Turning forces , Moment

Topic-1 of force (Torque), Forces in

equilibrium

Revision Notes
Motion Scan ¾¾Contact force : A force that comes into play only when
¾¾When a body changes its position this topic there is a direct contact between two objects is known
with respect to time is considered to as contact force. Pushing a car, kicking a ball, pulling
be in motion. an object etc. are the examples of contact force.
¾¾Examples are translational, rotational, ¾¾Non-Contact force : A force that comes into play, even
periodic and non-periodic. Contact force when there is no direct (physical) contact between the
Translational Motion two objects is known as non-contact forces.
Electrostatic, magnetic, gravitational and nuclear
¾¾It is a motion in which all the particles of object move
forces are examples of non-contact forces.
in a single direction and with same velocity.
Moment of Force (Torque)
¾¾Examples a bus moving on a road, motion of Scan
rectangular block down on an inclined plane. ¾¾When forces changes the direction of this topic

Rotational Motion motion and provide rotational effect

in a body is called turning forces.
¾¾When a rigid body rotates about its centre of mass is
Turning effect of a force acting on
called rotational motion. An object spinning about a
a body about an axis is called the Non-Contact
fixed axis is said to be in rotational motion. moment of the force or torque. force
¾¾Examples of rotational motion include a spinning top , Torque is the measure of rotational
motion of ceiling fan, motion of potter's wheel. tendency of a force.
Forces and its Types ¾¾Torque is the product of force with the perpendicular
¾¾Force : A force is that physical cause which changes or distance of force from the point of rotation.
tends to change the state of rest or motion or direction ¾¾Mathematically,
of a body. It can also change the shape or size of a Torque = Force × perpendicular distance from the
body.  axis of rotation.
¾¾The S.I. unit of force is Newton (N). It is a vector ¾¾Torque is a vector quantity. Its S.I. unit is Newton
quantity. C.G.S unit is dyne and gravitational unit is gf metre (N-m).
or kgf. Where, 1 kgf = 9.8 N. ¾¾Couple : Two equal and opposite forces acting along
¾¾Force can be classified into two broad categories: parallel lines at different points of the body form a
contact forces and non-contact forces. couple. The line along which the force acts is called
line of action.
Principle of Moments Scan ¾¾A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium, if it has no
this topic tendency to come to its original position, after being
¾¾Principle of Moments : When an
slightly disturbed from that position.
object is in equilibrium, then the sum
The necessary conditions for a body to be in equilibrium
of the anti-clockwise moments about
are :
a turning point must be equal to the
(i) The sum of all the forces acting on the body is zero.
sum of the clockwise moments. Principle of
Moments (ii) The algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces
acting on the body about any arbitrary point is zero.

Examples
1. A body of mass 1.50 kg is dropped from the
2nd floor of a building which is at a height of 12 m.
What is the force acting on it during its fall? (g =
9.80 m/s2)
Ans. Force acting during its free fall is given by
F = mg
= 1.50 × 9.8 N = 14.7 N
Let the distance of the weight W1 from And this force is independent of the height of fall.
Scan
the support be l and the distance of this topic 2. A uniform metre scale is kept in equilibrium
1
weight W from the support be l . Let when supported at the 60 cm mark and a mass M
2 2
the weight W tries to rotate the scale is suspended from the 90 cm mark as shown in the
1
in anti-clockwise direction. Then, figure. State with reasons, whether the weight of
Anti-clockwise moment = W1 × l1 the scale is greater than, less than or equal to the
And the weight W2 tries to rotate the Types of weight of mass M.
scale in clockwise direction. Then, equilibrium
Ans. 0 50 60 90 100
Clockwise moment = W2 × l2
As the scale is in equilibrium, so
Total anti-clockwise moment = Total clockwise moment M′ M
W1 × l1 = W2 × l2 Let the mass of the scale = M′
¾¾Positive moment: When couple of forces act and the Applying principle of moments,
rotates in an anticlockwise direction, the moment is Anti-clockwise moment = clockwise moment
said to be positive. ⇒ M′ × (60 - 50) = M×(90 - 60)
¾¾Negative moment: When the couple of forces rotates ⇒ M′ × 10 = M × 30
in clockwise direction, the moment is considered to be ⇒ M′ = 3 M
negative. Hence, mass the scale is more than the mass
Forces in Equilibrium suspended.
¾¾When a number of forces acting on a body produces 3. A force ‘F’ acts on a body such that line of action
no change in its state of rest or of motion, the body is of force passes through the point of rotation of the
said to be in equilibrium. body. Find the magnitude of moment of force.
¾¾The condition for a body to be in translatory motion Ans. Here, force = F
equilibrium is that net force acting on the body is zero. Perpendicular distance of force from point of
¾¾The condition for a body to be in rotational motion rotation = 0
equilibrium is that net torque acting on the body is
Moment of force = F × 0 = 0
zero.
¾¾The equilibrium of a body is of three types :
(i) Stable equilibrium
(ii) Neutral equilibrium.
(iii)Unstable equilibrium.
¾¾A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it has a
tendency to return to its original position, after being
slightly disturbed.
¾¾A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium, if on being
slightly disturbed, it continues to stay in equilibrium
in its new position, in the same way as it was in its
original position.
 Centre of Gravity, Uniform Circular Motion
Topic-2 Concept covered: Centre of gravity, Uniform circular motion

Revision Notes
Centre of Gravity :
Scan
¾¾Centre of gravity of a rigid body is this topic v2 Scan
a point at which the entire weight = , where R is radius of circular this topic
R
of the body acts and algebraic sum
of moments of weights of particles orbit. If the mass of particle is m,
constituting the body is zero about then according to second law of
this point. Its position depends on Centre of
mv 2
the distribution of mass. It may be Gravity motion F = ma = , this force is Uniform
within the body or outside the body. R Circular Motion

Centre of gravity and line of action must coincide for called centripetal force. It is the force
the equilibrium. required to move a body in circular path.
¾¾Centre of gravity of an irregular lamina is found by ¾¾In circular motion a false or pseudo force act along
taking three points at the edges of the lamina. Then the radius but directed away from the centre of circle
the object is suspended from any of the chosen points, which is called centrifugal force. A centrifugal force
and a weighted string is dropped from the same point formula is same as centripetal force formula only
and a line is drawn on the lamina along the string. reverses the direction of the centripetal force.
This procedure is repeated from other two points on
the lamina. These three lines will intersect at a point
on the lamina which is basically the centre of gravity.
Example 4
Give some examples of uniform circular motion.
Uniform circular motion:
Ans. (a) Motion of artificial satellites around the earth.
¾¾When a body moves in circular path around a fixed
(b) Movement of blades of a ceiling fan..
point is called circular motion. If the body moves with
constant speed along a circular path is called Uniform (c) Revolution of the earth around the sun.
Circular Motion. For example, motion of artificial
satellites around the earth. Here, the speed is constant
but the velocity changes.

¾¾Due to change in velocity there is an acceleration which

is directed towards the centre of circle called centripetal
acceleration. The centripetal acceleration is given by a