International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 9(2), ISSN: 2394-9333

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To Study, Analyse and Implement Automatic Load
Sharing of Transformers Using Microcontroller
1
Nilima Bhamare, 2Eqranaaz Saudagar, 3Gauravi Mhetre and 4Shraddha Aherrao,
1
Assistant Professor, 2,3,4Student,
1,2
Electrical Engineering Department, Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik, India

Abstract: The transformer is a static device, which converts significant equipment in the electric power system, needs
power from one level to another level. The aim of the project is protection as a part of the general system protection approach.
to protect the transformer under overload condition by load Moreover, the increasing population and their unavoidable
sharing. Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops demands have led to an increasing demand on electrical power.
and windings get overheated and may get burnt. Thus, by With these increased needs, the existing systems have become
sharing load on transformer, the transformers protected. In this overloaded. The overloading at the consumer end appears at
project we are using two transformers, one is main transformer the transformer terminals which can affect its efficiency and
(TF1) and the next is backup transformer (TF2), Here the load protection systems. Due to overload on the transformer, the
is directly connected to the secondary of the main transformer efficiency drops and the windings gets over heated and may get
as well as backup transformer; here two transformers are burnt. It takes a lot of time to repair and involves a lot of
connected through the relay. The transfers switch senses when expenditure. Transformers are occasionally loaded beyond
utility power is interrupted, and starts up the transformer TF2 nameplate ratings because of existing possible contingencies
which acts as a backup transformer. If the utility power on the transmission lines, any failure or fault in power systems,
remains absent, the transfer switch disconnects the load from or economic considerations. Embedded systems are designed
the utility and connects it to the Transformer TF2, restoring to do some specific tasks, rather than be a general-purpose
electricity to the load. The transfer switch continues to monitor computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real time
utility power, and when it is restored, switches the load from performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as
the Transformer TF2 back to the Main transformer TF1. Once safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
the Transformer TF2 is disconnected, it goes through a cool- requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to
down routine and is automatically shutdown.The objective of reduce costs.
the present project is to satisfy the above needs with an extent.
An embedded system is not always a separate block - very
The present system is designed around two transformers. One
often it is physically built-in to the device it is controlling. The
transformer (TF1) is used as the main supply and the other
software written for embedded systems is often called
transformer (TF2) is used in the place of the generator (for
firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or flash convector
demo purpose). These two transformers are connected with the
chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited
relay which is controlled by the embedded controller. The
computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen,
loads are connected to the main line (TF1) and as well as to
and little memory.Wireless communication has become an
theTF2.Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run
important feature for commercial products and a popular
with this power. Due to any reason this power is interrupted,
research topic within the last ten years. There are now more
then it is identified by the controller and it immediately
mobile phone subscriptions than wired-line subscriptions.
switches ON to the TF2 through the relay. The controller
Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, low-
continuously monitors the TF1 (main line). When it finds the
power, and short-distance wireless communication used for
power on it again switches the loads connection to the main
\personal wireless networks." Technology advancements are
line. All the status of the transformers will be displayed on
providing smaller and more cost-effective devices for
LCD.
integrating computational processing, wireless communication,
Keywords: Transformer Overload, Microcontroller, and a host of other functionalities. These embedded
Uninterrupted Power Supply. communications devices will be integrated into applications
ranging from homeland security to industry automation and
I. INTRODUCTION
monitoring. They will also enable custom tailored engineering
Transformer is a static device which converts energy at one solutions, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and
voltage level to another voltage level. It is an electrically processing information. With new technologies and devices
isolated inductively coupled device which changes voltage come new business activities, and the need for employees in
level without change in frequency. Transformer transfers ac these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of
voltage from one electrical circuit to another by the principle of embedded systems and wireless communications will be in
mutual induction. Distribution transformers are one of the most high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable
important equipment in power system and are also known as environments available for development and classroom use, so
the heart of the power system. The reliable operation of a students often do not learn about these technologies during
power system depends upon the effective functioning of the hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were
distribution transformer. Therefore, monitoring and controlling twisted pair, optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless
of key parameters like voltage and current are necessary for radio. [3]
evaluating the performance of the distribution transformer.
Thus, it helps in avoiding or reducing the disruption due to the
sudden unexpected failure. Transformers being one of the most
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 9(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal with
capacitors, Reset circuitry, Pull up resistors (if needed) and so
Rekha.T, Bindu Prakash, Asna. S, Dinesh. S and Nandana.
on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the project because
S. Prasad (2015), Distribution transformers are an important
it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with
part of power system which distributes power to the low-
the devices according to the program being written.
voltage users directly, and its operation condition is important
for the entire distribution network operation. However, their
life is significantly reduced if they are subjected to overloading
and over temperature resulting in unexpected failures and loss
of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system
reliability. Protection against fault in power systems is very
essential and vital for its reliable performance. This project is a
simplified approach to protect the transformers from unusual
conditions. For this purpose two similar types of distribution
transformers are used so that, if any one transformer fails, then
immediately another transformer is brought into the circuit
during over loading, over temperatures, input voltage
variations and provides conventional 230V supply to the
consumers without burning of transformers. Most of the loads
(e.g. Induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and
hence have low lagging power factor. The low power factor is
highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting
in additional losses of active power in all the elements of
power system from power station generator down to the Figure 1. Block Diagram of System
utilization devices. So in this paper an automatic power factor
Transformers: In general, the ac line voltage present in your
correction circuit is also incorporated with the load sharing
house wiring is not suitable for electronic circuits. Most
module. Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek V.
circuits require a considerably lower voltage, while a few
Badarkhe and Vivek B. Bathe (2015), The transformer is
require higher voltages. The transformer serves to convert the
very costly and bulky equipment of power system. It operates
ac line voltage to a voltage level more appropriate to the needs
for 24 hours of a day and feeds the load. Sometimes the
of the circuit to be powered. At the same time, the transformer
situation may occur when the load on the transformer is
provides electrical isolation between the ac line and the circuit
suddenly increased above its rated capacity. When this
being powered, which is an important safety consideration.
situation occurs, the transformer will be overloaded and
However, a line transformer is generally large and heavy, and
overheated and damage the insulation of transformer resulting
is rather expensive. Therefore, some power supplies (notably
in interruption of supply. The best solution to avoid the
for PCs) are deliberately designed to operate directly from the
overloading is to operate the number of transformers in
ac line without a line transformer. The output of the
parallel. In this work, a slave transformer shares the load of
transformer is still an AC voltage, but now of an appropriate
master transformer in the case of over load and over
magnitude for the circuit to be powered.
temperature. A sensor circuit is designed to log the data from
master transformer and if it is found to be in overload
condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected
in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
Initially when we switched ON the load that load will be
shared by the first transformer. Once load has been increased
on first transformer above its rated capacity then the stand by
transformer (second) will share the load automatically. . In this
work we are used a relay and comparator IC‟s for automatic
load sharing between three transformers. The number of
transformers to be operated in parallel can also be increased
according to demand of a particular area.
III. METHODOLOGY
Block Diagram Explanation: The above block diagram gives
the overview of the project in the pictorial form with the help
of the block diagram we will create pre model of the project
and the analyze the function of the project the explanation of Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Project
the project with block diagram over view is given as follows. ADC: Analog to digital (A/D, ADC) converters are electrical
Power Supply Section: This section is meant for supplying circuit devices that convert continuous signals, such as
Power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically consists voltages or currents, from the analog domain to the digital
of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 18V ac followed domain where the signals are represented by numbers.
by diodes. Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After
rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered using a capacitor LCD Display Section: This section is basically meant to show
Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the up the status of the project. This project makes use of Liquid
obtained dc voltage. Crystal Display to display / prompt for necessary information.
Sensors: This part of the system consists of current sensor.
Microcontroller Section: This section forms the control unit of These sensor sense various parameters of load- current and are
the whole project. This section basically consists of a
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 9(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
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then sent to the Analog to Digital Converter. microcontroller operates the relay and the load is shared to the
auxiliary transformer.
Relay: In this project Relays are used to the Trip the
When the auxiliary transformer on the gsm module will
transformer. A relay is an electrical switch that opens and
automatically sends the sms to user mobile for informing to
closes under control of another electrical circuit. In the original
sub-station or MSEB the load will increase and the second
form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or
transformer will on.
close one or many sets of contacts.

Circuit Diagram Explanations:

1. Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller

AT MEGA 328 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power supply is
needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by first
stepping down the 230V to 18V and 12 V operating voltage
for relays. Hence another supply is required to generate
12V.
2. The step downed ac voltage is being rectified by the Bridge
Rectifier. The diodes used are 1N4007. The rectified ac
voltage is now filtered using a „C‟ filter. Now the rectified,
filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This
voltage regulator allows us to have a Regulated Voltage
which is +5V. We are using two voltage regulators i.e.,
7805 and 7812. These voltage regulators regulate 5v for
microcontroller and 12v for relays. The rectified; filtered
and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an
electrolytic capacitor 1000μF. Now the output from this
section is fed to pin of AT MEGA328 microcontroller to
supply operating voltage. Figure 3: Main System
3. The microcontroller AT MEGA328 with Pull up resistors at
Port0 and crystal oscillator of 16.000 MHz crystal in
conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 8th&
9th pins of microcontroller to make it work (execute)
properly.
4. The LCD is interfaced to Microcontroller. The data pins of
LCD are connected to Port 0. The control pins of LCD are
connected to Port 2 as shown in schematic.
5. One of the port 3 pin is connected to the secondary side of
transformer one through bridge rectifier and regulator to
check the status of the transformer one i.e., whether the
power supply is on or off to the transformer one through
relay. Relay is used to on & off the transformer occurred it
is connected to P2.0 microcontroller.
6. The data pins of ADC are connected to the port 1 of
microcontroller. Whatever the data in ADC from C.T
(current transformer) will be converted from analog to
digital and fed it to the microcontroller.
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
This section gives an overview of the whole circuitry and
hardware involved in the project. The aim of the project is to
protect the failing or damage of transformers having applied Figure 4. Load is shifted to another Transformer
more loads on it and to share these overloads with another
transformer. CONCLUSION
In this project, we are using two transformers one is main The project “POWER SHARING TRANSFORMERS FOR
transformer another one is auxiliary transformer. Load is DIFFERENT LOAD‟‟ has been successfully designed and
directly applied to the main transformer when the main tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components
transformer load limit exceeds then the load will be shared to used have developed it. Presence of every module has been
auxiliary transformer, the gsm module will send the text to reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best
user. working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC‟s and
with the help of growing technology the project has been
First the load is applied to the main transformer. And at the successfully implemented.
same time current transformer converts the load current
proportionality which is accessible to microcontroller. The adc References
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 9(2), ISSN: 2394-9333
www.ijtrd.com
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