Introduction to Earth System Science

What is Earth System Science?

st
Week 1 (1 Quarter)

Learning Competency

● Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with
properties necessary to support life. S11/12ES-Ia-e3

Objectives

● explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter
and energy flow.
● show the contributions of personalities/people on the understanding of the
Earth‟s systems.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION:

Have you looked at the photos of the Earth taken from outer space and perhaps wondered
how space travelling now allowed us to discover more of what we have here on Earth? You‟d
probably see land, bodies of water, and clouds. These units you observe are actually parts of the
physical environment of the Earth. We call them traditionally as the three spheres of the Earth
however an additional unit was added which is the biosphere.The spheres or four subsystems of
Earth are the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Atmosphere makes up all the
gases in our planet. Geosphere includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the
core of the Earth. Hydrosphere is composed of all the water on Earth in any form: water vapor, liquid
water, and ice. Biosphere consists of all living things and the areas where they are found. It includes
all microbes, plants, and animals.

Let’s Recall

Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.

1.Which of the following is not included in Earth‟s subsystems?

a.Geosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Protosphere d. Biosphere
2. Which of the following includes the Hydrosphere?
a.plants b. water c. landforms d. gases
3. Which of the following are included in the geosphere?
a. nitrogen b. water vapor c. mineral d. animals
4. What comprises all the living things?
a. Hydrosphere b. Biosphere c. Geosphere d. Atmosphere
5. The oxygen we breathe is what part of the Earth‟s subsystem?
a. Atmosphere b. Geosphere c. Hydrosphere d. Biosphere

Let’s Understand

Atmosphere

The word atmosphere comes from the Greek roots atmos which means gas, and sphaira
which means globe or ball. The atmosphere makes up all the gases on Earth. It extends outward
about 10 000 km from the surface of the Earth. It is composed of 78.1% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen,
0.9% argon, 350 ppm carbon dioxide, and other components.

The atmosphere has different layers – troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

thermosphere, and exosphere.The troposphere extends to about 14.5 km above the Earth's surface.
It is the lowest layer where the weather forms.The stratosphere is found 14.5 to 50 km above the
Earth's surface. The ozone layer that protects the Earth from the Sun's harmful UV radiation is found
in this layer. The mesosphere extends from 50 to 85 km above the Earth's surface. It protects the
Earth from the impact of space debris. The thermosphere is found 85 to 600 km above the
Earth's surface. It has charged particles that are affected by the Earth's magnetic field. The
particles create the Auroras or Northern and Southern lights.The exosphere is the farthest
layer. It extends to about 10 000
km above the Earth's surface.

Figure.1.1: Layers of the Atmosphere (Source:Quipper Limited, 2018)

Geosphere
Geo is a Greek root which means ground. Geosphere includes all the soil, rocks, and
minerals present in the crust to the core of the Earth. It is divided into three layers namely crust,
mantle, and core.
The crust is the outermost layer of the geosphere. It is made mostly of silicate materials.
There are two different types of crust, the oceanic and continental crusts. The thin oceanic crust that
lies beneath the oceanic floors is about 5 to 10 km thick. On the other hand, the thicker continental
crust that makes up the continents is about 15 to 70 km thick.
The mantle, which lies just below the crust, is made mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium
and iron. It is about 2900 km thick. It has increasing temperatures at increasing depths. For instance,
the layer with the lowest temperature is the one right beneath the crust. This layer, which is soft
enough to flow, causes the plates of the crust to move. On the other hand, the layer with the highest
temperature is found in contact with the heat-producing core.
The core, which has a radius of 3400 km, is the innermost layer of the Earth. It is made up of
iron and nickel. It is the source of internal heat because it contains radioactive materials that release
energy as they decay into more stable substances.

Figure. 1.2: Layers of the Earth(Source:Quipper Limited, 2018)

Hydrosphere
Hydro is a Greek root which means water. Hydrosphere is composed of all the water on Earth
in any form: water vapor, liquid water, and ice. It is 97.5% saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. It includes
all bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and marshes. Clouds and rain are also part of the
hydrosphere.
The water on Earth is constantly moving. It moves through the oceans in currents. Warm
waters in the tropics move toward the poles while cold water from the polar regions move toward the
tropics. Water also flows into streams and rivers and through the rocks underground. It can also move
from the Earth‟s surface to the air by evaporation and then fall back to Earth as precipitation. It even
moves into and out of the bodies of organisms.
Biosphere
Bio is a Greek root that means life. The biosphere is composed of all living things. It includes
all microbes, plants, and animals. It extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere where insects and
birds can be found. It also reaches the deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms can still
survive.

Organisms interact with the other spheres to survive. Many organisms need oxygen and
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to carry out life processes. Water, which comprises the
hydrosphere, is also important to organisms. Finally, the rocks, soil, and minerals that constitute the
geosphere also support life.

What is Earth System Science?

• Earth System Science is an integration of chemistry, physics, biology, and mathematics. It is the
study of Earth as an integrated system. It seeks to understand the past, current, and future states of
Earth.
• Earth System Science considers interactions between Earth‟s “spheres” – atmosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.
• Many scientists had built the foundations for understanding Earth systems. They include James
Hutton, Alexander von Humboldt, Vladimir Vernadsky, James Lovelock, and Lynn Margulis.

James Hutton, the father of modern geology, was a Scottish farmer and naturalist. It was in
farming that he observed how land was shaped by destructive forces of wind and weather systems.
He described how Earth was formed in a repeated cycle of erosion and sedimentation, with heat from
volcanic activity as the driving force. He also introduced the concept of uniformitarianism, implying
that the geological forces (such as those that trigger erosion and volcanic activities) in the past are the
same as those in the present, making it possible to determine Earth‟s history by studying rocks.
Alexander von Humboldt, a 19th-century geographer, helped establish the foundation for
Earth System Science through his observations of nature. He, together with his colleagues, traveled
to America; collected botanical, zoological, and geological specimens; recorded the location of the
specimens where they were found; and performed atmospheric and geophysical measurements.
From his records, he recognized patterns that reveal underlying processes, such as the transport of
heat in ocean currents and the influence of temperature on plants.
Vladimir Vernadsky, one of the founders of geochemistry, popularized the term noosphere.
In his theory of Earth development, he stated that the geosphere was the first phase of Earth that was
developed. The second phase was the biosphere or biological life. The emergence of life on Earth
transformed the geosphere. Then the noosphere, the sphere of human consciousness, is the third
phase. The development of human cognition then transformed the biosphere. Today, the study of
human impact on the biosphere led to the concept of sustainability, which is the capacity of the Earth
to continue to support human life.
James Lovelock, a British environmentalist, proposed the Gaia hypothesis, which is a
postulate that Earth works as a self-regulating system. He stated that the living organisms co-evolve
with nonliving things in the environment to form a self- regulating system where life is maintained and
perpetuated. He cited as evidence the photosynthetic cyanobacteria during the Precambrian times.
The bacteria modified Earth‟s atmosphere to become oxygen-enriched. The change in the
atmosphere then supported the evolution of more complex organisms.
Lynn Margulis, an evolutionary theorist, further developed Lovelock‟s Gaia hypothesis.
Margulis noticed that all kinds of bacteria give off gases and thought that atmospheric gases were
from biological sources. She collaborated with Lovelock and published a paper on how life regulates
the temperature and chemical composition of the soil and the atmosphere.

Let’s Apply

A. Direction: Write YES if human activity leads to sustainability. Otherwise, write NO. Write your
answer on your answer sheet.

1. Collecting rainwater for use in watering plants.

2. Using a plastic straw when ordering a drink.
3. Throwing a plastic bottle into the „biodegradable‟ trash bin.
4. Keeping the faucet open when brushing teeth
5. Choosing to walk if the destination is near and the weather is good.
6. Buying shampoo in big containers instead of small packs.
7. Using a reusable water bottle in school instead of plastic cups.
8. Throwing food wrapper directly to sewage if there is no available trash can.
9. Using recyclable materials for school projects.
10. Leaving appliances on even if no one is using them.

B. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write FALSE, underline word or
group of words to make the whole statement true. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. James Hutton proposed that volcanic activity is the driving force behind the changes on
Earth‟s surface.
2. Alexander von Humboldt established the relationship between cyanobacteria and the increase
of oxygen in the atmosphere.
3. According to the Gaia hypothesis, Earth is a sphere of human reason.
4. The term noosphere refers to Earth as a self-sustaining system.
5. Margulis cited gas production of all bacteria as evidence to support the Gaia
hypothesis.

Let’s Analyze

SYSTEM INTERACTION
Directions: Look at the pictures below. Identify the sphere and describe the systems that
are interacting . Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1._______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
Figure.1.3: Typhoon Yolanda (Source:https://www.theguardian.com)

2..______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
Figure.1.4: Water Cycle (Source:https://www.freepik.com)

3..______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
Figure.1.5: Water Cycle (Source:https://www.freepik.com)

Let’s Create

My Journey on Earth

Goal:
● The task is to create a photo album of the journey of a substance in one of the
biogeochemical cycles. You may choose from water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, or nitrogen.

Role:
● The students will take on the role of the substance as a tourist in the different spheres.
They will take pictures of the substance in each sphere. They may make their own situations on
this.

Audience:
● The target audience is a tourist company that promotes Science in its promoted
destinations.

Situation:
● The students will try to integrate their lesson on biogeochemical cycles and the major
subsystems in the promotion of tourist destinations.

Product, Performance, and Purpose:

● The students will produce a photo album or powerpoint presentation to show their
photos, complete with captions or write-ups.

Standards and Criteria

● Your performance will be graded by the following rubric.

Criteria Developing Standard Exemplary Total Points

1-7 8-14 15-20

Illustration of targeted ___
Concepts and Does not illustrate Illustrates some of Correctly illustrates the
Principles targeted concepts and targeted concepts targeted concepts and 20
principle principles

1-4 5-7 8-10

___
ArtisticallyInartistica Moderately well- Well-crafted attractive;
Aesthetic Appeal lly done, unattractive crafted; acceptable and superior 10
and sloppy appearance; and workmanship
workmanship ordinary workmanship

0-1 2-3 4-5 ___

Lack of imaginative Demonstrates Demonstrates 5
Creativity thinking: output moderate imaginative imaginative thinking;
produced has no skills; output produced output produced has
innovative or unique has some innovative innovative and unique
qualities and unique qualities qualities

___

Total 35

Let’s Evaluate

Multiple Choices
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1.Which of the following gases is the most abundant in Earth‟s atmosphere?
a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen d. hydrogen
2. Which of the following is not true about the hydrosphere?
a.The hydrosphere contains all the water on our planet including ice and vapor.
 b.It serves as a thermostat and heat reservoir, especially the ocean.
c.It is also a way for transportation.
d.Half of the Earth's surface is composed of the oceans and the seas.
3. How do oxygen and carbon dioxide make the earth habitable?
a.Carbon dioxide is used by photosynthetic organisms in photosynthesis, and the
is used by humans and animals for respiration.
b.Carbon dioxide and oxygen lead to maintenance of heat on Earth.
c.Carbon dioxide and oxygen is used by photosynthetic organisms and by our cells to
function.
d.Carbon dioxide and oxygen help prevent the entry of UV radiation.
4. Which of the following is true about the Earth‟s subsystems?
a. Each subsystem works independently and does not depend on other subsystems.
b. Each subsystem did not change since the formation of the Earth.
c. Earth‟s subsystems interact with each other making life possible on Earth.
d. Earth‟s subsystems are similar to the subsystems of other planets.
5. What will happen if the atmosphere on Earth is removed?
a. The Earth will be able to sustain life.
b. Ultraviolet rays will easily penetrate the Earth.
c. Solar energy will not reach the Earth‟s surface.
d. The Earth will maintain its current temperature.
LEARNING AREA GRADE 11/EARTH SCIENCE
Self-Learning Module (Pansariling Pampagkatutong Modyul)
Quarter 1 - Module 1: What is Earth System Science?
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such an agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ma. Flordeluna D. Ainza

Editor:
Reviewers: Dr. Corazon A. Javier, EPS Science – Division of Parañaque
Arlene A. Sioc
Illustrator: Ma. Flordeluna D. Ainza
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Director IV
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of
LRMS
Evangeline P. Ladines, CESO V, Schools Division
Superintendent
Bernardo N. Mascariña, Curriculum Implementation

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St. Bago Bantay, Quezon City

Telefax: 02-929-0153
E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph
 Minerals and Rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
st
Week 2(1 Quarter)

Learning Competency
● Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.S11/12ES-Ib-10

Objectives

● identify and differentiate the types of igneous rocks;

● describe the origin and environment of formation of igneous rocks;
● identify and differentiate the types of sedimentary rocks; and describe the origin and
environment of formation of sedimentary rocks;
● identify and differentiate the types of metamorphic rocks; and describe the origin and
environment of formation of metamorphic rocks.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION:

Minerals are more than those things. Everyone depends on minerals to accomplish things in
their everyday living. For instance, think of your usual morning routine going to school. As you wake
up in the morning, you turn off your alarm clock which is made from silica, talc, limestone, mica, and
clays. Then you look out of the window, which is manufactured from limestone, dolomite and other
minerals, to check if the weather is fine. After getting out of bed, you make your way to the shower in
which the knob is made from quartz/silica, feldspar, and kaolin.Afterwards, you brush your teeth with
a toothbrush which is composed of mica, talc, limestone and petroleum products. Then you eat hard
boiled eggs with high levels of calcium prepared by your mom, you fix your things and now are ready
to go to school. Therefore, a day in your life shows how important minerals are. Would your life be
different without these things? Rock, on the other hand, is typically defined by geologists as a
combination of naturally occurring substances, mainly minerals. It has a long history, unlike animals
and plants. Rocks seem prehistoric and everlasting because within our lifetimes, they are not altered
that much. There are three main types of rock based on origin - igneous rocks from magma,
sedimentary rocks from sediments and metamorphic rocks from transformed igneous and
sedimentary rocks caused by a change in pressure and temperature

Let’s Recall

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write FALSE, underline
word or group of words to make the whole statement true Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. The crust is mainly composed of granite and basalt which are classified as sedimentary rocks.
2. Mantle comprises almost 8/10 of Earth’s volume.
3. The rocks found in the continental crust are lighter in color than those in the oceanic crust.
4. Silicate materials are mostly found at the layer beneath the outermost layer of Earth.
5. Lithosphere is the same as the crust.

Let’s Understand

Minerals such as quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and mica are the
components of almost all types of igneous rocks. Studying this rock type is like studying magma since
igneous rocks come from cooled magma. Aside from temperature of the magma, pressure also
contributes to the formation of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are formed from solidification of magma
or lava which flows out from depth. There are two types of igneous rocks based on the temperature-
pressure condition during the solidification of magma – extrusive and intrusive. In addition, the time
duration is also a factor in the formation of crystals of igneous rocks. Let us deal with this formation
and types of igneous rocks in detail.
Formation of Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are characterized by intergrowth of crystals and/or volcanic glass. Crystal size
is an indicator whether a rock is formed deep within Earth or just near the surface. It is directly
proportional to the cooling rate of magma. This means that when the crystals are big, it denotes that
the rock is formed deep underground since the magma has a longer trip to the surface giving it longer
time to cool down at a very slow rate. On the other hand, magma cools quickly (fast cooling) near the
surface that causes formation of smaller crystals since it is given little time to form.

Figure. 1.1: A model that shows how cooling rate affects crystal size.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
Bowen’s reaction series shows the progression of silicate minerals crystallization at specific
temperature conditions.
Igneous rocks can be named based on its texture and composition. Igneous rocks can be classified
based on the temperature-pressure condition during the solidification of magma, based on their
texture and mineral composition and based on mineral composition.
Sedimentary Rocks
Formation of sedimentary rocks requires pre-existing rocks, reserves of sediments, and even
fossilized living organisms. These components accumulate on Earth's surface and form sedimentary
rocks that exhibit distinctive layering of components.
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks were formed from organic, mechanical, or chemical sediments. A process
called lithification is where hardened sediments become sedimentary rocks. Sand, silt, and organic
material are the components of a lithified soil. In contrast to igneous
rocks, the heat needed for lithification is less intense. In addition to heat, compaction and cementation
also play a role in this process. Diagenesis is a collective process where sediments are lithified
(becomes rock). It has four main parts: compaction, cementation, recrystallization, and chemical
changes (oxidation or reduction). Compaction As the name implies, compaction is when sediments
are smashed together. Imagine a jar with gumballs in it. If there are lots of spaces in between each
gumball, the number is less when the gumballs are tightly packed within the jar. As more gumballs are
added, spaces are lessened and it starts to stick with each other and form one whole mass.
Sedimentary rocks also form this way. The accumulated sediments start to be squeezed together. As
more and more sediments are deposited, this overlying weight increases. During this process, water
present in the sediments is squeezed out. Cementation After the sediments have been compacted,
cementation occurs. Since most sediments can be found in water, water molecules are present in
between particles. The various dissolved minerals present in the surrounding water will eventually fall
out and attach to the sediment grains. Therefore, cementation acts as glue that binds the particles
together.
Crystallization
Ions of chlorine, magnesium, potassium, calcium, carbonate, sodium, and sulfate are
commonly dissolved in seawater. However, others such as silica and phosphorus which contribute to
the makeup of sedimentary rock are only found in trace amounts in seawater. These ions will
crystallize to form a rock after the water evaporates.
Sedimentary rocks are classified into clastic or non-clastic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are
made up of sediments from preexisting rocks while non-clastic sedimentary rocks can be biological,
chemical, or a combination of both. The amount and type of sediments a steam can carry depends on
its capacity and competence.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been altered, changed or transformed in the solid
state due to changes in pressure, temperature conditions and chemical actions of hot fluids.
Recrystallization, neomorphism, and metasomatism are the three possible ways where changes in
minerals during metamorphism can happen.
Metamorphic grade is a scale indicating the level of pressure and temperature during the
formation of a particular metamorphic rock.
Contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism are the two main scales at which
metamorphism can occur. Metamorphic rocks can be classified as foliated or nonfoliated based on
texture

Let’s Apply

Directions: Using your knowledge on Bowen’s reaction series, complete the diagram below and
answer the questions that follow. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. Which mineral in the Bowen’s reaction series has the highest silica content?
2. Which mineral in the Bowen’s reaction has high amounts of calcium and sodium?
3. Which mineral is the lowest-temperature iron-bearing silicate mineral that can form a melt?
4. Which minerals contain iron and magnesium?

Let’s Analyze

Skills: INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS, SEQUENCING

A. Directions: Match each diagram with its caption by writing the letter of the correct caption in
the space beside each diagram. Then, in the space provided, write the correct order of the
diagrams. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

Figure 1 Captions
Caption _____________ a. More layers of sediment form.
b. Older sediment becomes rock
under the weight of the upper
layers, which squeeze out water
and air
Figure 2 c. The sediment settles to the ocean
Caption _____________ bottom.
d. Sediment is added to ocean water.
Figure 3
Caption _____________

Figure 4
Caption _____________

B. Direction: Use the diagram to answer the questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Could the temperature alone in Layer A change
the rocks here into metamorphic rocks? Explain
2. What could cause a rock in Layer C to change
into a metamorphic rock?
3. What kind of rock would be formed by the
magma in Layer C?
4. What happens to a mineral that falls below Layer
D
5. What three factors shown in the diagram can
cause metamorphic rocks to form?

Figure. 2: Magma. (Source:https://www.teachervision.com)

Let’s Create

Rock CD Cover

Goal
● Your task is to make a rock and rap CD album.
Role
● You have been asked to make a CD album consisting of five parts: Band name and CD
cover design, chosen rock band’s biography, names of band members, list of songs, and
rock cycle diagram.
Audience
● Your clients are your customers and fans (classmates and teachers).
Situation
● The context you find yourself in is as a rock band member.
Product, Performance, and Purpose
● You will create your own type of rock band that you would like to be—igneous,
metamorphic, or sedimentary and write your band biography. Make sure that band member
names and songs are still within the theme of your rock type. All of these criteria should be
met in order to attract customers to buy your CD album.
Standards and Criteria for Success
● Your performance will be graded by the following rubric.

Criteria Developing Standard Exemplary Total Points

1-7 8-14 15-20

Illustration of targeted Does not illustrate Illustrates some of Correctly illustrates
___
Concepts and targeted concepts targeted concepts the targeted
20
Principles and principle concepts and
principles
1-4 5-7 8-10
Inartistically done, Moderately well- Well-crafted
___
unattractive and crafted; acceptable attractive; and
Aesthetic Appeal 10
sloppy appearance; and superior
workmanship ordinary workmanship
workmanship
0-1 2-3 4-5
Lack of imaginative Demonstrates Demonstrates
thinking: output moderate imaginative ___
produced has no imaginative skills; thinking; output 5
Creativity
innovative or output produced produced has
unique qualities has some innovative and
innovative and unique qualities
unique qualities
___
Total 35
 Let’s Evaluate

Multiple Choices
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your
answer on your answer sheet.

1.What process is involved in the formation of igneous rocks?

A. solidification of magma C. melting of crystals
B. deformation of minerals D. compaction of sediment
2. Which type of igneous rock is formed when magma erupts and solidifies on the Earth’s surface
resulting in the formation of very fine-grained crystals?
A. volcanic B. plutonic C. phaneritic D. porphyritic
3. Which of the following statements best explains the difference between a felsic and a mafic
rock?
A. Felsic rocks are generally light-colored while mafic rocks are dark-colored.
B. Felsic rocks are composed of olivine, amphibole and biotite while mafic rocks are
made of muscovite, plagioclase, and quartz.
C. Felsic rocks form at high temperature while mafic rocks occur at low temperature.
D. Felsic rocks are generally composed of fine-grained crystals while mafic rocks are
coarse-grained.
4. Where do sediments come from?
A. Sediments are products of weathering and transported by glaciers, wind, and streams.
B. Sediments come directly from the crystallization of magma from the Earth’s interior.
C. Sediments are results of high temperature and pressure within the Earth’s interior.
D. Sediments are results from varying mineral composition.
5. How would you describe the depositional environment of a detrital rock if it is composed of
well-sorted, coarse and rounded clasts?
A. The sediments were carried by a high-energy current at a large distance from the
source rock.
B. The sediments were carried by a high-energy current at a small distance from the
source rock.
C.The sediments were carried by a low-energy current at a large distance from the
source rock.
D. The sediments were carried by a low-energy current at a small distance from the
LEARNING AREA GRADE 11/EARTH SCIENCE
Self-Learning Module (Pansariling Pampagkatutong Modyul)
Quarter 1 - Module 2: Igneous Rocks
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ma. Flordeluna D. Ainza

Editor:
Reviewers: Dr. Corazon A. Javier, EPS Science – Division of Parañaque
Arlene A. Sioc
Illustrator: Ma. Flordeluna D. Ainza
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Director IV
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of
LRMS
Evangeline P. Ladines, CESO V, Schools Division
Superintendent
Bernardo N. Mascariña, Curriculum Implementation

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St. Bago Bantay, Quezon City

Telefax: 02-929-0153
E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph