CHEMISTRY - 21_08_2024

CHEMISTRY - 21/08/2024
Particle Theory of Matter - Particle theory postulates
1. All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles. → Atom

can be a particle. Smallest particle in iron atom is Fe2.
2. All pure substances are made of their own kind of

particles. - 2 categories of pure substances…
1. Compounds and elements. Compounds are also consistent.
When you take a pure substance, there is only 1 form of it.
3. All particles are moving. → Solids are moving and their

movement is aka vibration, liquids show vibration and
translation as they slide past each other and gases show
vibration. Particles only vibrate, translate or rotate in order to
move. How to prove an individual that a particle is moving?
We smell hot food because their particles are moving and if
they were stationary, we wouldn’t get the smell. Even when
you have a stationary glass of water, the particles are still in
motion/movement.
4. Particles at higher temperatures move faster than those at

lower temperatures. → Collision theory is related/originated
from kinetic theory and kinetic theory is also related/originated
from particle theory.
5. Particles are attracted to each other. → There are 2 types

of attraction…
Cohesion and Adhesion. Cohesion is when similar particles or
particles of the same of classification and attract each other.
Adhesion is sticking on to something. To be more specific, its
when different kinds of particles are being attracted to each
other. For example, water being attracted to our skin or
something else is adhesion.
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STATES OF MATTER
Gas is converted into plasma when you heat gas. When you have a gas
molecule and you exert a lot of energy, electrons get removed, which is
known as ionization. When you ionize a gas, plasma is produced. An
example of this can be lightning. Sparks are present because of the
formation of plasma.
Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide
over another. The density of ice is lower than that of water. Anomalus
behaviour of water is the ice floats on water. Liquids are not
compressible as they have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.
Liquid particles do not have enough space between them.
Incompressibility of liquid’s is used in industries and the application is

hydraulics.
How are gases transported?
Compressibility. If they weren’t compressible, they would have occupied

a lot of space within a sphere. And compressibility of gas makes it easier
to transport them. If there are different values of pressures of gases, how
will comment on their compressibility? The pressure of oxygen cylinders
is 18 psi (pound per square inch), 20 psi and 5 psi. The gas that can be
easily compressed is the 5psi because lower pressure ones will be
highly compressible. How much pressure the gas exerts on the walls of
the container.
TEMPERATURE VS HEAT
Temperature Heat/Thermal Energy
Measure of average kinetic Total kinetic energy of all the
energy of the particles. particles.
It depends on temperature, mass
and material of the body.
Heat of fusion is represented as Delta H fus. Liquid to gas is vaporisation

and hence forth its known as delta h vap. > 0 tells that its endothermic
and requires heat. For the cooling, take a negative sign/value before hte
delta h.
Phase changes are always accompanied by a change in the energy of a

system. Example: Converting a liquid to gas requires an input energy
(heat) to give the molecules enough kinetic energy to move.
HEATING CURVE
The temperature increases as the time is increasing. The temperature

increases as the solid transforms to liquid, liquid to gas and etc. Its a
temperature vs time graph for water (water is an example, it can be for
anything). It shows the temperature of melting point and boiling point and
also gives the time for it to reach that point. In the region A to B, its a
solid and the temperature increasing with time and its a linear increase.
From B to C, the temperature is constant as the time increases and the
state of matter also changes from solid to liquid. The y point is parallel to
the y-axis. Along that line, the state of water is both, solid and liquid
because its in a transition state slowly melting from solid to liquid.
Melting point of water is 0. The temperature of this can be described as
ΔH fus and its aka latent heat of fusion. Latent means something is lying
dominant, and this heat doesn’t change the temperature, but does
change the state of matter. Only the kinetic energy is increasing, the
intermolecular forces are breaking but the temperature is not increasing.
From point C to D, the temperature is increasing as the time also

increases linearly. From C to D the state of water is liquid. It also
reaches the boiling point of water which is 100 degree celsius. From
point D to E its ΔH vap. Here the temperature again its constant, doesnt
increase, but time increases. and it increases when the liquid is
converted into gas.
Which has more kinetic energy? 100 degrees celsius Steam or 100
degrees celsius water? Steam because there are more intermolecular
forces. At point E is where you find steam when the liquid transforms into
a steam. The ΔH vap is aka latent heat of vaporisation. SI unit of
energy will be kilojoules per mole. 18g of water will take a specific
amount heat to vaporise.
From point E to F, the temperature is increasing with the time increasing

linearly.
COOLING CURVE
Cooling curve is the opposite of heating curve. Gas is cooling down to

transform into a solid. From point A to B, gas is cooling down linearly
with time. B to C the temperature is constant and the state changes from
gas to liquid, and the heat energy over here is - ΔH vap, here also we
call it as latent heat of vaporisation. Its the same amount of heat, but
instead of being absorbed its being released.
From C to D the temperature is decreasing linearly with increasing time.

D to E is where again the temperature is constant and the state changes
from liquid to solid. Here, the heat energy is - ΔH fus.
Point E to F is where the temperature is decreasing linearly with

increasing time.
The condensation point of water is 100 degrees celsius. The freezing

point of water is 0 degree celsius.
HOMETASK: Open page number 140, answer questions 1 A and B.

Read pages 141 and 142. Read the anomalus part of water and pay
attention to why it behaves that way and the density of it. Comment on
the anomaly of water.
HOMETASK:
Q1. a) Q = m x ΔH fusion
M = 1.5kg = 1500g
Enthalpy = 334 J/G
Q=1500g × 334J/g = 501000J
Hence, it takes 501,000 J (or 501 kJ) of energy to melt 1.5 kg of water at
its melting point.
Q2. Q = m x ΔH fusion
M = 1.5kg = 1500g
Enthalpy = 22.4 J/G
Q=1500g × 22.4J/g = 33600J
Hence, it takes 33,600 J (or 33.6 kJ) of energy to melt 1.5 kg of lead at its
melting point.
Q3. When water freezes, it behaves differently from most other substances.
Usually, solids are denser than liquids because their molecules are packed
closely together. However, in water, the molecules spread out more when it
turns into ice due to the way they bond with each other through hydrogen
bonds. This results in ice being less dense than liquid water, which is why ice
floats on water. This anomalous property is important in nature. For example,
because ice floats, it forms a layer on the surface of lakes and rivers,
insulating the water below and protecting aquatic life in cold weather. If ice
were denser than water, it would sink, causing entire bodies of water to freeze
solid, which would be harmful to many ecosystems. This unique behavior of
water plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth.

CHEMISTRY - 21_08_2024

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CHEMISTRY - 21/08/2024

Particle Theory of Matter - Particle theory postulates

1. All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles. → Atom

2. All pure substances are made of their own kind of

3. All particles are moving. → Solids are moving and their

4. Particles at higher temperatures move faster than those at

5. Particles are attracted to each other. → There are 2 types

**Find about democratis**

Incompressibility of liquid’s is used in industries and the application is

How are gases transported?

Compressibility. If they weren’t compressible, they would have occupied

Heat of fusion is represented as Delta H fus. Liquid to gas is vaporisation

Phase changes are always accompanied by a change in the energy of a

The temperature increases as the time is increasing. The temperature

From point C to D, the temperature is increasing as the time also

From point E to F, the temperature is increasing with the time increasing

Cooling curve is the opposite of heating curve. Gas is cooling down to

From C to D the temperature is decreasing linearly with increasing time.

Point E to F is where the temperature is decreasing linearly with

The condensation point of water is 100 degrees celsius. The freezing

HOMETASK: Open page number 140, answer questions 1 A and B.

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