (or torques) that tend to produce rotation about the longitudinal axis of
the bar.
When a uniform circular shaft is subjected to a torque
it can be shown that every section of the shaft is subjected
to a state of pure shear (Fig. below),
The moment of resistance developed by the
shear stresses being everywhere equal to the
magnitude, and opposite in sense, to the
applied torque.
Torsion of Circular Shafts
a. Simplifying assumptions
During the deformation, the cross sections are not distorted in any manner- they
remain plane, and the radius r does not change. In addition, the length L of the
shaft remains constant
Based on these observations, we make the following assumptions:
I. The material of the shaft is homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic.
II. The material obeys Hooke’s law and the stress remains within limit
III. The twisting couples act in the transverse planes only.
IV. Circular cross sections remain plane (do not warp) and perpendicular to the
axis of the shaft.
V. Cross sections do not deform (there is no strain in the plane of the cross
section).
VI. The distances between cross sections do not change (the axial normal
strain is zero).
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shaft Deformations
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Shearing Strain
• It follows that
L or
L
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The maximum torque transmitted by a circular solid shaft, is obtained from the
maximum shear stress induced at the outer surface of the solid shaft.
Consider a shaft, subjected to a torque T as shown in Fig.
Area of ring= 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
4
2𝜋𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅0 3 2𝜋𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 4 𝜋𝜏 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝑜
4
𝑅𝑖
𝑇= න 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖4 = −
𝑅0 𝑅𝑖 4𝑅𝑜 2 𝑅0 𝑅𝑜
4
𝐷4
0 −𝐷𝑖
𝜋 16 16 𝜋 𝐷04 −𝐷𝑖4
𝑇= 𝜏 𝑇= 𝜏 _______________(B)
2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷0 16 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷0
2
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J c4 c 4
T hollow shafts
c2 2c2 2 1 max
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T
2tA
• Angle of twist (from Chapter 11)
TL ds
4A2G t
Assumptions
The tube is cylindrical in shape—that is, all
cross sections are identical and the
longitudinal axis is a straight line.
Lets take small element of The thickness t of the wall is not necessarily
constant but may vary around the cross
section.
However, the thickness must be small in
comparison with the total width of the tube.
The tube is subjected to pure torsion by
torques T acting at the ends.
To determine the magnitude of the shear stresses, we will consider a
rectangular element abcd obtained by making two longitudinal cuts ab
and cd This product is known as the
shear flow and is denoted by
the letter f: