Wachemo University

College of Engineering and Technology

Electromechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics (EMEng4201)

CHAPTER 3
INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR A CONTROL
VOLUME
LECTURE-4
Lidiya A.
2023
 OUTLINE
1. Introduction
 Flow Pattern
 Fluid flow Analysis Techniques
 Control volume technique
 Differential Analysis

2. Control Volume flow analysis technique

3. Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
4. Reynold Transport Theorem
5. Conservation Of Mass
 Continuity Equation

6. Conservation of Linear Momentum

7. Conservation of Energy
 Energy loss/Head Loss
 Bernoulli’s Equation
 Flow Pattern
Streamline
Pathline
Streakline
 Flow Analysis Technique
In analyzing fluid motion, we might take one of two paths:
1) Working with infinitesimally small region, Seeking to
describe the detailed flow pattern at every point (x, y, z)
in the field
 “Differential” approach  next chapter
2) Working with a properly selected finite region, making a
balance of flow in versus flow out, and determining
gross flow effects such as the force or torque on a body or
the total energy exchange.
 “control volume” method  this chapter

 (a) In control volume analysis, the interior of the control

volume is treated like a black box, but
 (b) in differential analysis, all the details of the flow are
solved at every point within the flow domain.
 Control volume flow analysis technique
This analysis make a balance between the incoming and outgoing fluid and the resultant
change with in the control volume.
Provide gross-average information about the flow.
 So is useful when we are interested in the overall features of a flow, such as mass flow
rate into and out of the control volume or net forces applied to bodies, net power
output, total heat transfer.
 The properly selected region is known as Control volume (CV).
Control Volume
 It can be fixed or movable.
 It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow (such as a compressor, turbine,
nozzle).
 Its boundary is known as control surfaces (CS).
 It can be real or imaginary.
Both mass and energy crosses its boundary.
Cont…
Cont…
 System vs Control Volume
System (closed system) is defined as a fixed quantity of matter or a region in space chosen
for study.
The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.
A real or imaginary surface that separate the system from its boundaries is called system
boundaries.
 System boundaries can be fixed or movable
 Mathematically has zero thickness, no mass, and no volume.
 NO mass crosses its boundaries but energy in the form of heat or work can cross its
boundaries.
Also called Control Mass
 Cont…
Open system or Control Volume: Both mass and energy
crosses its boundary.

A large number of engineering problems involve mass

flow in and out of a system, thus are modelled as control
volume.
A water heater, a turbine, a compressor all involves mass
flow and should be analyzed as control volumes (open
system) instead of control mass (closed system)

Isolated System: if even energy is not allowed to cross

the boundary, the system is called isolated.
 Basic Physical Law of Fluid Mechanics
The law of mechanics states what happens when there is an interaction between the system and its surroundings. First
the system is a fixed quantity of mass

Conservation of Mass The mass of the system is Conserved and does not change

Conservation of Linear If the surrounding exerts a net force, F on the system the
momentum mass in the system will begin to accelerate
P is linear momentum

Conservation of If the surrounding exerts a net moment, M about the

Angular momentum center of mass of the system, there will be a rotation effect H is angular momentum

Conservation of Energy If heat is added to the system () or work is done by the

system (), the system energy must change according to
the energy relation/ law of thermodynamics

law of Thermodynamics Relates entropy change to heat added and absolute temperature
 Intensive and Extensive properties
Let be an Extensive property of a fluid, then be the intensive value of the amount per unit
mass.
Extensive Property (B) Intensive Property (b)
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Linear momentum
Conservation of Energy

Thus:

 Where
Thus all of the previous conservation equations in the system approach are
expressed in time rate of change for the extensive property:
 Reynold Transport Theorem (RTT)
The conservation laws used in fluid flow analysis are all given for a system.
We already stated that, since many engineering problems involve mass flowing in and out
the application of control volume analysis is very frequent.
Thus we need a means to relate/expressed those conservation laws of a system to a control
volume form.
To convert system analysis to control volume analysis, we
must convert our ,mathematics to apply to a specific region
(control volume) rather than to individual mass (control mass).
 This conversion is called Reynolds Transport Theorem.
The relationship between time rate of change of an extensive
property (B) for a system, and for a control volume is expressed
by the RTT
 Cont…
Consider an arbitrary control volume (CV)
At time the system coincides with CV

As the fluid flows relative to the CV, it crosses the CS

(boundaries of the CV); and at
Portions of the system extensive property flows out of
the CV through the outflow region of the CS (reg. II)
A new fluid enters the CV through the inflow region of
the CS (reg. I)
Still some of the system extensive property remain in CV

Thus by solving:
 Cont…

from the CV through the CS

 the CV through the CS

[note: ]

RTT: The time rate of change of the extensive property B of the system is EQUAL to the
time rate of change of extensive property of the control volume PLUS net rate of flux of
extensive property B through the CS.
Cont…

RTT
Special Cases of RTT
 Example-1
Three pipes steadily deliver water at 20°C to a large exit pipe in Fig below The velocity V2
5 m/s, and the exit flow rate Q4 120 m3/h. Find (a) V1, (b) V3, and (c) V4 if it is known that
increasing Q3 by 20 percent would increase Q4 by 10 percent.

Ans:
 Example-2
The open tank in Fig. below contains water at 20°C and is being filled through section 1.
Assume incompressible flow. First derive an analytic expression for the water-level change
dh/dt in terms of arbitrary volume flows (Q1, Q2, Q3) and tank diameter d. Then, if the water
level h is constant, determine the exit velocity V2 for the given data V1=3 m/s and Q3 0.01
m3/s.

Ans:
 Example-3
Water at 20°C flows steadily through the piping junction as shown in Fig. below, entering
section 1 at . The average velocity at section 2 is 2.5 m/s. A portion of the flow is diverted
through the showerhead, which contains 100 holes of 1-mm diameter. Assuming uniform
shower flow, estimate the exit velocity from the showerhead jets.

Ans:
Cont…
Example-4
Example-5
Cont…
 Cont…
Steps to follow while solving momentum equation related
problems
Draw the control volume with each forces shown
Decide on a coordinate-axis system
List all the necessary assumptions
Calculate the total force due to mass flow,
Calculate the pressure force,
 If not given we use Bernoulli equation to solve for
pressure. (we will drive this equation next)

Calculate the body force (i.e. )

Solve for other necessary forces (eg. Reaction force)
 Example-6
The horizontal nozzle in Fig. below has with (absolute), and . For water at 20°C, find the
force provided by the flange bolts to hold the nozzle fixed.

Given:

Ans:

Given:
 Example-7
For the pipe-flow-reducing section of Fig. below, , and . All fluids are at 20°C. If and the
manometer reading is , estimate the total force resisted by the flange bolts.

Ans:
 Example-8
Water at 20°C flows steadily through the box in Fig. below, entering station (1) at 2 m/s.
Calculate the
a) horizontal and
b) vertical forces required to hold the box stationary against the flow momentum.

Ans:
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
 Cont…
Steady Flow
In a typical engineering problem, the control volume may contain many inlets and outlets;
Energy flows in at each inlet, and energy flows out at each outlet.
Energy also enters the control volume through net heat transfer and net shaft work.
 The net rate of energy transfer to a control volume by heat transfer and work during
steady flow is equal to the difference between the rates of outgoing and incoming energy
flows by mass flow.
Single stream Devices
A control volume with only one inlets and outlets
From continuity:

Where and

Mechanical Energy: The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and
directly by an ideal mechanical devices such as an ideal turbine
Mechanical Energy of a flowing fluid:

Shaft Work: the transfer of mechanical energy is usually accomplished by a rotating shaft, and thus the mechanical
work is often referred to as shaft work.
Pump or Fan: receives shaft work (usually in the form of electric motor) and transfers it to the fluid as mechanical
energy.
Turbine: converts the mechanical energy of fluid to shaft work
 Cont…

If the flow is ideal with no irreversibility's such as friction, the total
mechanical energy must be conserved. Thus must be zero

The effectiveness of the conversion process

between the mechanical work supplied or extracted
and the mechanical energy of the fluid is expressed
by the pump efficiency and turbine efficiency
 Energy Equation in terms of Heads
The energy equation can be expressed in the most common form in terms of head as:

A typical power plant has numerous pipes, valves, pumps,

and turbines; all of which have irreversible losses.
Because of irreversible losses
 In pump by the factor &
 In turbine by the factor
Cont…
Cont…
Example-9
Given
 Let point one (1) is the water surface at the reservoir and (2) is
at the nozzle exit.
 At (1)  , and
 At (2)  , and
 Example-11
Water at 20°C is pumped at 1500 gal/min from the lower to the upper reservoir, as in Fig.
below. Pipe friction losses are approximated by , where V is the average velocity in the pipe.
If the pump is 75 percent efficient, what horsepower is needed to drive it?
Given
 Let (1) and (2) are at the water surface of the reservoirs
 At (1)  ,
 At (2)  ,


Solution
=
Thus

 

 117.6 hp −3
1 𝑊=1.34 ∗10 h𝑝
 Example-12
Consider a turbine extracting energy from a penstock in a dam, as shown below. For
turbulent pipe flow, the friction head loss is approximately , where the constant C depends on
penstock dimensions and the properties of water. Show that, for a given penstock geometry
and variable river flow Q, the maximum turbine power possible in this case is and occurs
when the flow rate is .
Bernoulli Equation
Cont…
 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line
(EGL)
It is often convenient to represent the level of mechanical energy graphically using heights
to facilitate visualization of the various terms of the Bernoulli equation.
Dividing each term of the Bernoulli equation by g gives
Cont…
Cont…
 Cont…
Example: Water discharge from a large tank
 Example-12
Repeat Prob. Example 6 by assuming that is unknown and using Bernoulli’s equation with
no losses.
a) Estimate
b) Compute the new bolt force for this assumption.
c) What is the head loss between 1 and 2 for the data of example 6 (i.e. )?

Ans:

•
 Example-13
Water flows through a circular nozzle, exits into the air as a jet, and strikes a plate, as shown
in Fig. below. The force required to hold the plate steady is 70 N. Assuming steady,
frictionless, one-dimensional flow, estimate
a) the velocities at sections (1) and (2) and
b) the mercury manometer reading h.
Given:

 (Appendix A.3)

Ans:
 Cont… solution
From linear momentum relation assume th CV encloses the plate and the jet as shown.
   Ans

From continuity (i.e. between inlet @ (1) and (2))

  Ans
From Bernoulli equation ()
  (gage)
From manometer reading

  Ans
 Example-14
 The liquid in Fig. below is kerosene at 20°C. Estimate the flow rate from the tank for
a) no losses and
 (Appendix A.3)
Given:
b) pipe losses

Req:

Solution:

 At (1) gage
 At (2)
a) 
b) 
 Example-15
A venturi meter, shown in Fig. below, is a carefully designed constriction whose pressure
difference is a measure of the flow rate in a pipe. Using Bernoulli’s equation for steady
incompressible flow with no losses, show that the flow rate Q is related to the manometer
reading h by
 Example-16
In Fig. below the fluid is gasoline at 20°C at a weight flux of 120 N/s. Assuming no losses,
estimate the gage pressure at section 1.

Ans
Cont…
 Cont…
Stagnation Pressure: The pressure measured at the
point where the fluid comes to rest.
usually measured with a pitot tube type instrument,
At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero.
It is sum of the static and dynamic pressure.
 Example-13
 The manometer fluid in Fig. below is mercury. Estimate the volume flow in the tube if the
flowing fluid is:
a) gasoline and Given:
b) nitrogen, at 20°C and 1 atm.

Req:
 Properties of Common Liquids at 1 atm and 20°C (68°F)

Density
Viscosity
Surface tension
Vapor pressure
Bulk modulus
 End of Ch-3

Next: Differential analysis of fluid flow