GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

A LAYERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
● Digestive system is one large tube
from mouth to anus plus the
accessory organs
1. Mucosa:
- Innermost latyer
- Secretes mucus
2. Submucosa:
- Above mucosa
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, small
glands
3. Muscularis
- Above submucosa
- Longitudinal, circular and oblique
muscles
4. Serosa/adventitia
A FUNCTIONS - Outermost layer
- Peritoneum is present called serosa
1. Take in Food
2. Break down food
- No peritoneum then called adventitia
3. Absorb digested materials (Ex. esophagus)
4. Provide nutrients
5. Eliminate waste A2

A PERITONEUM

● Layer of smooth epithelial tissue

Mesenteries:
- Connective tissue of organs in
abdominal cavity

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 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

Lesser omentum: Tongue:

- Mesentery connecting lesser - House taste buds and mucus
curvature of stomach to liver and
diaphragm

Greater omentum: A TEETH

- Mesentery connecting greater
curvature of stomach to transverse ● 32 teeth in normal adult
● Incisors, canine, premolars, molars,
colon and posterior body wall
wisdom
● 20 primary teeth (baby teeth)
A ● Each tooth has crown, cusp, neck, root
2 ● Center of tooth is pulp cavity
● Enamel is hard covering protects against
abrasions
● Cavities are breakdown of enamel by
acids from bacteria

A ORAL CAVITY

●First part of digestive system

●Contains stratified squamous
epithelia
Salivary glands:
- Produce saliva which contains
enzymes to breakdown
carbohydrates into glucose
- Cleanse mouth
- Dissolve and moisten food
Amylase:
- Salivary enzyme that breaks down
carbohydrates
Lysozyme:
- Salivary enzymes that are active
against bacteria

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 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

A PALATE B SWALLOWING

● Palate: roof of oral cavity

● Hard palate: anterior part ● Voluntary phase:
● Soft palate: posterior part Bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and
pushed into oropharynx
● Pharyngeal phase:
Swallowing reflex initiated when bolus
A SALIVARY GLANDS stimulates receptors in oropharynx
- Includes submandibular, sublingual, ● Esophageal phase:
parotid Moves food from pharynx to stomach
- Produce saliva contains enzymes to ● Peristalsis
breakdown food Wave like contractions moves food through
- Mumps is inflammation of parotid gland digestive tract
STOMACH

● Located in abdomen
● Contains the cardia, fundus, body and
pylorus
● Storage tank for food
● Can hold up to 2 liters of food
● Produces mucus, hydrochloric acid,
protein digesting enzymes
● Contains a thick mucus layer that
lubricates and protects a epithelial cells
on stomach wall form acidic PH (3)
3 muscular layers:
Outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner
oblique to produce churning action
B PHARYNX Rugae:
- Large folds that allow stomach to stretch
● Throat Chyme:
● Connects mouth to esophagus - Paste like substance that forms when
food begins to be broken down
B ESOPHAGUS Cardiac (lower esophageal) sphincter:
- Prevents reflux of gastric contents into
● Tube that connects pharynx to stomach the esophagus
● Transport food to stomach Pyloric opening:
● Joins stomach at cardiac opening - Opening between stomach and small
Heartburn: intestine
- Occurs when gastric juices regurgitate Pyloric sphincter:
into esophagus - Thick, ring of smooth muscle around
- Caused by caffeine, smoking or eating or pyloric opening
drinking in excess Pepsin:
- Is the chief coenzyme of gastric juice,
which converts proteins into proteoses
and peptones

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 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

Intrinsic factor
SMALL INTESTINE
- Comes from the parietal cells and is
necessary for the absorption of the
vitamins B12 ● Measures 6 meters in length
Hunger pangs: ● Major absorptive organ
- Stomach is stimulated to contract by low ● Chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass through
blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours ● Contains enzymes to further breakdown
after a meal food
● Contains secretions for protection
against chyme’s acidity
REGULATION OF STOMACH
SECRETIONS
PANCREATIC INTESTINAL JUICE
ENZYMES
● Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin,
histamine increase stomach secretion
Cephalic Phase ● Amylase digests starch to maltose
- 1st phase ● Maltase reduces maltose to
- Stomach secretions are initiated by sight, monosaccharide glucose
smell, taste or food thought ● Lactase splits lactose into galactose and
Gastric Phase glucose
- 2nd phase ● Sucrase reduces sucrose to fructose and
- Partially digested proteins and distention glucose
of stomach promote secretion ● Nucleases split nucleic acids to
Intestinal phase: nucleotides
- 3rd phase ● Enterokinase activates trypsinogen to
- Acidic chyme stimulates neuronal trypsin
reflexes and secretions of hormones that
inhibit gastric secretions by negative
feedback loops
PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE

MOVEMENT IN STOMACH Duodenum:

- 25 cm long
Mixing waves - Contains absorptive cells, goblet cells,
- Weak contraction granular cells, endocrine cells
- Thoroughly mix food to form chyme - Contains microvilli and many folds
Peristaltic waves - Contains bile and pancreatic ducts
- Stronger contraction Jejunum:
- Force chyme toward and through pyloric - 2.5 meters long and absorb nutrients
sphincter Ileum:
● Hormonal and neural mechanisms - 3.5 meters long
stimulate stomach secretions
● Stomach empties every 4 hours after
regular meal and 6-8 hours after high
fatty meal

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 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

Rectum:
- Straight tube that begins at sigmoid and
ends at anal canal
Anal canal:
- Last 2-3 cm of digestive tract
- Food takes 18-24 hours to pass through
- Feces is product of water, indigestible
food, and microbes
- Microbes synthesize vitamin K

LIVER ANATOMY
● Weighs about 3lbs
● In right upper quadrant of abdomen
under diaphragm
LARGE INTESTINE ● Right, left, caudate, quadrate lobes
Porta:
● Function is to absorb water from - Gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves
indigestible food and eliminates wastes enter and exit
● Intestinal bacteria play a vital role in the - Receives blood from hepatic artery
synthesis of some B vitamins and vitamin
K
● Contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal
canal
Cecum:
- Joins small intestine at ileocecal junction
- Has appendix attached
Appendix:
- 9cm structure that is often removed
Colon:
- 1.5 meters long
- contains ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid regions

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 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

Common bile duct:

- Formed from common hepatic duct and
cystic duct

LIVER

● The largest gland in the body, weighing 3

to 4 lbs (1.4 to 1.8 kg)
● Removes excess glucose and amino
acids from the portal blood
● Synthesizes glucose, amino acids and
fats
● Aids in digestion of F, C & P
● Stores and filter blood (200-400 ml
stored)
● Stores vita A, D and B and I ron
● Secretes bile to emulsify fats (500 to 1000
mL) of bile/day

Lobules:
- Divisions of liver with portal triads at
corners
Portal triad:
- Contain hepatic artery, hepatic portal
vein, hepatic duct
Hepatic cords:
- Between center margins of each lobule
- Separated by hepatic sinusoids
Hepatic sinusoids
- Contains phagocytic cells (kupffer cells)
that remove foreign particles from blood
Central vein:
- Center of each lobule
- Where mixed blood flows towards
- Forms hepatic veins

● The hepatic ducts from the liver lobes

LIVER DUCTS combine to form the common hepatic
duct
Hepatic duct: ● The common hepatic duct combines
- Transport bile out of liver with the cystic duct from the gallbladder
Common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
- Formed from left and right hepatic duct ● The common bile duct joins the
Cystic duct pancreatic duct
- Joins common hepatic duct ● The combined duct empties into the
- From gallbladder duodenum at the duodenal papilla

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 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
NCM 118 FIRST SEMESTER (FINALS) – MS. GIRLIE LACAMBRA

● Pancreatic secretions may also enter the ● Exocrine tissues produce digestive
duodenum through an accessory enzymes
pancreatic duct, which also empties into
the duodenum

GALLBLADDER
● Small sac on inferior surface in the liver
● Stores and concentrates bile

FUNCTIONS OF BILE
● Digestive and excretory functions
● Stores and processes nutrients
● Detoxifies harmful chemicals
● Synthesizes new molecules
● Secretes 700ml of bile each day
Bile:
- Dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and
breaks down fats

DIGESTIVE PROCESS
1. Digestion:
- Breakdown of food occurs in stomach
and mouth
2. Propulsion:
- Moves food through digestive tract
PANCREAS
includes swallowing and peristalsis
● Located posterior to stomach in inferior 3. Absorption:
part of left upper quadrant - Primarily in duodenum and jejunum of
● Head near midline of body small intestine
● Tail extends to left and touches spleen 4. Defecation:
● Endocrine tissues have pancreatic islet - Elimination of waste in the form of feces
that produce insulin and glucagon

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