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Forces: 1. Translational and Rotational Motion

Forces are vector quantities measured in Newtons. Forces can cause both translational and rotational motion. Rotational motion occurs when a force is applied at a suitable point, causing a body to rotate about an axis. The turning effect of a force is due to torque or moment of force, which is the product of the force magnitude and its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Two equal and opposite forces not along the same line form a couple. The principle of moments states that the sum of all anticlockwise moments equals the sum of all clockwise moments in equilibrium. Impulse is the product of force magnitude and duration. Equilibrium occurs when the net force and net torque on a body are both zero. The center of gravity

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46 views

Forces: 1. Translational and Rotational Motion

Forces are vector quantities measured in Newtons. Forces can cause both translational and rotational motion. Rotational motion occurs when a force is applied at a suitable point, causing a body to rotate about an axis. The turning effect of a force is due to torque or moment of force, which is the product of the force magnitude and its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Two equal and opposite forces not along the same line form a couple. The principle of moments states that the sum of all anticlockwise moments equals the sum of all clockwise moments in equilibrium. Impulse is the product of force magnitude and duration. Equilibrium occurs when the net force and net torque on a body are both zero. The center of gravity

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anon_524013305
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Forces

Force is a vector quantity.

SI Unit: Newton (N)

1. Translational and Rotational motion


1) Linear or translational motion
When a force acts on a rigid body and the body starts moving in a straight path in the
direction of force, it is called linear or translational motion.

2) Rotational motion
If the body is pivoted at a point and the force is applied on the body at a suitable point, it
rotates the body about the axis passing through the pivoted point. This is called rotational
motion.

2. Turning effect of force


The turning effect of a force is due to torque or moment of force.

Moment of force
The moment of a force is the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular
distance of the line of action from the axis of rotation.

Factors
1) The magnitude of the force applied
2) The perpendicular distance of the line of action from the axis of rotation

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹 × 𝑑

Positive and negative moment


Anticlockwise moment- Positive
Clockwise moment- Negative

1
Examples of moment
1) Opening or shutting a door- The doorknob is at maximum distance from the hinge.
2) The handle of a grinder is at the rim
3) Turning a steering wheel
4) Pedal of a bicycle
5) A spanner is provided with a long arm.
6) A jack screw is provided with a long arm.

Units of moment
The SI unit of moment is newton-metre or Nm.

Other units include dyne cm, kgf m and gf cm.

3. Couple
Two equal and opposite forces not acting along the same line form a couple.

Moment of a couple
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝐸𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

4. Principle of moments
The principle of moments states that the algebraic sum of all the anticlockwise moments is
equal to the algebraic sum of the clockwise moments in equilibrium.

5. Impulse
The product of the magnitude of applied force and the duration for which force is applied is
called an impulse.

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹 × 𝑡

Unit: Ns

2
6. Equilibrium
Equilibrium is a state in which all the forces which act on a body produce no change in its
state of rest or motion.

Conditions
a) The algebraic sum of all the forces acting on the body should be zero.
b) The algebraic sum of all the moments acting on the body should be zero.

Types of equilibrium
1) Static equilibrium
Static equilibrium is a kind of equilibrium in which the body remains at rest under the
influence of external forces.

Ex: A body lying on a table pulled by equal forces on both sides

2) Dynamic equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium is a kind of equilibrium in which a body remains in the same state of
motion under the influence of externa forces.

Ex: A stone tied at the end of string and rotated around


An aeroplane moving at a constant height
The movement of planets and stars

7. Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity of a body is the point about which the algebraic sums of moments of
the weights of all the particles constituting the particle is zero. The entire weight of the
body can be considered to act at this point, howsoever the body is placed.

It is the point at which the mass of the body is concentrated.

It is the point through which the weight of the body acts in a downward direction.

3
Centre of gravity of some regular objects
Object Position of COG
Rod Midpoint of the rod
Circular disc Geometric centre of the disc
Solid or hollow sphere Geometric centre of the sphere
Cylinder Midpoint of the axis of the cylinder
Solid cone h
At a height of 4 on the axis of the cone.
Hollow cone h
At a height of 3 on the axis of the cone
Circular ring Centre of the ring
Triangular lamina At the point of intersection of the medians
Parallelogram, rectangular or square lamina At the point of intersection of the diagonals

8. Circular motion
When a body moves with a constant speed in a circular path, its motion is said to be
uniform circular motion.

9. Centripetal and centrifugal forces


Centripetal force is the force acting on a body moving in a circular path, in a direction
towards the centre of the circle.

Centrifugal force is the force is a force assumed (by the observer moving with the body) to be
acting on the body in a direction away from the centre of circular path (tangentially).

Centrifugal force is a fictitious force.

Centrifugal force is not the force of reaction of centrifugal force as they do not act on the
same body.

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