Chapter Three

Induction Machine

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 3.1 INTRODUCTION

•Machines are called AC machines (generators or motors) if the

electrical system is AC.
•DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is DC.

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 3.1.1 INDUCTION (ASYNCHRONOUS) MACHINES
• The induction machine is the most rugged and the most widely used
machine in industry.

• The induction machine has a stator and a rotor mounted on bearings and
separated from the stator by an air gap.

• However, in the induction machine both stator winding and rotor

winding carry alternating current.

• The alternating current (ac) is supplied to the stator winding machine.

• The induction machine can operate both as a motor and as a generator.

• However, The performance characteristics as a generator are not

satisfactory for most applications. Therefore ;

• The induction machine is extensively used as a motor in many

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applications.
 IM has the following main advantages and also some disadvantages.

Advantages
 It has very simple and extremely rugged,
almost unbreakable construction Disadvantage
(especially squirrel cage type).  Its speed cannot be varied
 Its cost is low and it is very reliable. without sacrificing some of its
 It has sufficiently high efficiency. In efficiency.
normal running condition, no brushes are  Its speed decreases with increase
needed, hence frictional losses are in load.
reduced.  Its starting torque is somewhat
 It has a reasonably good power factor. inferior to that of a dc shunt motor.
 It requires minimum maintenance.
 It starts up from rest and needs no extra
starting motor and has not to be
synchronized.
 Its starting arrangement is simple
especially –for squirrel-cage type motor.

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 The induction motor is used in various sizes:
• Large three-phase induction motors (in tens or hundreds of

horsepower) are used in pumps, fans, compressors and so forth.

• Small single-phase induction motors (in fractional horsepower

rating) are used in many household appliances, such as juice

mixers, washing machines, refrigerators, and etc.

• The linear version of the induction machine has been developed

primarily for use in transportation systems.

• Three-phase induction motors are the most important ones and are
most widely used in industry.
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 Constructional Features of IM
• An induction motor consists essentially of two main parts:
a) The stator and
b) The rotor
Stator:
• Stator is composed of laminations of high-grade sheet steel.

• Laminations are insulated from each other by means of varnish coating.

• Three-phase windings are put in to slots of the stator frame.

• Stator carries a 3-phase winding and is fed from a 3-phase supply.

• Greater the number of poles, lesser the speed and vice versa.

• The stator windings, when supplied with 3-phase currents , produce a

magnetic flux which is of constant magnitude but which rotates at
synchronous speed . given by

• This revolving magnetic flux induces an emf in the rotor by mutual

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induction.
Stator & Rotor Laminations

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 Rotor
• The rotor also consists of laminated ferromagnetic material, with
slots punched out on the outer surface.

• The frequency of the rotor flux is very low; as a result thicker

laminations can be used without excessive iron losses.

• Two types of rotor construction is normally used for three phase

induction motor.

• Squirrel-cage rotor: Motors employing this type of rotor are known

as squirrel-cage induction motors.

• Phase-wound or wound rotor: Motors employing this type of rotor

are variously known as phase-wound motors or wound motors or
slip-ring motors.
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 Squirrel-Cage Rotor:
• Almost 90% of induction motors are squirrel-cage type, because of simplest &
most rugged construction.

• The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying
the rotor conductors.

• Rotor slots are usually not quit parallel to the shaft but are purposely give a
slight skew.

 Slight skew rotor slots are useful in two ways :

– The motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum and

– Reducing the locking tendency of the rotor (the tendency of the rotor teeth
to remain under the stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction between
the two.

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 Phase- Wound Rotor
• The three brushes are further externally connected to a 3-phase
star-connected rheostat.
• This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in the
rotor circuit during the starting period

 For increasing the starting torque

 For decreasing starting current and

 For changing its speed-torque characteristic.

• When running under normal condition , the slip-rings are automatically

short-circuited by means of a metal collar which is pushed along the
shaft and connect all the rings together.

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 Comparison of squirrel cage and wound rotors
The squirrel cage motor has the following advantages as compared
with the wound rotor machine
 No slip rings, brush gear, short circuiting devices, rotor
terminals for starting rheostats are required. The star delta
starter is sufficient for staring.
 It has slightly higher efficiency.
 It is cheaper and rugged in construction.
 Smaller copper loss.
 It has larger space for fans and thus the cooling conditions are
better.
• The greatest disadvantage of squirrel cage rotor is that it is not
possible to insert resistance in the rotor circuit for the purpose of
increasing the starting torque.
• The cage rotor motor has a smaller starting torque and larger
starting current as compared with wound rotor motor. 16
 3.2 Principle operation of IM
a) 3-phase supply is feeding to stator windings then a magnetic flux
generated in the stator winding.

b) The flux rotate through the air gap cuts the rotor conductors.

• Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary
conductors in rotor slot, an emf is induced in the rotor.
•Frequency of the induced emf is the same as the supply frequency(at
standstill ).
•Its magnitude is proportional to the relative speed between the flux and
the conductors. Since the rotor bars or conductors form a closed circuit,
rotor current is produced.
•The rotor starts running in the same direction as that of the flux and tries to
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cutch up with the rotating flux.
 SLIP in an Induction Motor
• In practice the rotor never succeeds in catching up with the stator field.

• If it really did so, then there would be no relative speed between the two

hence no rotor emf, no rotor current and so no torque to maintain rotation.

• That is why the rotor runs at a speed , which is always less than the speed

of the stator field.

• The difference in speeds depends upon the load on the motor .

• The difference between the synchronous speed Ns and the actual speed

Nm of the rotor is known as slip.

• Though it may be expressed in so many revolutions/ second , yet it is

usual to express it as a percentage of the synchronous speed .

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 Cont…
• The s for induction motor can be defined as ;

when Ns =
• Sometimes, Ns – N is called the slip speed
• Obviously, rotor (or motor) speed is

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 Frequency of rotor current
• When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of the rotor current is the same as the
supply frequency.

• But when the rotor starts revolving, then the frequency depends upon the
relative speed or on slip-speed.

• Let at any slip speed, the frequency of the rotor current be f2, Then,

 When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the induced voltage is equal
to the supply frequency
 On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency
will be zero 20
 Torque
• While the input to the induction motor is electrical power, its output is
mechanical power and for that we should know some terms and quantities
related to mechanical power

• Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will introduce a Torque on
the motor shaft. This torque is related to the motor output power and the
rotor speed

 load 
Pout 2 nm
N .m m  rad / s
m and
60

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 Horse power
• Another unit used to measure mechanical power is the horse
power

• It is used to refer the mechanical output power of the motor

• Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with watts as a unit to

measure electrical power, there is a relation between horse power
and watts hp  746 watts

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 Example
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a
full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?

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Solution

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 3.4 EUQIVALENT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTION MOTOR

• The induction motor is similar to the transformer with the

exception that its secondary windings are free to rotate.
Induction Motors and Transformers
• Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced
voltage.
– Transformer: Voltage applied to the primary windings produce
an induced voltage in the secondary windings
– Induction motor: Voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
– The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the
secondary windings can move.
– Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the
IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage.
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 Cont…
• If currents flow in both stator and rotor windings, rotating
magnetic fields will be produced in the air gap.
• Because they rotate at the same speed in the air gap, they will
produce a resultant air gap field rotating at the synchronous
speed.
• This resultant air gap field will induce voltages in both stator
windings at supply frequency f1 and rotor windings at slip
frequency f2.
• It appears that the equivalent circuit may assume a form
identical to that of a transformer.

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Cont…

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Stator winding equivalent circuit of IM and Primary winding
equivalent circuit of Transformer
• There is no difference in form between stator winding equivalent circuit of
motor and that of the transformer primary winding

• The difference lies only in the magnitude of the parameters.

• The excitation current Io is considerably large in the induction machine

because of the air gap.

 In induction machines it is as high as 30 to 70 % of the rated current,

depending on the motor size

 Where as it is only 2 to 6 % in transformers.

• The leakage reactance X1 is large because of the air gap and also because
the stator and rotor windings are distributed along the periphery of the air
gap rather than concentrated on a core, as in the transformer
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 ROTOR WINDING EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
• The rotor equivalent circuit at slip s is shown in fig below.

• Since the resistance is independent of frequency.

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Cont…

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Cont…

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 COMPLETE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

• The stator and rotor equivalent circuit combined together in

fig above yields the following circuit.

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Cont…

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 Power relations

When Pconv = the mechanical power developed by the induction machine

= the internal mechanical torque

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Power losses in Induction machines

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Power flow in induction motor

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Power relations

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Example 1

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Solution

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Example 2

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Solution

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Cont..

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Cont…

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3.5 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters
(Determination of motor parameters)

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 Reading assignment

Describe or analyze how the parameters of IM

are determined from these three test methods.

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 3.6 Modes of Operation of a 3-phase Induction Machines
 The three phase induction machine has the following three modes
or regions of operations depending upon the values of slips:

a) Motoring Mode: 0≤ S ≤ 1

 Under normal operation, rotor revolves in the direction of

rotating field produced by the stator currents.

 As such, the slip varies from 1 at standstill to zero at synchronous

speed, i.e. 0≤ S ≤ 1

 The rotor speed values are zero (S=1)and synchronous speed

(S=0).

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b) Generating mode: S < 1
 For this operating modes, slip is negative, i.e. S <0.
 An induction motor will operate in this region only when its
stator terminals are connected to constant-frequency voltage
source and its rotor is driven above synchronous speed by
prime mover.
 The connection of stator terminals to voltage source is
essential in order to establish the rotating air gap field at
synchronous speed.
 In case stator is disconnected from voltage source and rotor is
driven above synchronous speed by the prime mover, no
generating action takes place 47
c) Braking Mode: s > 1
 For this mode, slip is greater than 1.
 A slip more than one can be obtained by driving the rotor,
with a prime mover, opposite to the direction of rotating field.
 But such a use in practice is rare. A practical utility of slip
more than 1 is obtained by bringing the rotor to a quick stop
by braking action, called plugging.
 For obtaining S > 1, any two stator terminal leads are
interchanged.
 With this the phase sequence is reversed and , therefore, the
direction of rotating magnetic field becomes suddenly opposite
to that of the rotor rotation.
 The electromagnetic torque T, now acting opposite to rotor
rotation, produces the braking action.
 Thus the motor can be quickly brought to rest by plugging,
but the stator must be disconnected from the supply before the
rotor can start rotate in the other direction. 48
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 3.7 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS
 The rotor speed on an induction motor is given by:

 It is found from the above two equations that the basic

methods of speed control of an induction motor are:
a) By changing the number of poles and
b) By varying the line (input) frequency
 The slip can be changed by the following methods.
c) By varying the input voltage
d) By varying the rotor resistance 50
 a) By changing the number of poles
 From the above formula, the speed of an induction motor can
be determined based on the number of poles of the motor.

 Speed of induction motor has an inverse relation with the

number of poles.

 As the number of poles increases, the speed of induction

motor decreases and vice versa.

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 b) By varying the line (input) frequency
 A variable frequency supply is connected as the key factor in
speed control of induction motors.
constant volt/Hz operation
 The emf per phase of an induction motor is given by

 The induced emf E is nearly equal to the applied voltage V

(neglecting drop in stator impedance). So,

 When the frequency is reduced, the applied voltage also must

be reduced proportionally so as to maintain constant flux,
otherwise the core will get saturated resulting in excessive iron
losses magnetizing current.
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c) By varying the line voltage
 The torque developed in an induction motor is proportional to
the square of the terminal voltage.
 A set of torque-speed characteristics with various terminal
voltage is shown in figure below.

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d) By varying the rotor resistance
 The speed of a wound-rotor induction machine can be
controlled by connecting external resistance in the rotor circuit
through slip rings.

The speed-torque characteristics for four external resistances

 By varying the external resistance 0 < 𝑅𝑒𝑥 < 𝑅𝑒𝑥4 , the speed
of the load can be controlled in the range of 𝑁1 < N < 𝑁5 .
 It also seen that as the rotor resistance increase, the pull out
speed of the motor decrease.

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STARTING METHODS OF IM
A. Direct on line
B. Star delta
C. Autotransformer
D. Reduced voltage starting
E. Resistance starting

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THANK YOU!!!

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