• Introduction

• Physical Nature of Matter

• Diffusion
• Characteristics of Particles of Matter
→ Particles of matter have space between them
→ Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction
• States of Matter
→ Solid State
→ Liquid State
→ Gaseous State
• Change of State of Matter
• Effect of Temperature
→ Latent heat
→ Latent heat of fusion
→ Latent heat of vaporisation
• Effect of change of pressure
• Evaporation
→ Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
→ Evaporation causes cooling
• Plasma
• Bose-Einstein Condensate

Introduction

→ Since early times human beings have been trying to understand their nature. Early
Indian philosopher classified matter into five basic elements. the“Panch Tatva”– air,
earth, fire, sky and water. According to them, living as well as non living things are
made up of these elements.

→ Now a days, scientists evolved to types of classification of matter – physical

properties and chemical nature.

Physical Nature of Matter

→ Matter is made up of particles. All matter constitute of very small particles. These
small particles are called atoms.
→ These particles of matter are too small so they cannot be seen by naked eyes or
simple microscope.

→ Particles of matter are continuously moving as they posses kinetic energy, with the
increase of temperature kinetic energy of particles also increases so particle moves
faster.

Diffusion

→ Brownian Motion: The zig-zag or random path travelled by the particles of matter
is called Brownian motion.

→ Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called

diffusion. The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the
diffusing substance (by heating). It is natural process. It takes place in solid, liquid
and gas.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

• Particles of matter have space between them

→ Gas can be compressed a lot because of the space between their particles.

→ When sugar is dissolved in water, the particles of sugar disappear in water. This
happens because particles of sugar get adjusted in the spaces between the particles of
water. Additionally you will notice that there is no rise of water level takes place
when one or two teaspoon of sugar is added in a glass of water, this is because sugar
particles get adjusted in the space between the particles of water and no rise in the
water level comes in result.

• Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction

→ Force of attraction between particles of matter keeps the particles bonded together.
The force of attraction between particles of solid is greatest, between particles of
liquid is moderate and between particles of gas is lowest.

→ Because of the lowest force of attraction between the particles of gas we can move
our hand through air easily. To move our hand in liquid, such as water, we have to
apply some force, but from a solid such as wood, we cannot move our hand.

→This is because the force of attraction between particles of gas is almost negligible,
in liquid the forces of attraction is moderate but it is greatest in solid.

→ The force of attraction between particles of solid, liquid and gas can be arranged in
decreasing order as follows:
Solid > Liquid > Gas

States of Matter

• Solid State

→ The space between the particles is very less.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is strong. Thus, particles in a solid are
closely packed.

→ Solids maintain their shape even when they are subjected to external force i.e. they
are rigid.
→ Solids cannot be compressed.

→ The kinetic energy of the particles is very less and so solids have an orderly
arrangement of the particles.Therefore, solids have a fixed shape and volume.

• Liquid State

→ The space between the particles is slightly more as compared to solids, but still
very less as compared to gases. The particles of a liquid can slip and slide over each
other.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is strong enough to hold the particles
together but not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed position.

→ Liquids do not have a fixed shape but have a fixed volume. Liquids take up the
shape of the container in which they are poured.

→ The kinetic energy of the particles is more than that of solids. Thus, liquids have a
disorderly arrangement of particles compared to solids.

→ Liquids cannot be compressed much. The compressibility of liquids is almost

negligible.

• Gaseous State

→ The particles are much farther apart from one another as compared to solids and
liquids.They have a very disorderly arrangement of particles compared to the solids
and liquids.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is negligible, hence particles of a gas
move freely in all the directions.Gases thus can mix or diffuse into other gases.

→ The particles of a gas have maximum kinetic energy. They move with high speed
in all directions and can exert pressure on the walls of its container.

→ Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.They fill up the container
completely.

→ Gases can be compressed easily. Example: the LPG cylinders used at home and the
CNG cylinders used in vehicles.

Change of State of Matter

→ The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to
the original state is called the interconversion of states of matter.
→ Matter Can Change its State. Water can exist in three states of matter:
• Solid as ice
• Liquid as water
• Gas as water vapour

Effect of Temperature

→ On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles

increases which overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid
melts and is converted to a liquid.

→ The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric

pressure is called its melting point. The melting point of ice is 273.16 K.
The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as
fusion.

• Latent heat

The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is known
as the
latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is called latent
heat.

• Latent heat of fusion

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion.

→ The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is called

its boiling point.
→ Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain energy to
change into the gaseous state. For example, boiling point of water is 100° C. (or 100°
C = 273 + 100 = 373 K)
• Latent heat of vaporisation

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at atmospheric
pressure, at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of vaporisation

→ The process, in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific

temperature is called condensation or liquefaction. → The change of state of a
substance directly from a solid to gas, without changing into the liquid state (or vice
versa) is called sublimation.

→ The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a solid
is called the freezing point of that substance.

→ When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same because heat gets used up in
changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. It is
considered that it gets
hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat.
→ Water vapour at 373 K have more energy than water at the same temperature
because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of
vaporisation.

Effect of change of pressure

→ Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature. When a
high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature is lowered,
the gas is liquefied.

→ Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1

atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon
dioxide is also known as dry ice.
Evaporation

→ The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state
at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation or vaporisation.

→ Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.

Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

→ The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the liquid.
→ The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
→ Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
→ An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.

• Evaporation causes cooling

→ The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost
during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings make the
surroundings cold.

→ Lately, scientists are talking about five states of matter or five phases of matter.
These are-solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and the Bose–Einstein condensate.

Plasma

The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in
the form of ionised gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.

Bose-Einstein Condensate
→ Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth state of
matter. Based on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter called the
Bose-Einstein Condensate.

→ The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely

low density to super low temperatures.

Some Important Measurements

→ The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

→ The SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m3). The common unit of measuring volume
is litre (L) such that 1L = 1 dm3, 1L = 1000 mL, 1 mL = 1 cm3.

→ Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 0° C = 273.16 K. For convenience, we take 0°

C = 273 K
after rounding off the decimal. To change a temperature on the Kelvin scale to the
Celsius scale
you have to subtract 273 from the given temperature, and to convert a temperature on
the
Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale you have to add 273 to the given temperature.

→ Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The unit of

pressure is Pascal (Pa): 1 atmosphere = 101325 Pa. The pressure of air in atmosphere
is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere,
and is taken as the normal atmospheric pressure.