Particles in Motion

Particles in Motion
Kinetic Molecular Theory

O All matter is made of particles.
O Particles are in constant, random motion.
O Particles constantly collide with each other
and with the walls of their container.
Particle Motion
O Place colored drops of food coloring in a
beaker of ice cold water and a beaker of warm
water. Observe the movement of the food
coloring.
O Why is there a difference between the
beakers?
Temperature
O Temperature is the measure of the average
kinetic energy of the particles in a material.
O We call high average kinetic energy hot, and
low average kinetic energy cold.
O The SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K).
O Scientists often use Celsius (◦C) temperature
scale.
Temperature
O A cup of boiling water may have a higher
temperature than a bathtub of warm water
because the average kinetic energy of the
particles in higher. However, if you were to
sum up the kinetic energy of all the water
molecules in the tub, it would have a higher
total thermal energy.
Temperature Example
O Imagine a room full of people with candy in
their pockets, temperature is like counting the
candy that one person in the room has in his or
her pocket.
O Total thermal energy is like counting all the
candy that everyone in the room has and
adding it all up.
O Heat transfer is like the flow of candy from a
candy store to people who fill their pockets.
Thermal Expansion
O As the temperature of a material increases,
particles begin to move faster.
O They collide with each other more often and
push each other farther apart.
O Thermal expansion is the increase in volume
of a material due to temperature increase.
Thermal Contraction
O Thermal Contraction is when the temperature
of a material decreases, its volume decreases.
O Water is an exception to the rule. Water

expands when it freezes because of its
molecular shape.
Thermal Energy
O The amount of thermal energy something has
is the sum of the kinetic energy of all the
particles.
O Example: A bathtub full of warm water at
30◦C has more thermal energy than a sink of
water when the water is the same temperature
in both.
Brain Break
O Place your hand or a bare foot on the floor.
O How does it feel?
O Where is the region of high temperature?
O Where is the region of low temperature?
O In what direction is the energy flowing?
O Can cold flow?

Heat
O Heat is the movement of thermal energy from
a region of higher temperature to a region of
lower temperature.
O Equilibrium occurs when the temperature of
two objects in contact are the same.
Heat Transfer
O Heat transfer always occurs from the place
where there is higher temperature to the place
where it is cooler.
O Example: Heat transfer in a bathtub occurs
from the hot water to the cooler air, the cooler
floor, to the cooler tub sides, and the cooler
person in the water.
Heat Transfer
O Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy
by collisions between particles in matter. It
can be direct contact between solids, or
between a solid and a fluid.
O Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by
electromagnetic waves. Visible light and
infrared light are both forms of radiation that
transfer heat.
Convection
O Convection is the transfer of thermal energy
by the movement of the particles from one
part of a material to another.
O Convection occurs when fluids (gases or
liquids) sink or rise because the cooler fluid is
denser and sinks. When this happens, the
cooler fluid pushes up the warmer fluid and it
rises.
Heat and Changes of State
O Melting is the change of state from solid to a
liquid.
O Freezing is the change of state from liquid to
solid.
Vaporization
O Vaporization is the change of state from liquid
to gas.
O Vaporization occurs two ways:
O Boiling is vaporization that occurs within a
liquid.
O Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid.
O The gaseous state of a substance that is
normally a liquid or solid at room temperature
is called a vapor.
Condensation, Sublimation, and
Deposition
O Condensation is a change of state from a gas
to a liquid.
O Sublimation is the change of state that occurs
when a solid changes to a gas without passing
through the liquid state.
O Deposition is the change of state from a gas
directly to a solid without passing through the
liquid state. (Frost)
Condensation
O Fill a metal can with ice and water.
O What forms on the outside of the can?
O Where did it come from?
O What are the phase changes?
Conductors and Insulators
O A thermal conductor is a material in which
thermal energy moves quickly. The material
increases the rate of heat transfer. (Metal)
O A thermal insulator is a material in which

thermal energy moves slowly. The material
reduces the rate of heat transfer. (Plastic)
Conductors and Insulators
O Place a metal spoon, a plastic spoon, glass
stirring rod, and a wooden stick in a beaker of
hot water.
O Which materials are insulators? Which
materials are conductors? How do you know?

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Particles in Motion

Kinetic Molecular Theory

O Water is an exception to the rule. Water

O Can cold flow?

O A thermal insulator is a material in which

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