‘‘Smart load sharing and load shedding’’

Chapter -1
1.1 Introduction

In day-to-day life, saving of energy is most important factor. Because, most of energy losses of
energy occurs in transformer at transmission & distribution sectors. Nowadays, drastic changes
in human life because of advanced technology. Every technology requires Electrical power to
complete any kind of work.
Due to this, huge use of technology increased so, energy demand also increases. For this,
transformers used in our area are of different ratings.
In some areas continuity of supply is required. To fulfill this requirement, we are sharing the
load on different ratings of transformers when regular transformer get overloaded. And in case
of load shedding transformer get becomes off.

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Chapter- 2
2.1 Problem Formulation

In day today life the demand of electricity is increased. In some areas to provide electricity is
very difficult due to high demand of electricity. In agricultural areas or industrial areas due to
interrupting of power supply people has to face many difficulties in their routine life. Due to
overvoltage condition transformer get damaged and power supply become off. Hence, to
overcome that problem we implemented that circuit.

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Chapter - 3
3.1 Objectives of the study
3.1.1 Main ObjectiveThe main objective of these project is to get continue power supply for
agriculture purpose and industrial as well as domestic purpose.

 Specific objectives
 The objective of this study is as follows:
 To design a system that can sense overload condition.
 To protect transformer from damaging due to overloading condition.

 Research question
 How to design a system that can sense overload condition of transformers
 How to share load on transformers.

3.2 Scope of the project

3.2.1 Context scope

This project aims at designing and implementing an industrial as well as agricultural
purposes how to get continuity of power supply.

3.2.2 Geographical scope

The study was conducted in Kakira Sub-county Jinja District in Eastern region of Uganda.

3.2.3 Time scope

This project is based on both theoretical and methodological data, thus it has taken five
months.

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CHAPTER – 4

4.1 Literature review

The term transformer is the main component of any power system. It converts the level of
voltage from one to another.The main aim of the project is to provide the uninterrupted power
supply to the consumer and also increase the reliability of whole the power system.If the fault
occurs on transformer. Hence, the consumer cannot get reliable power supply. So, for providing
the reliable power supply. So this transformer interconnected by using microcontroller.
Microcontroller has a reference value of voltage it compares the voltage with its reference
voltage. Here, three circuits, first sensing circuit which gives the output of 5V to the controller
pin, second is the power supply circuit which gives the 5V DC for the operation of the
microcontroller and third is the relay driver circuit which take the signal from controller
according to it relay changes the position of contact. In project, we interface the LCD with
microcontroller which display the normal or abnormal condition.
One time we visited to a substation addressed A/p-Bhose(k), Tal- Pandharpur, Dist- Solapur.
The incoming supply of these substation is 33 KVA, and these supply is converted into 11 KVA
by using step-down transformer. There are two main transformers installed rating of 5 MVA.
The load is distributed to all village and agricultural area by the distribution line. We going to
agricultural area for collecting information about working of transformers. But we was see a
problem there. There are two transformers sector-A transformer rating 25KVA and another
sector- B transformer rating is also 25 KVA. When sector- A transformer get overloaded then
the whole operation of sector-A transformer will get turned-off and another side sector-B
transformer working on its under full load capacity and we click the idea to search solution on
this problem. After reading some research paper and discuss with sir and madam we get the
solution of this problem and we were get ready to work on these project. We have made
provision for the load sharing and load shedding automatically on transformer with the help of
Arduino.

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Chapter – 5

5.1 Block diagram of system

Power supply

Current
LCD
sensor

Arduino Relay- 1 T/F- 1 Load

Digital
timer T/F- 2
Relay- 2

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Chapter -6

6.1 Transformer

Transformer is static device which is used step up or step down the voltage when frequency is
constant . In this project we are use step down transformer to step down the voltage . we use 230
v to 12 v .

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6.2 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as
amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another
circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or
other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts,
instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".

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6.3 LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on
the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to
learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

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6.4 Arduino

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You
can tinker with your Uno without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.
The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past
or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

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6.5 Current sensor

A current sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily measurable output
voltage, which is proportional to the current through the measured path. There are a wide variety
of sensors, and each sensor is suitable for a specific current range and environmental condition.
Among these sensors, a current sensing resistor is the most commonly used. It can be considered
a current-to-voltage converter, where inserting a resistor into the current path, the current is
converted to voltage in a linear way. The technology used by the current sensor is important
because different sensors can have different characteristics for a variety of applications.

Current sensors are based on either open or closed loop hall effect technology. A closed-loop
sensor has a coil that is actively driven to produce a magnetic field that opposes the field
produced by the current being sensed. The hall sensor is used as a null-detecting device, and the
output signal is proportional to the current being driven into the coil, which is proportional to
the current being measured.

In an open loop current sensor, the magnetic flux created by the primary current is concentrated
in a magnetic circuit and measured using a hall device. The output from the hall device is the
signal conditioned to provide an exact (instantaneous) representation of the primary current.

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6.6 Digital timer

Digital timers keep track of timing; to trigger an action, to start timing once triggered by an
action, or both. Some products are programmable while others may be fixed at a set internal
time and function.

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Chapter - 7

7.1 Advantages

 Continuity of supply is maintained.

 Less space required.

 Chances of faults and damage are avoided due to

overloading.

 Cost efficient.

 The load is automatically shared by transformer.

 No manual errors are taking place.

7.2 Disadvantages

 Complicated circuit.

7.3 Applications

 In agricultural areas.

 In domestic areas.

 In electricity sub-stations.

 In MIDC.

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Chapter - 8

8.1 Future scope

 Today electricity is a most important part of the human life, and also most of the our daily
activities could not work out without an electricity like as mobile charging, electricity for
the water pump in the farm.
 This need of electricity is fulfilled by transformer that may be step up or step down.
 In industrial and agricultural sector presences of electricity is necessary because industry is
producing no of product at time and at that time if electricity is cut off due to overloading
on transformer then this will become harmful for the industry.
 Generally to avoid this they usage standby transformer which increases circuit cost as well
as space require.
 Instead of this we have made a project in which secondary of the transformer are tapped on
which load will share without any parallel transformer.
 The main thing is that the total operation is done automatically with the help of arduino.
 So if we arrange that system on distribution transformer then there will not be the need of
parallel connection of transformer. Also due to automatic operation chances of accident are
eliminated.

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Chapter - 9
9.1 Conclusion

In these project, we observed that if load of one transformer is increased then the relay will
sense the change in current & arduino operates & slave transformer comes automatically in
operation to share the load and hence we get un-interrupted power supply.

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Chapter - 10

10.1 Reference

 V. K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta “Principals of power system”, 2003 pp. 104-107.
 Bhel (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) “Transformers”, second edition 2003.
 Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek V. Badarkhe and Vivek B. Bathe,
“Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers”, International Journal for Scientific
Research & Development, Volume 2, Issue 12, pp. 739-741,2015.
 Rekha.T, Bindu Prakash, Asna. S, Dinesh.S and Nandana.S. Prasad, “An Intelligent
Method for Load Sharing of Transformers With Temperature Monitoring and
Automatic Correction of Power Factor”, International Journal Of Engineering Sciences
& Research Technology, Volume 4, Issue3, pp. 416- 421, 2015.
 Abhishek Gupta, Mohit Kothari, Prabhakar Kalani, Prakhar Goyal, Prateek Kumbhar,
Shurveer Singh “Automatic Transformer Distribution and Load Sharing using
Microcontroller” international journal of electrical and electronics research. vol 4, issue
1, month: january-march 2016.
 Akhil Krishnan V, Arun P S , D Yathishan, Jomice Thomas, D K Narayanan “Automatic
Load Sharing of Transformers using Microcontroller ” International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol 5, Issue 4, April
2016.
 Abhijit S. Pande and Nishij G. Kulkarni, “Advanced Technique For soft Synchronizer In
CHP Cogeneration”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology,
Volume 7 Issue 6, pp. 1760-1766, Jan. 201

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