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Chapter-01 Force-NOTES

The document discusses the concepts of translational and rotational motion of rigid bodies, explaining how forces can cause these types of motion. It outlines the factors affecting the turning effect of a force, introduces the concept of a couple for rotation, and describes the equilibrium of bodies along with the principle of moments. Additionally, it explains the center of gravity and methods to determine it for irregular shapes.

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11 views

Chapter-01 Force-NOTES

The document discusses the concepts of translational and rotational motion of rigid bodies, explaining how forces can cause these types of motion. It outlines the factors affecting the turning effect of a force, introduces the concept of a couple for rotation, and describes the equilibrium of bodies along with the principle of moments. Additionally, it explains the center of gravity and methods to determine it for irregular shapes.

Uploaded by

n.gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1 FORCE

TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTIONS


A rigid body when acted upon by a force, can have two kinds of motion:
(1) Linear or translational motion, and
(2) Rotational motion.

(1) Linear or translational motion


When a force acts on a stationary rigid body which is free to move, the body starts moving
in a straight path in the direction of force. This is called the linear or translational motion.
For example in on pushing a ball lying on a floor, it begins to move.

(2) Rotational motion


If the body is pivoted at a point and the force is applied on the body at a suitable point,
it rotates the body about the axis passing through the pivoted point. This is the turning
effect of the force and the motion of body is called the rotational motion.
For example, if a wheel is pivoted at its centre and a force is applied tangentially
on its rim as the wheel rotates about its centre.

Factors affecting the turning of a body


The turning effect on a body by a force depends on the
following two factors :
(1) The magnitude of the force applied, and
(2) The distance of line of action of the force from the axis of
rotation (or pivoted point).
Indeed, the turning effect on the body depends on the product of both
the above stated factors. This product is called the moment of
force (or torque). Thus, the body rotates due to the moment of force (or torque) about
the pivoted point.
Moment of force about the axis passing through the point O = Force x Perpendicular
distance of force from the point O = F x OP
Units of moment of force
S.I. unit = Newton-meter
C.G.S. = Dyne-cm
But if force is measured in gravitational unit, then the unit of moment of force
in
S.I. System = kgf x m and
C.G.S. System = gf x cm.
These units are related as follows :
1 N m = 105 dyne x 102 cm = 107 dyne cm
1 kgf x m = 9-8 N m
1 gf x cm = 980 dyne cm
Clockwise and anticlockwise moments :
Anticlockwise moment is taken positive(+VE) – outward rotation
Clockwise moment and it is taken negative (-VE) – Inward rotation
Moment of force is a Vector quantity.
On applying a force on a pivoted body, its direction of rotation depends on
(a) The point of application of the force, and
(b) The direction of force.

Common examples of moment of force


(1) To open or shut a door, we apply a force (push or pull) F normal to the door at its
handle P which is provided at the maximum distance from the hinges.
(2) The upper circular stone of a hand flour grinder is provided with a handle near
its rim (i.e., at the maximum distance from centre) so that it can easily be rotated
about the iron pivot at its centre by applying a small force at the handle.
(3) For turning a steering wheel, a force is applied tangentially on the rim of the
wheel .The sense of rotation of wheel is changed by changing the point of
application of force without changing the direction of force.

Conclusion : From the above examples, we conclude that the turning of a body
about an axis depends not only on the magnitude of the force, but it also depends
on the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the applied force from the
axis of rotation. Larger the perpendicular distance, less is the force needed to
turn the body.
COUPLE
A single force applied on a pivoted body alone does not cause rotation of
the body. Actually the rotation is always produced by a pair of forces. Such
a pair of forces is called a couple.
Two equal and opposite parallel forces, not acting along the same line, form
a couple. A couple is always needed to produce a rotation.
When the rotation is due to the force externally applied the force of reaction
produced at the pivoted point. The force of reaction at the pivot is equal in
magnitude, but opposite in direction to the applied force. The moment of the force
of reaction about the pivot is zero because its distance from the axis of rotation is
zero.
Moment of couple :
At the ends A and B, two equal and
opposite forces, each of
magnitude F, are applied. The
perpendicular distance between
the two forces is AB (= d) which
is called the couple arm. The
two forces cannot produce the
translational motion as their
resultant sum in any direction is
zero, but each force has the
turning effect on the bar in the
same direction. Thus the two
forces together form a couple
which rotates the bar about the
point O. In Fig. , the two forces
rotate the bar in anticlockwise
direction.
EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES
When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of
linear or rotational motion, the body is said to be in equilibrium.
Kinds of equilibrium
The equilibrium is of two kinds : (1) Static equilibrium, and (2) Dynamic equilibrium.
(1) Static equilibrium: When a body remains in the state of rest under the influence
of several forces, the body is in static equilibrium.
If a book is lying on a table, the weight of the book exerted on the table
vertically downwards is balanced by the equal and opposite force of reaction
exerted by the table on the book vertically upwards. Thus, the book is in static
equilibrium.
(2) Dynamic equilibrium : When a body remains in the same state of motion
(translational or rotational), under the influence of the several forces, the
body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
Examples : (i) A rain drop reaches the earth surface with a constant
velocity. The weight of the falling drop is balanced by the sum of the buoyant
force and the force due to friction (or viscosity) of air. Thus, the net force on
the drop is zero, so it moves with a constant velocity.
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
According to the principle of moments, if the algebraic sum of moments of all the
forces, acting on the body, about the axis of rotation is zero, the body is in equilibrium.
Thus, in equilibrium
Sum of the anticlockwise moments = Sum of the clockwise moments
 A physical balance (or beam balance) works on the principle of moments.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY
The centre of gravity (C.G.) of a body is the point about which the algebraic
sum of moments of weights of all the particles constituting the body is
zero.
The entire weight of the body can be considered to act at this point, howsoever
the body is placed.
Note :
(1) The position of the centre of gravity of a body of given mass depends on its
shape i.e., on the distribution of mass of particles in it. It changes
if the body is deformed.
Example : The centre of gravity of a uniform wire is at the middle of its length.
But if the same wire is bent into the form of a circle, its centre of gravity will then be
at the centre of the circle.
(2) It is not necessary that the centre of gravity always be within the material of
the body.
Example : The centre of gravity of a ring or a hollow sphere lies at its centre where
there is no material.
(3) By the concept of centre of gravity, a body of weight W can be considered
as a point particle of weight W at its centre of gravity.

If a body is freely suspended from a


point, it comes to rest (i.e. balances) in such a position that its centre of gravity lies
vertically below the point of suspension.
Determination of centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by the method of
balance using a plumb line
Let A be an irregular lamina in Fig., for which the position of centre of gravity is to be
determined. Make three fine holes at a, b and c, near the edge of the lamina. Now suspend
the given lamina along with a plumb line from the hole a, using a pin (or a nail) clamped
horizontally on a retort stand. Check that the lamina is free to oscillate on the nail
about the point of suspension. When lamina has come to rest, draw a straight line ad
along the plumb line.
Repeat the procedure by suspending the lamina through the hole b and then
through the hole c for which we get straight lines be and cf respectively. It is noticed
that the lines ad, be and cf intersect each other at a common point G which is
the position of centre of gravity of the lamina.

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