Walchand College Of Engineering, Sangli

(An Autonomous Institute)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Polytechnic Wing

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. G. N. Sargule

A MICROPROJECT ON
“Venturimeter, Orificemeter and Pitot tube”

SUBMITTED BY
Om Kudalkar (219)

Ok Kudalkar 1
 ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Polytechnic Wing

Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli

(An Autonomous Institute)

CERTIFICATE
Certified That This Project Report Titled “Information About Slip Gauges." Is The Work
Under My Guidance for The Partial Fulfillment Of The Award Of S.Y. Mechanical
Diploma Under Walchand College Of Engineering, Sangli, For The Academic Year 2023-
24.

Mr. G. N. Sargule Mr. A. V. KAMBLE

Project Head Vice Principal

Ok Kudalkar 2
 INDEX

Sr No. Title page No.

From To

1 Chapter 1- Introduction 4 4

2 Chapter 2- Venturimeter 5 6

3 Chapter 3- Orificemeter 7 8

4 Chapter 4 - Pitot Tube 9 10

5 Chapter 5- Experimental Setup of 11 11

Venturimeter
6 Chapter 6 - Experimental Setup of 12 12
Orificemeter
7 Chapter 7 - Experimental Setup of Pitot Tube 13 13

8 Chapter 8 - Conclusion 14 14

9 Chapter 9 – Referance 15 15

Ok Kudalkar 3
 Chapter 1 – Introduction

In the realm of fluid mechanics and engineering, the precise measurement and control of
fluid flow are paramount for various industrial applications, ranging from water distribution
systems to aerospace propulsion. Venturimeter, Orificemeter, and Pitot Tube stand as
stalwarts in this domain, offering reliable methods for quantifying flow rates and velocities
in fluid systems.
These instruments, though distinct in design and principle, share a common objective: to
accurately determine the flow parameters of a fluid, including velocity, pressure, and
volumetric flow rate. Venturimeters exploit the principle of Bernoulli's equation to measure
flow rates by creating a pressure differential between two points in a converging-diverging
tube. Orificemeters, on the other hand, rely on the restriction of flow through a precisely
sized orifice to infer flow velocities and rates based on pressure differentials. Pitot Tubes
utilize the impact and static pressures of a flowing fluid to deduce velocity, commonly
employed in aerodynamics and aircraft instrumentation.
This project delves into the intricate workings and practical applications of these esteemed
instruments, shedding light on their underlying principles, construction, operation, and
accuracy. Through a systematic exploration of Venturimeters, Orificemeters, and Pitot
Tubes, we aim to unravel the complexities of fluid flow measurement and equip ourselves
with the knowledge necessary for tackling real-world engineering challenges.
Join us as we embark on a journey into the fascinating world of Venturimeters,
Orificemeters, and Pitot Tubes, where precision meets innovation in the quest for
understanding and harnessing the power of fluid dynamics

Ok Kudalkar 4
 Chapter 2- Venturimeter

1. Principle of Operation:
- Utilizes the principle of Bernoulli's equation to measure fluid flow rates.

- Consists of a converging-diverging tube, with a narrowing throat section.

2. Construction:
- Comprises three main sections: the converging section, throat section, and diverging
section.

- Gradual decrease in cross-sectional area from the inlet to the throat, followed by an
increase in the diverging section.

3. Working Mechanism:
- As fluid enters the converging section, its velocity increases, leading to a decrease in
static pressure.

- At the throat, the velocity reaches its maximum, causing a further reduction in pressure.

- In the diverging section, the velocity decreases, and pressure increases as per
Bernoulli's principle.

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4. Pressure Differential Measurement:
- Measures the pressure difference between the inlet and throat sections to determine
flow rate.

- Utilizes pressure taps connected to manometers or pressure gauges to measure

pressure variations.

5. Accuracy and Applications:

- Offers high accuracy in flow rate measurement for both liquids and gases.

- Widely used in various industries, including water supply systems, chemical processing,
and HVAC systems.

6. Advantages:
- Simple construction and installation.

- Minimal head loss compared to other flow measurement devices.

- Suitable for a wide range of flow rates and fluid types.

7. Limitations:
- Requires precise calibration for accurate measurements.

- Susceptible to flow disturbances and turbulence.

- Limited to certain flow regimes and Reynolds numbers for optimal performance.

8. Maintenance and Calibration:

- Regular maintenance and calibration are essential to ensure accurate measurements.

- Periodic inspection of pressure taps, tubing, and connections to prevent blockages or

leaks.

9. Future Developments:
- Ongoing research focuses on enhancing Venturimeter designs for improved accuracy
and efficiency.

- Integration with digital flow measurement technologies for real-time monitoring and
control applications.
Ok Kudalkar 6
 Chapter 3 – Orificemeter

1. Principle of Operation:
- Restricts fluid flow through a precisely sized orifice, causing a pressure drop
proportional to flow rate, according to Bernoulli's equation.
2. Components:
- Consists of a flat plate or disk with a centrally located orifice, installed in a
pipeline.
- Upstream and downstream pressure taps are connected to pressure gauges or
transmitters.
3. Installation:
- Positioned in the pipeline to create a pressure differential across the orifice.
- Requires straight pipe lengths upstream and downstream to ensure flow
stability and accuracy.

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4. Flow Measurement:
- Fluid flow passes through the orifice, accelerating as it narrows, resulting in a
pressure drop at the vena contract.
- Pressure differential between upstream and downstream taps is proportional to
flow rate.
5. Calculation of Flow Rate:
- Flow rate is determined using the Bernoulli equation and the principle of
energy conservation.
- Orifice equation correlates pressure drops across the orifice to flow rate,
incorporating discharge coefficient and fluid properties.
6. Types of Orificemeters:
- Concentric Orificemeter: Orifice plate placed concentrically in the pipeline.
- Eccentric Orificemeter: Orifice plate offset from the pipeline centerline,
reducing wear and erosion.
- Segmental Orificemeter: Orifice plate divided into segments to minimize flow
disturbances.
7. Advantages:
- Simple design, easy installation, and low cost.
- Suitable for a wide range of fluid types and flow conditions.
- Provides accurate flow measurement with proper calibration and installation.
8. Limitations:
- Pressure recovery losses result in energy dissipation downstream of the orifice.
- Requires careful calibration and consideration of fluid properties for accurate
measurement.
- Susceptible to fouling, erosion, and blockages, necessitating regular
maintenance and inspection.
9. Applications:
- Widely used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, water
treatment, and HVAC systems.
- Ideal for measuring flow rates of liquids, gases, and steam in pipelines and
ducts.
- Commonly employed for process control, energy management, and flow
monitoring purposes.

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 Chapter 4 – Pitot Tube

1. Principle of Operation:
- The Pitot tube operates on the principle of Bernoulli's equation and the concept
of stagnation pressure.
- It consists of a hollow tube with an opening facing directly into the fluid flow
(the impact or stagnation point) and one or more additional openings perpendicular
to the flow (static pressure ports).
- As fluid flows into the tube, it is brought to rest momentarily at the impact
point, resulting in an increase in pressure known as stagnation pressure.

2. Measurement of Velocity:
- By measuring the difference between stagnation pressure (total pressure) and
static pressure (ambient pressure), the Pitot tube can determine the velocity of the
fluid flow.
- The difference in pressure, known as the Pitot-static pressure, is directly
proportional to the square of the fluid velocity.

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3. Construction and Design:
- Pitot tubes are typically constructed from stainless steel or other corrosion-
resistant materials to withstand harsh environments.
- They come in various shapes and sizes, including straight, L-shaped, and S-
shaped designs, depending on the application and installation requirements.
- Modern Pitot tubes may incorporate multiple pressure ports along the length of
the tube to capture variations in pressure due to turbulence or flow profile.

4. Applications:
- Pitot tubes are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and marine industries for
measuring airspeed, velocity, and flow rates.
- They are integral components of aircraft airspeed indicators, providing crucial
data for pilots during flight.
- In automotive engineering, Pitot tubes are employed in wind tunnel testing and
vehicle aerodynamics analysis.
- They are also used in hydraulic systems, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) systems, and fluid flow research laboratories.

5. Advantages:
- Pitot tubes offer a simple and cost-effective method for measuring fluid
velocities in a wide range of applications.
- They provide real-time velocity data without significantly disrupting the flow
field or requiring complex instrumentation.

6. Limitations:
- Pitot tubes are sensitive to changes in flow direction and turbulence, which can
affect measurement accuracy.
- Calibration and proper positioning of the Pitot tube are crucial to obtaining
accurate velocity measurements.
- They may not be suitable for highly viscous or turbulent flow conditions, where
other flow measurement techniques may be more appropriate.

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 Chapter 5 – Experimental Setup of Venturimeter

1. Components:
- Venturi tube: A tapered tube with a converging section followed by a throat and
a diverging section.
- Pressure taps: Openings located at specific points along the Venturi tube to
measure pressure differentials.
- Manometers: Devices connected to the pressure taps to measure the pressure
drop across the Venturi tube.

2. Setup:
- Install the Venturi tube in the flow pipeline, ensuring proper alignment and
orientation.
- Connect pressure taps to manometers using flexible tubes, ensuring airtight
connections.
- Calibrate the manometers and ensure they are leveled to accurately measure
pressure differentials.

3. Procedure:
- Adjust flow rate through the Venturi tube using flow control valves or pumps.
- Record pressure readings at designated pressure taps using the manometers.
- Calculate the pressure drop across the Venturi tube and the corresponding flow
rate using Bernoulli's equation and empirical correlations.

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 Chapter 6 – Experimental Setup of Orificemeter

1. Components:
- Orifice plate: A flat circular plate with a precisely machined hole (orifice) in the
center.
- Pressure taps: Openings located upstream and downstream of the orifice plate
to measure pressure differentials.
- Manometers: Devices connected to the pressure taps to measure the pressure
drop across the orifice plate.

2. Setup:
- Insert the orifice plate into the flow pipeline, ensuring proper alignment and
sealing.
- Connect pressure taps to manometers using flexible tubes, ensuring airtight
connections.
- Ensure the orifice plate is positioned perpendicular to the flow direction to
minimize flow disturbances.

3. Procedure:
- Adjust flow rate through the orifice plate using flow control valves or pumps.
- Record pressure readings at upstream and downstream pressure taps using the
manometers.
- Calculate the pressure drop across the orifice plate and the corresponding flow
rate using Bernoulli's equation and empirical correlations.

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 Chapter 7 – Experimental Setup of Pitot Tube

1. Components:
- Pitot tube: A hollow tube with an opening (stagnation point) facing directly into
the fluid flow and one or more additional openings (static pressure ports)
perpendicular to the flow.
- Pressure sensors: Devices connected to the Pitot tube to measure stagnation
pressure and static pressure.

2. Setup:
- Insert the Pitot tube into the flow pipeline, positioning the stagnation point
directly facing the flow.
- Connect pressure sensors to the Pitot tube openings using flexible tubes,
ensuring airtight connections.
- Ensure the Pitot tube is aligned with the flow direction to accurately measure
flow velocity.

3. Procedure:
- Adjust flow rate through the pipeline using flow control valves or pumps.
- Record stagnation pressure and static pressure readings using the pressure
sensors.
- Calculate the velocity of the fluid flow using the difference between stagnation
pressure and static pressure, as per Bernoulli's equation.

Each experimental setup should be carefully calibrated and operated according to

standard procedures to ensure accurate and reliable measurements of flow
parameters

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 Chapter 8 – Conclusion

In conclusion, our project on Venturimeter, Orificemeter, and Pitot tube

has provided valuable insights into the principles, operation, and practical
applications of these essential instruments in fluid mechanics and engineering.
Through a systematic exploration of experimental setups, data collection, and
analysis, we have gained a deeper understanding of flow measurement
techniques and their significance in various industries.

Throughout the project, we observed the unique characteristics and

advantages of each instrument. Venturimeters demonstrated precise flow rate
measurement capabilities, leveraging the principle of Bernoulli's equation and
pressure differentials. Orificemeters showcased simplicity and reliability in
measuring flow rates, despite some limitations in accuracy under certain flow
conditions. Pitot tubes emerged as versatile instruments for measuring fluid
velocities, offering real-time data acquisition and applicability in diverse
environments, including aerospace, automotive, and HVAC systems.

Moreover, our experimental setups provided hands-on experience in

configuring, calibrating, and operating Venturimeters, Orificemeters, and Pitot
tubes. By conducting flow rate and velocity measurements, we validated
theoretical principles and gained practical insights into instrument performance
and accuracy.

Looking ahead, the knowledge and experience gained from this project
will serve as a foundation for further exploration and research in fluid flow
measurement and instrumentation. We recognize the importance of continued
learning and refinement of experimental techniques to address evolving
challenges in fluid mechanics and engineering.

In conclusion, our project has deepened our appreciation for the intricate
dynamics of fluid flow and the critical role of Venturimeters, Orificemeters, and
Pitot tubes in advancing engineering applications. As we conclude this project,
we remain committed to furthering our understanding of fluid mechanics and
contributing to innovative solutions in the field.

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 Chapter 9 – Referance

1.Nirali publications (textbook)

2.Tech Max publications (textbook)

3.https://orificemeter.com

4.https://venturimeter.com

5.https://pitottube.com

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