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Science

The document outlines the historical progression of the understanding of elements, starting from early human interactions with metals to the development of modern chemistry. Key milestones include the philosophical ideas of Greek philosophers, the challenges posed by Robert Boyle, and the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. It also highlights advancements in synthetic chemistry and the discovery of superheavy elements in recent decades.

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Heart Weygan
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2 views

Science

The document outlines the historical progression of the understanding of elements, starting from early human interactions with metals to the development of modern chemistry. Key milestones include the philosophical ideas of Greek philosophers, the challenges posed by Robert Boyle, and the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. It also highlights advancements in synthetic chemistry and the discovery of superheavy elements in recent decades.

Uploaded by

Heart Weygan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ancient Civilizations: Early humans interacted with metals like (Z=118) have expanded the periodic table.

table. Research continues into


gold, copper, and lead, using them for tools and ornaments. The the properties and potential applications of these newly
concept of elements was rudimentary, and often tied to synthesized elements.
philosophical ideas.

Greek Philosophy (circa 400 BC): Philosophers like Empedocles


proposed that all matter was composed of four elements: earth,
water, air, and fire. This idea persisted for centuries.

Alchemy (circa 300 AD - 1600s): Alchemists sought to transform


base metals into gold and discover the philosopher's stone. They
contributed to developing laboratory techniques and the notion of
elements, although their understanding was often mystical.

1661: Robert Boyle published "The Sceptical Chymist,"


challenging the four-element theory and advocating for a
definition of elements based on their inability to be broken down
further.

Late 17th Century: The discovery of gases such as hydrogen


(Cavendish, 1766) and oxygen (Priestley, 1774; Lavoisier, 1778)
began to reshape the understanding of elements.

1789: Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 elements in his work


"Traité Élémentaire de Chimie," laying the groundwork for
modern chemistry. He is often referred to as the "father of modern
chemistry" for his systematic approach.

1790s: The concept of atomic weight emerged, with John Dalton


proposing that each element consists of atoms with specific
weights.

1803: Dalton's atomic theory gained traction, establishing a clearer


understanding of elements as distinct entities defined by their
atomic weights.

1829: Wolfgang Döbereiner identified triads—groups of three


elements with similar properties—hinting at periodic relationships
among elements.

1869: Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table,


organizing elements by atomic mass and predicting the existence
of undiscovered elements. This marked a pivotal moment in
chemistry.

1913: Niels Bohr developed a model of atomic structure that


explained electron arrangements and energy levels, enhancing the
understanding of how elements interact.

1930s: The discovery of isotopes and advancements in nuclear


chemistry led to the identification of new elements through
artificial means.

1952 onwards: Synthetic chemistry advanced significantly with the


creation of transuranic elements (elements beyond uranium) using
particle accelerators.

Late 20th Century to Present: The discovery and confirmation of


superheavy elements like seaborgium (Z=106) and oganesson

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