EXPERIMENT NO # ______

TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT
AIM
To determine the Physical Characteristics (Turbidity) of unknown samples.

APPARATUS
Turbidity meter, test tube, test tube stand etc.

REAGENTS

1. Dissolve 1 gm of hydrazine sulphate and dilute to 100 ml. [A]

2. Dissolve 10 gm of hexamethylene tetramine and dilute to 100 ml. [B]
3. Mix 5 ml of each of the above, dilute to 100 ml and allow it to stand for 48 hrs, we
get turbid solution. [C]
4. Standard turbidity suspension: Dilute 10 ml of solution as prepared above to 100 ml.

THEORY: Suspension of particles in water interfacing with passage of light is called

turbidity. It is caused by wide variety of suspended particles which range in size from
colloidal to coarse particles. These particles are organic or inorganic in nature. Turbid
drinking water is undesirable from aesthetic point of view. Turbid water is also not fit for
water treatment. Turbidity also a measure of performance of water treatment plant.

PRINCIPLE: Turbidity can be measured either by its effect on transmission of light which
is termed as Turbidimetry or by its effect on scattering of light known as Nephlometry.
Turbidity meter can be used for sample with moderate turbidity and Nephlometer for sample
with low turbidity. Color is the main source of interference in measurement of turbidity.

PROCEDURE

1) Prepare 4-5 samples of appropriate dilution by adding of 1ml of reagent [C] in

distilled water.
2) Take sample and determine turbidity by reading on turbidity meter in terms of
NTU (Nephlometric Turbidity Unit) as follows.
a) Switch on the instrument and allow it to warm up for 10-15 min.
b) Select the appropriate range.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 1

 c) Set the calibration control to maximum position, clock wise position.
d) Insert the tube with special marking with distilled water into the cell holder
and cover it with a light shield.
e) Adjust the control to zero.
f) Remove the tube and replce with second tube containing standard solution
of known ppm.
Turbidity of various dilutions is determined and the graph is plotted between
ppm and concentration.
3) Take two more unknown smaples e.g. i) soil + water and ii) chalk + water and
find out the turbidity with the help of turbidity meter and the corresponding ppm
from the graph.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr. No. Sample Turbidity

1 Chalk dust

2 Soil 1 (low conc.)

3 Soil 2 (high conc.)

RESULT
The turbidity of unknown samples are determined as:

Sample NTU

Chalk dust

Soil 1 (low conc.)

Soil 2 (high conc.)

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 2

CONCLUSION:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Turbidity are primarily measured by means of gravimetric and conductivity.

Gravimetric is the most accurate and is usually done by evaporating the liquid water with
Turbidity and measuring the mass of residues left. This method is generally the most
accurate, although it is time-consuming and can’t not be done in process on part cleaning
systems easily.

Turbidity is a measure of the amount of material dissolved in water. This material can
include carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium,
sodium, organic ions, and other ions. A certain level of these ions in water is necessary for
aquatic life.

QUESTIONAIRE

1. What is Turbidity?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How turbidity is caused?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Define Turbidimetry?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Define Nephlometry?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. How to measure turbidity of any solution?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 3

 ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. What is the unit of turbidity?
___________________________________________________________________

7. What do you understand by ppm?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8. How to determine the turbidity of various dilutions?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9. What is the importance of turbidity measurement?
(Ref: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/fs2_33.pdf)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. What do you understand about turbidity and how it affects water quality? –Quick
Quiz
(Ref:https://www.tyndale.edu.au/library/Senior/Science/Chemistry/Water_Quality/waterquality/lo/i
nv_03/inv_03_ap03_text.htm)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 4

 EXPERIMENT NO # ______
PH & TDS MEASUREMENT

AIM
To determine the PH and Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) of unknown samples.

APPRATUS

PH Electrode, TDS meter, beaker, test tube, test tube stand etc.

THEORY

A] PH: - The pH of a solution is a measure of hydrogen (H+) ion concentration, which is,
in turn, a measure of acidity. The intensity of Acidic and basic character of a solution is
indicated by ph or hydrogen ion ,at a given temperature.
H2O H+ +OH-

The equilibrium constant for this reaction, Kw is the product of H+ and OH concentrations
and is equal to 10-14. This relationship may be expressed as

[H+] [OH-] = Kw = 10 -14

Where [H+] and [OH-] are the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions respectively

In a neutral solution the H+ concentration is 10 -7, so the pH is 7.

As the H+ concentration increases the pH decreases. For example, if the H +

concentration is the pH is 4, and the solution is acidic. In this solution, we see that the OH
concentration is
10-14 / 10-4, or 10-10. Since 10-4 is much greater than 10-10 the solution contains a large excess
of H+ ions, confirming that it is indeed acidic.

Any solution where the H+ concentration is less than 10-7 or the pH is greater than 7, would
be basic. The pH range in dilute samples is from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), and
in water samples is rarely below 4 or above 10.

The measurement of pH is now almost universally done using electronic pH meters.

The pH of an effluent or water sample is important in almost all phases of drinking water
and wastewater treatment.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 5

PROCEDURE:

1. Calibrate the electrodes with two standard buffer solutions of pH.

2. Immerse the electrodes into the sample of water (whose pH is to be determined) and
wait up to one minute for steady reading.
3. The reading is observed after the indicated value becomes constant.

OBSERVATIONS :

Sr. No. Type of solution

PH Value

1 Tap water

2 Distilled water

3 Sample Waste Water

B] Total dissolved solids ( TDS): Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or
wastewater. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways.
Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce an
unfavourable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. For these reasons, a limit of
500 mg dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking waters.

Total solids: is the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation of a sample and its
subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature.

Total solids = total suspended solids + total dissolved solids

Total suspended solids: the portion of total solids retained by a filter of 2µ m.

Total dissolved solids: the portion that passes through the filter of 2µ m or smaller.

Factors affecting separation of suspended from dissolved solids:

1. The pore size.

2. Porosity
3. Thickness of the filter
4. Particle size.
5. Amount of material deposited on the filter.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 6

 Total solids = Fixed solids + Volatile solids

Fixed solids: is the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness
for a specified time at a specified temperature.

Volatile solids: is the weight loss on ignition. It includes losses due to decomposition or
volatilization of some mineral salts.

Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) is a preferred technology in the areas where safety and other
benefits take precedence over water wastage:

i. Many people complain of ‘heaviness’ or ‘salinity’ in the water when TDS

exceeds 500 mg/L or when hardness (Calcium and Magnesium) exceeds 200
mg/L. To make this water potable as per BIS norms, and to achieve acceptable
taste, RO usage is vital.

ii. Long-term consumption of such high TDS water can result in excess mineral
agglomeration causing stress on kidneys, and also leading to kidney ‘stones’,
which is an acute health issue.

iii. Additionally, due to anthropogenic activities, we find high levels of heavy metals
like lead, arsenic and other contaminants in the input water that must be removed
by RO in a household application to render safe drinking water. Other
technologies (like UV or boiling or resin-based) cannot remove these heavy
metals to acceptable global standards.

PROCEDURE:

1. Calibrate the TDS meter by standard solutions.

2. Immerse the TDS electrodes into the sample of water (whose TDS is to be
determined)and wait up to one minute for steady reading.

3. The reading is observed after the indicated value becomes constant.

OBSERVATION:

Sr. No. Type of solution TDS Value

1 Tap water

2 Distilled water

3 Sample Waste Water

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 7

 CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:

⮚ Water treatment plants and home water use:-

Water that has high TDS values will taste salty, metallic, or bitter. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the maximum level of total dissolved solids
for drinking water to be 500 milligrams (half a gram) of dissolved solids for every litre of
water.

⮚ River, lake, and stream testing:-

Pure water has nothing dissolved in it. So pure water has zero total dissolved solids.
However, when minerals, salts, and pollutants dissolve in water, then the total amount of
these dissolved solids gives an indication of the water's quality. The Environmental
Protection Agency, for example, would measure total dissolved solids (TDS) in lakes,
rivers, and streams to monitor water quality.

⮚ Swimming pool and spa maintenance:-

High TDS indicates hard water, meaning there are a lot of dissolved minerals that
will form scale (white crusty mineral deposits made mostly of calcium carbonate) on the
sides of the swimming pool or spa and the insides of pipes. Monitoring TDS can allow
intervention before scale forms.

⮚ Agriculture and hydroponics (hydroponics is the science of growing plants without soil):

Moisture in soil that has high salt levels will not move into the plants' roots, causing
drought symptoms even when there is plenty of water present. A TDS meter can see if the
water for the plants is too salty. A high TDS level indicates plenty of nutrients are present
in it.

⮚ Aquaculture:
Aquaculture is the farming of fish, oysters, or seaweed in controlled environments.
TDS levels are monitored because high levels of TDS can kill young fish.

QUESTIONAIRE

1. Define fixed solid & Volatile solid?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 8

 __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What is permissible limit of TDS for drinking water?
__________________________________________________________________
3. What is PH Scale?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Which health issue can cause due to long term consumption of high TDS water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. What is R.O.?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
6. State the relation between PH, EC & TDS?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the meaning of Total Solid?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. How to calibrate PH electrode & TDS meter?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. What is the difference between TDS & TSS?
( Ref: http://water.ky.gov/groundwater/Documents/BMU2_NPS_report3.pdf)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 9

 __________________________________________________________________
10. How to Calculate Total Dissolved Solids
( Ref: https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Total-Dissolved-Solids)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 10

 EXPERIMENT NO # ______

CHLORIDE DETERMINATION
AIM
To determine the chlorides of given waste water.

APPRATUS
Burette with Burette standard porcelain tile, Pipettes with elongated tips, Conical
flask, Standard flask, Beaker, Wash bottle

REAGENTS
1. Silver nitrate
2. Phenolphthalein Indicator
3. Sodium chloride
4. Potassium chromate

Standard Silver Nitrate (0.0282N)

● Weigh4.791g of Silver nitrate and transfer it to the beaker with distilled water.

● Transfer the contents in the beaker to a100 ml standard flask, fill

distilled water upto100 ml mark.

● Standardize it against 0.0282 N AgNO3 solutions. Store it in an amber

bottle.

Potassium Chromate Indicator

● Weigh 25 gm of Potassium Chromate. Transfer it to the beaker contains

distilled water. Add few drops of Silver Nitrate solution until slight red
precipitate is formed.

● Allow it to stand for 12 hours. After 12 hours filter the solution using
filter paper and dilute the filtrate to1000 ml using distilled water.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 11

THEORY

Chlorides are widely distributed as salts of calcium, sodium and potassium in water
and wastewater. In portable water, the salty taste produced by chloride concentrations is
variable and dependent on the chemical composition of water. The major taste producing
salts in water are sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The salty taste is due to chloride
anions and associated cations in water. In Some water which is having only 250 mg/ltr of
chloride may have a detectable salty taste if the cation present in the water is sodium. On
the other hand, a typical salty taste may be absent even if the water is having very high
chloride concentration for example 1000 mg/L. This is because the predominant cation
present in the water is not sodium but either calcium or magnesium may be present. The
amount of chloride present in water can be easily determined by titrating the given water
sample with silver nitrate solution. The silver nitrate reacts with chloride ion according
to1mole of AgNO3 reacts with 1 mole of chloride. The titrant concentration is generally
0.02 M. Silver chloride is precipitated quantitatively, before red silver chromate is formed.
The end of titration is indicated by formation of red silver chromate from excess silver
-
nitrate. The results are expressed in mg/ltr of chloride (Cl with a molecular weight of 35.453

g/mol).

ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

● Chlorides associated with sodium (Sodium Chloride) exert salty taste when its
concentration is more than 250 mg/L. These impact a salty taste of water.
Chlorides are generally limited to 250 mg/L in water supplies in ended for public
water supply.
In many areas of the world where water supplies are scarce, sources containing
as much as 2000 mg/L are used for domestic purposes without the development
of adverse effect, once the human system becomes adapted to the water.

● It can also corrode concrete. Magnesium chloride in water generates hydrochloric

acid after heating which is also highly corrosive and creates problem in boilers.

● Chloride determinations in natural waters are use full in the selection of water
supplies for human use.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 12

 ● Chloride determination is used to determine the type of desalting apparatus to be
used.

● Chloride determination is used to control pumping of ground water from locations

wherein trusion of seawater is a problem.

● Chlorides interfere in the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD).

SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION

Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will continue after a
sample has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage.

If Analysis is to be carried out within two hours of collection, cool storage is not
necessary. If analysis cannot be started within the two hours of sample collection to reduce
the change in sample, keep all samples at 40C.
Do not allow samples to freeze. Do not open sample bottle before analysis. Begin
analysis within six hours of sample collection.

PRECAUTIONS

● AgNO3 should be stored in a brown amber bottle and should not be

exposed to sunlight.
● While handling AgNO3, care should be taken so that it is not spilled on your
skin.

● If it spills on your skin, the scar will remain at least fourteen to fifteen days.

PROCEDURE

Testing Of Sample

● Before starting the titration rinse the burette with silver nitrate solution. Fill
the burette with silver nitrate solution of 0.0282N. Adjust to zero and fix the
burette in stand.

● Take 20 ml of the sample in a clean 250 ml conical flask

● Add 1 ml of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow color

● Titrate the sample against silver nitrate

Solution until the color changes from yellow to brick red i.e., the end point.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 13

 ● Note the volume of Silver nitrate added (A).

● The value of titration is 3.3 ml.

● Repeat the procedure for concordant values.

Blank Titration
● Take 20 ml of the distilled water in a clean 250 ml conical flask
● Add 1 ml of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow color

● Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from
yellow to brick red .i.e., the end point.

● Note the volume of silver nitrate added for distilled water (B).

● The value of titration is 0.2 ml

OBSERVATION:

Burette Reading (ml)

Sample Volume of Volume of AgNO3
No Sample (ml) (ml)
Initial Final

1.

2.

Blank (B)

CALCULATION:

Volume of Silver Nitrate for sample (Vs) = __________

Volume of Silver Nitrate for Blank (VB) = __________

Normality of AgNO3 = __________

Volume of Sample = _________

Equivalent weight of Chlorine = _________

Chlorides present = (VS - VB) X Normality X 35.45 X 1000

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 14

 Volume of sample taken

= __________________________

Chlorides concentration = …………………………. mg/ltr

RESULT:

The Chloride Concentration in given samples are as follows:

Sample 1= ……………………..mg/ltr

Sample 2= ……………………..mg/ltr

CONCLUSION:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Chloride in water may be considerably increased by treatment processes in which

chlorine or chloride is used. The measured chloride ions can be used to know salinity of
different water sources. For brackish water (or sea water or industrial brine solution), it is
an important parameter and indicates the extent of desalting of apparatus required.

Chloride ions are used as tracer ions in column studies to model fate of different
contaminants in soil and liquid media.

QUESTIONAIRE

1. How the Chloride in water can be determine?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What is the minimum and maximum range of Chloride content in different water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 15

 3. State the unit to express the chloride content of any solution?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. State the permissible limit of drinking water? Why?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. What are the environmental effects are observed by Chloride content water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. How to control the Chloride content in water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the chemical reaction for chloride water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. State the industrial application of chloride content water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. State the effects of chloride in well water, and how to remove it?
(https://www.cleanwaterstore.com/blog/effects-of-chloride-in-well-water-and-how-to-remove-it/)

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Why are chlorides undesirable in water?
(Ref: https://www.quora.com/Why-are-chlorides-undesirable-in-water)

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 16

 _______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO # ______

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (B.O.D.)

AIM
To determine the B.O.D. of the given waste water sample.

APPRATUS
B.O.D. Incubator, B.O.D. bottle (300 ml capacity), pipette, volumetric flask, etc

REAGENTS

a) Mangenous Sulphate solution

Dissolve 480 g of MnSO4.4H2O or 400 g of MnSO4.2H2O or 360 g of
MnSO4.H2O in 1000 ml of distilled water.
b) Alkaline Iodide Sodium Azide solution.
Dissolve either 500 g of Sodium Hydroxide or 700 g of Potassium Hydroxide
+ 135 g of Sodium Iodide or 150 g of Potassium Iodide and dissolve in 1000
ml distilled water. Dissolve 10 g of Sodium Azide in 40 ml of distilled water
and add this with constant stirring to the cool alkaline iodide solution
prepared.
c) Sodium thiosulphate stock solution.
Add 25 g of Na2S2O3.5H2O in 1000 ml of distilled water.
d) Starch indicator
Weigh approximately 2 g starch and dissolve in 100 ml of hot distilled water.
e) Calcium chloride Solution.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 17

 Add 27.5 gm of anhydrous Calcium Chloride and dissolve in 100 ml of
distilled water.
f) Magnesium sulphate Solution
Add 22.5 gm of Magnesium Sulphate to 100 ml distilled water.
g) Ferric Chloride solution
Add .15 g ferric chloride in 100 ml distilled water.
h) Phosphate Buffer Solution
Add 8.5 g of Pottassium Dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and dissolve in
distilled water. Then add 21.75 gm of Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
(K2HPO4) and dissolve it. To the same beaker add 33.4 g of Disodium
hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4.7H2O). Finally to the beaker add 1.7 g of
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and dissolve it. Make the solution up to 1000
ml. The pH should be 7.2 without further adjustment.
i) Dilution water
Take 1 lit of organic free distilled water and aerated with a supply of clean
compressed air for at least 12 hours. Allow it to stabilize by incubating it at
20ͦ0 C for four hours. Then add 1 ml of Calcium chloride solution + 1 ml of
Magnesium Sulphate solution + 1 ml of Ferric Chloride solution and 1 ml of
Phosphate buffer solution.

THEORY AND PRINCIPLE

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) determination is a chemical procedure for

determining the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms in a water body
to break the organic materials present in the given water sample at certain temperature over
a specific period of time.

BOD of water or polluted water is the amount of oxygen required for the biological
decomposition of dissolved organic matter to occur under standard conditions at a
standardized time and temperature. Usually the time is taken as 5 days and the temperature
is 200C.

The test measures the molecular oxygen utilized during specified incubation period for the
biochemical degradation of organic material (carbonaceous demand) and the oxygen used

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 18

to oxidize inorganic material such as sulfides and ferrous ion. It may also measure the
amount of oxygen used to oxidize reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand).

Generally the BOD test is carried out by determining the dissolved oxygen on the
wastewater or a diluted mixture at the beginning of the test period, incubating the
wastewater mixture at 20°C, and determining the dissolved oxygen at the end of 5 days. The
difference in dissolved oxygen between the initial measurement and the fifth day
measurement represents the biochemical oxygen demand.

ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE:
BOD is the principle test to give an idea of the bio-degradability of any sample and strength
of the waste. Hence the amount of pollution can be easily measured by it. Efficiency of any
treatment plant can be judged by considering influent BOD and the effluent BOD can also
the organic loading on the unit.

Ordinary domestic sewage may have a BOD of 200 mg/L. Any effluent to be discharged in
to natural bodies of water should have BOD < 30 mg/L.

Drinking water usually has a BOD of < 1 mg/L. But when BOD value reaches 5 mg/L, the
water is doubtful in purity.

PROCEDURE

1) Take four 300 ml glassed stoppered BOD bottles (2 for the sample and 2 for blank).
2) Add 10 ml of the sample to each of the two BOD bottles and fill the remaining
quantity with dilution water. i.e. we have diluted the sample 10 times.
3) The remaining two BOD bottles are for blank, to these bottles add dilution water
alone. After the addition immediately place the glass stopper over the BOD bottles
and note down the numbers of bottles for identification.
4) Now preserve one blank solution bottle and one sample solution bottle in a BOD
incubator at 200ͦC for 5 days. The other two bottles need to be analyzed immediately.
Avoid any kind of bubbling and trapping of air bubbles.
5) Add 2 ml of Manganese Sulphate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated
pipette just below the surface of the liquid.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 19

 6) Add 2 ml of alkali iodide azide reagent in the same manner (The pipette should be
dipped inside the sample while adding the above two reagents. If the reagent is added
above the sample surface you will introduce the oxygen in to the sample.).
7) Allow it to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
8) When this flock has settled to the bottom shake the contents thoroughly by turning
it upside down.
9) Add 2 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid through a pipette just held above the surface
of the sample.
10) Carefully put the stopper and invert several times to dissolve the flock.
11) Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to the
flask.
12) Fill the burette with Sodium Thiosulphate.
13) Measure out 203 ml of the solution from the bottle and transfer it to a titration flask.
14) Titrate the solution with standard sodium thiosulphate solution until the yellow color
of liberated iodine is almost faded out (Pale yellow color).
15) Add 1 ml of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue color disappears
to colorless.
16) Note down the volume of sodium thiosulpahte solution added which gives the DO
in mg/L. Repeat the titration for concordant values.
17) After 5 days take out the bottles from the BOD incubator and analyze the samples
and blank for DO by following the same steps.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No Day Volume of Burette reading Volume of Dissolved

sample (ml) (ml) titrant (ml) oxygen
Initial Final (mg/L)
Blank

Blank

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 20

2

CALCULATION

BOD = [DO (0) – DO (5) – BC] × Volume of the diluted sample

__________________________________
Volume of sample taken

Where,
DO (0) – Initial DO of the diluted sample.

DO (5) – DO at the end of 5 days for the diluted sample

BC = Initial DO of the blank – DO at the end of 5 days for the blank = C0 – C5

BOD = [ - - ]X ( )
__________________________________
( )
BOD = ……………. mg/lit.

RESULT

The B.O.D. of a given sample is …………………..mg/lit.

CONCLUSION

Drinking water has B.O.D. less than 1 mg/lit and water that is considerably fairly
pure has B.O.D. less than 3 mg/ litre. When B.O.D. is greater than this value then the water
is not pure.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

The determination of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD) evaluates the amount of biodegradable organic material present in wastewater,
effluent and polluted waters. The BOD test reflects the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO)
consumed by bacteria while oxidizing these materials.

Dissolved oxygen is essential for the life of aquatic fauna and flora, and the BOD test is a
measure of the ecological impact that effluent water may have on the receiving body of
water (river, lake, etc.). This test is often required in discharge permits, as it is a means of
assessing the degree of water pollution.

QUESTIONAIRE

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 21

 1. Explain B.O.D. in detail ?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. State the permissible limit of BOD for drinking and sewage water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How to determine the bio-degradability of any waste water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Why BOD test occur under standard conditions at a standardized time and
temperature?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. How the efficiency of any treatment plant can be judged?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. State the role of sulphate solution in BOD treatment?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the limitation of BOD process?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. State the Industrial application of BOD process?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. State the role of BOD in Effluent water treatment plant?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 22

 (Ref:https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/26988/what-is-cod-and-bod-in-waste-water-
treatment-plant/)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the difference between BOD & COD?
(https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-difference-between-bod-cod-ben-ohlmeyer)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO # ______

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (C.O.D.)

AIM
To determine the C.O.D. of the given waste water sample.

APPARATUS

COD Digester, reagents, Reflux flask, glass beads, air condenser and titration assembly, etc

REAGENTS

1. K2Cr2O7 solution – dissolve 49.036 gms of K2Cr2O7 in 1L distilled water for 1N

solution. Dissolve 12.259gms of K2Cr2O7 in 1L distilled water for preparation of
0.25N solution.

2. Silver Sulphate Sulphuric Acid solution- dissolve 10gms of silver sulphate in 2.5
lit. of conc. H2SO4

3. 0.1 N FAS – Dissolve 40 gms of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS) in previously

cooled mixture of 40ml of H2SO4 and 200ml of distilled water and then dilute with
water to 1000 ml and mix.

THEORY AND PRINCIPLE

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 23

 The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test measures the oxygen equivalent
consumed by organic matter in a sample during strong chemical oxidation. The strong
chemical oxidation conditions are provided by the reagents used in the analysis.
During COD determination, the organic matter present in the sample gets oxidized
completely by potassium dichromate in the presence of sulphuric acid, silver sulphate and
mercury sulphate to produce CO2 and H2O. The sample is then refluxed with a known
amount of potassium dichromate in the presence of sulphuric acid medium and the excess
potassium dichromate is determined by titration against ferrous ammonium sulphate, using
ferroin as an indicator. The dichromate consumed by the sample is equivalent to the amount
of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter.

The advantages of the COD test as compared to the BOD test are:
1. COD results are available much sooner.
2. The COD test requires fewer manipulations of the sample.
3. The COD test oxidizes a wider range of chemical
compounds.
4. It can be standardized more easily

The major disadvantage of the COD test is that the results are not directly applicable
to the 5-day BOD results without correlation studies over a long period of time. The
samples used for the COD analysis may be grab or composite. Preservation of the sample
can be accomplished by adding sulfuric acid to depress the pH to 2 and the holding time
with preservation is 7 days.

PROCEDURE

1. Set the temperature at 1500C and timer at 2 hrs in the COD Digester.
2. Place the reaction vessels in cool water bath and then add the following
3. Add 10ml of 0.25N K2Cr2O7 + 20ml sample + 30ml Silver sulphate sulphuric acid
solution + 1gm of Mercuric sulphate in reaction vessel. Prepare another reaction
vessel following the same procedure for blank estimation ( in blank reaction vessel
add distilled water instead of sample)

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 24

 4. After the COD Digester has attained the desired temperature, carefully place the
both reaction vessels in the holes of digestion block.
5. Put air condensers on the reaction vessels.
6. Reflux the contents for 2hrs.
7. After the reaction is over, switch off the COD Digester. Then slowly add 20ml
distilled water in both the reaction vessels which are highly hot.
8. Slowly transfer both reaction vessels to a cool water bath and add 60ml distilled
water.
9. After both the reaction vessels have attained room temperature, transfer the contents
into two different conical flask.
10. Add few drops of ferroin indicator in the contents in both the conical flask.
11. And titrate with 0.1N Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate solution.
12. The end point will be the color change from yellow to reddish brown.
OBSERVATIONS

1. Volume of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution for Blank= …………….ml

2. Volume of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution for Sample= …………..ml
3. Normality of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 = ……………………………..N
4. Volume of sample = …………………..ml

CALCULATION

COD = (Sample reading – Blank reading) × N of FAS × 8000

Sample size (20ml)

COD = __________________________________ = .........................mg/lit

RESULT

The C.O.D. for a given sample is ……………………mg/lit

CONCLUSION

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 25

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Real Time Chemical Oxygen Demand Improves Wastewater Management. water quality
analysis technology provides food and beverage processors with accurate, real time data that
enables them to make timely decisions and effectively manage their water and wastewater.

Rapid, reliable and economical testing helps companies remain in compliance with their
permits and respond quickly

QUESTIONAIRE

1. Explain C.O.D. in detail ?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. State the permissible limit of COD for drinking and sewage water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How to determine the bio-degradability of any waste water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Why COD test occur under standard conditions at a standardized time and
temperature?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. How the efficiency of any treatment plant can be judged?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 26

 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. State the role of sulphate solution in COD treatment?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the limitation of COD process?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. State the Industrial application of COD process?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. State the role of COD in Effluent water treatment plant?
(Ref: https://www.butlerms.com/sewage-parameters-7-chemical-oxygen-demand-cod)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. State the ways to reduce COD in wastewater?
(Ref:https://medium.com/@MrJojo77/5-ways-to-reduce-cod-in-wastewater-d217bb5d5574)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 27

 EXPERIMENT NO # _____

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SOLIDS (T.S.)

AIM
To determine the Total Solids in given sample.

APPARATUS

Sample, filter paper, crucible, hot air oven, weighing balance, etc

PRINCIPLE

Total Solids (TS)

The term solids is generally used when referring to any material suspended or dissolved in
water or waste water that can be physically isolated either through filtration or through
evaporation.

Solids can be classified as filterable or non filterable. Filterable solids may be settle able or
non settle able. Solids can also be classified as organic or inorganic.

Total solids are the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation
of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 28

Measurement of solids can be made in different water samples (industrial, domestic and
drinking water) and it is defined as residue upon evaporation of free water.

Thus, Total solids are nothing but summation of total dissolved solids and total suspended
solids.

Environmental significance
Solid analyses are important in the control of biological and physical waste water
treatment processes and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency waste water
effluent limitations. Although the waste water or sewage normally contains 99.9 percent of
water and only 0.1 percent of solids, but it is the solids that have the nuisance value. The
amount of solids in waste water is frequently used to describe the strength of the water. The
more solids present in particular waste water, the stronger that waste water will be. The
environmental impacts of solids in all forms have detrimental effects on quality since they
cause putrefaction problems. If the solids in waste water are mostly organic, the impact on
a treatment plant is greater than if the solids are mostly inorganic.

PROCEDURE
1. Pre weigh an empty, dry and clean crucible dish before use.
2. Place 25ml of waste water sample in this pre-weighed dish.
3. Keep the crucible with the sample in an hot air oven and adjust the temperature to
105˚C
4. Wait until the water evaporates completely.
5. After that cool the crucible in a desecrator. Desiccators are designed to provide an
environment of standard dryness.
6. As soon as it is cooled again weigh the crucible.
7. The difference between the empty and filled crucible will give the total solid content.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION

Initial weight of the crucible (W1) = ……..… gm

Final weight of the crucible + sample (after evaporation) (W2) =…..…..gm

Weight of Residue (W) = W2-W1= ……….…gm

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 29

RESULT

The Total Solids present in a given sample is …………gm

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Total solids is a measurement that includes the combination of total dissolved solids
and total suspended solids. It is a measurement that is often used in the water treatment
industry. A higher total solids level indicates that there is a high level of solid material in a
water sample. Depending on the evaluation criteria, a high level of total solids could cause
the sample to be considered contaminated.

The correct balance of dissolved solids in the water is essential to the health of
aquatic organisms for several reasons.

QUESTIONAIRE:

1. Define the term Solid?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Give the classification of Solid?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. What do you understand from total solid?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What are the contents of waste water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. What do you mean by residue?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 30

 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. How the solid can change the purity of water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. How can we remove dissolve solids?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. What is turbidity?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Which disease can occur by drinking solid contain water?
(Ref:http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/water-pollution-and-human-health-7925.html)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. State the alternative process to remove solids from water?
(Ref:https://www.quora.com/What-are-alternatives-to-RO-to-reduce-the-TDS-of-water-in-a-water-
treatment-plant-in-an-affordable-way)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 31

 EXPERIMENT NO # ______

DISSOLVE OXYGEN (D. O.)

AIM
To determine the Dissolve Oxygen of the given water sample.

APPARATUS

300 ml BOD bottle with quick gas stopper, burette, graduated pipette (10ml), Pipette
(25ml), conical flask, measuring cylinder, etc

REAGENTS

1. Preparation of Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) solution:

Dissolve 24.82 gm of Na2S2O3.5H2O in water and make up the volume to 1
litre with distilled water to prepare 0.1 N Na2S2O3.5H2O solution. Then 250ml of
this solution is diluted to 1 litre with distilled water to obtain 0.025 N Na2S2O3.5H2O
solution.
2. Preparation of Alkaline Iodide –Azide solution:
Weigh out 50 gm of sodium hydroxide, 13.5 gm of sodium iodide and 1 gm
of sodium azide and dissolve in water and make up the volume to 1 litre in a
standardization flask.
3. Preparation of Manganese Sulphate solution (40%):

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 32

 Dissolve 80 gm of MnSO4.4H2O in 200 ml of distilled water and filter the
solution.
4. Preparation of Starch Indicator solution:
Dissolve 1 gm of starch in 100 ml warm distilled water add a few drops of
formaldehyde solution as a preservative.
5. Concentrated Sulphuric Acid solution:

THEORY

Dissolve oxygen is essential for sustaining plant and animal life in any aquatic
system. It is the amount of oxygen that is present in water in dissolve form. Fish and other
aquatic animal species require oxygen, and a stream must have a minimum of about 2 mg/ltr
of dissolve oxygen to maintain higher life forms. At least 4-5 mg/ltr of dissolve oxygen is
required for game fish and some species may require more. The dissolve oxygen content is
not only important with respect to the species of aquatic life which cam survive in the water,
but also its measure of its ability to oxidize organic impurities in the water. Despite the
advent of oxygen-selective electrode direct titration on water samples are still used
extensively.

One of the most useful titrations involving iodine (or iodometric titrations) is that originally
developed by Winkler (or Winkler’s method) to determine the amount of oxygen in samples
of water.

In order to avoid loss oxygen from the water sample it is ‘fixed’ by its reaction with
manganese (II) hydroxide which is converted rapidly and quantitatively to manganese (III)
hydroxide:

4 Mn(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Mn(OH)3

The brown precipitate obtained dissolves on acidification and oxidizes iodide ions to iodine:

Mn(OH)3 + I-- +3H+ Mn2+ +1/2I2 + 3H2O

The free iodine may then be determine by titration with sodium thiosulphate.

2S2O32- + I2 S4O62- + 2I-

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 33

This means that 4 moles of thiosulphate corresponds to 1 mole of dissolve oxygen. The main
interference is due to presence of nitrates. This is overcome by treating the original water
sample with sodium azide, which destroys any nitrate when the sample is acidified:

HNO2 + HN3 N2 + N2O + H2O

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill tap water (sample) in a glass stopper BOD bottle up to a known volume (300
ml). Avoid bubbling.
2. Add 2ml of MnSO4 and 2ml of alkaline iodide-azide solution. The reagents are added
at the bottom carefully with a graduated pipette.
3. Place the stopper and shake the solution well. Allow the precipitate to settle down.
4. Add 1-5 ml (typically 2.5 ml) of con. Sulphuric acid and shake well to dissolve the
precipitate.
5. Titrate the whole part of solution (15, 25, 100 ml) with 0.025N Na 2S2O3.5H2O
solution with starch as the indicator. Disappearance of blue colour is the end point.
Let the reading be A ml.
6. Standardization of sodium thiosulphate solution is also to be carried out.

OBSERVATIONS

1. Solution in burette: 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate

2. Solution in BOD bottle: 300 ml of sample water + 2 ml of MnSO 4 and 2 ml of
alkaline iodide-azide solution +2.5ml of H2SO4.
3. Solution in conical flask: 100 ml BOD sample
4. Indicator: 1 drop of Methyl Blue
5. End point: Blue to colourless
6. Burette Reading(A) : ............ml

CALCULATIONS

1 ml of 0.025 N Na2S2O3.5H2O corresponds to 0.2 gm of oxygen (O2)

Dissolve Oxygen (D.O.) = (A X 0.025 X 1000) / (Volume of sample)

Dissolve Oxygen (D.O.) = ( X 0.025 X 1000) / ( )

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 34

 Dissolve Oxygen (D.O.) =................. mg/ltr.

RESULT

Dissolve Oxygen (D.O.) in the given water sample is ............... mg/ltr.

CONCLUSION

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Oxygen gets into the water by diffusion from the atmosphere, aeration of the water
as it tumbles over rocks and waterfalls, and as a product of photosynthesis. The oxygen
content of water will decrease when there is an increase in nutrients and organic materials
from industrial wastewater, sewage discharges, and runoff from the land. (Intensive land
uses such as farming produce more nutrients in runoff than native forest.) Excessive plant
and algae growth and decay in response to increasing nutrients in waterways can
significantly affect the amount of dissolved oxygen available .

QUESTIONAIRE

1. State the percentage of oxygen needed in drinking water?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What do you mean by iodometric titrations?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Can percentage of oxygen level affect on BOD or COD value?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 35

 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. State the role of starch in oxygen determination process?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. State the unit to measure the amount of dissolve Oxygen in the given water sample?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. What is a end point during titration?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the level of dissolve oxygen in aquatic system?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. State the importane of dissolve oxygen ?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. State the industrial application of dissolve oxygen ?
(Ref:https://www.mt.com/dam/mt_ext_files/Editorial/Generic/7/ANote_DO_in_the_brewing_proce
ss_BREWERY_set_EditorialGeneric_1162362704514_files/a_anotes_do_measurementinthebrewin
gprocess.pdf)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. State the concept of dissolve oxygen?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 36

 (Ref:http://www.sarasota.wateratlas.usf.edu/shared/learnmore.asp?toolsection=lm_dissolvedox)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO # _____

PHENOL ESTIMATION
AIM
To determine the Phenol content of given sample.

APPARATUS

Burette, pipette, measuring cylinder, stirring rod, bottles, etc

REAGENTS

1. Preaparation of 0.1 N bromated-bromide solution:

Dissolve 2.784 gm of anhydrous KBrO3 in distilled water and 10 gm KBr crystals
and dilute to 1000 ml.
2. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution
3. Preparation of 0.025 N Sodium thiosulphate solution:
Disslove 6.205 gm Na2S2O3. 5H2O in distilled water and make up the volume to 1
litre.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 37

THEORY:
Phenols are defined as hydroxyl derivatives of benzene and its condensed nuclei may
occur in domestic and industrial waste, natural waste and portable waste supplies and
chlorinated water containing phenolic compounds. Phenols may be present in raw water
owing to the discharge of waste from coke distillation plants. Phenol is also discharge from
petrochemical and other industries where phenol serves as an intermediate. Phenol is
acceptable up to a level of 100 µg/ltr in drinking water.
A number of phenols can be substituted rapidly and quantitatively with bromine
produce from bromate and bromide in acid solution. The determination involves treating
phenol with an excess of potassium bromate and potassium bromide; when bromination of
the phenol is complete the unreacted bromine is then determined by adding excess
potassium iodide and back titrating the liberated iodine with standard sodium thiosulphate.

PROCEDURE

1. Take 100 ml of distilled water in 500 ml stoppered conical flask or iodine flask.
2. Add 0.5 ml of stock phenol solution and 10 ml 0.1 N bromate- bromide solution
followed by 1 ml of concentrated HCl and swirl gently.
3. If the brown colour of free bromine does not persist add 10 ml of bromate-
bromide solution until it does.
4. Put the stopper on tightly and keep it on for 10 min.
5. Add 1 gm of KI, keep the flask stoppered, swirl it again and let it stand for some
time.
6. Titrate blank solution and sample solution with 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate
using starch as an indicator. The end point is blue to colourless.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Solution in burette: 0.025 N Sodium thiosulphate.
2. Solution in conical flask (or iodine flask): sample of water containing phenol.
3. Indicator: Starch solution.
4. End point: Blue to colourless
5. Volume of bromate-bromide sample used: 30 ml

OBSERVATION TABLE

1. Water sample (containing stock phenol):

Burette Reading = ................ml

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 38

 2. Blank sample
Burette Reading = ................ml

CALCULATIONS

Phenol concentration (mg/ltr) = 7.842 * [(A*B) / (10*C)]

Where,
A= volume of sodium thiosulphate solution required for blank sample, ml
B= volume of bromate-bromide solution used for water sample containing phenol, ml
C= volume of sodium thiosulphate solution used for water sample containing phenol, ml

Phenol concentration in mg/ltr = 7.842 * [( * ) / (10 * )]

RESULT:

The Phenol content in given sample = ............. mg/ltr

CONCLUSION:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Phenol is an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl-OH group. This group is
attached to a benzene ring and classified as an alcohol. These compounds are also known as
aromatic compounds.

Phenol is obtained as a volatile fraction during the destructive distillation of coal tar.
Its vapours are harmful, but still it is very important in many production activities.

QUESTIONAIRE

1. State the chemical formula of Phenol?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 39

 __________________________________________________________________
2. State the acceptable level of phenol in drinking water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. State the industrial application of phenol?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. How to prepared 0.025 N Sodium thiosulphate solution.?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. State the role of starch as an indicator in Phenol titration?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. What is an end point of titration?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the uses of an phenol?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. State the role of phenol in waste water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. State the diseases cause through phenol present in drinking water?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. What is the Composition of phenol water system at critical solution temperature?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 40

 (Ref:http://science.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Composition_of_phenol_water_system_a
t_critical_solution_temperature)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT NO # _____

SOUND LEVEL METER

AIM
Measurement of Sound level from various sources using Sound Level Meter.

APPARATUS

Sound level meter which is provided with a microphone, level analyzer, level recorder, tape
recorder, and controller.

THEORY & PRINCIPLE

Sound is produced by longitudinal waves in elastic manner and transmitted by

oscillation of atoms and molecules of matter. Noise is unwanted sound, and also random
vibrations. A sound level meter measures sound pressure level. It is easier to construct and
use instruments to measure pressure than intensity. A sound level meter indicates sound
pressure level in the audible range and directly gives the reading in dB. Some other sound
meters are impulse analyzes, frequency analyzer, noise dosimeters. Noise should be
measure at worker’s ear level.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 41

 Sound Level Meter

PROCEDURE

1) Sound level meter has there selectors, namely range, response and weighing
selectors.
2) Select the range with the help of range selector i.e. up to 60 dB. It is normal
sound. 60-90 dB is noise and above 90 Db is noise pollution.
3) Select the response as fast or slow response as per the requirement. For example,
if it is a continuous sound then we go far fast response and if it is impulse then
we go for slow response i.e. average value.
4) Weighing selector consist of A or C option where A stands for noise and C stands
for musical notes. We choose A option.
5) Hold the instrument in hand pointing it towards the source and take care that it
is at least 1 meter away from obstruction like a wall.
6) Categories the sound levels as sound, noise and pollution.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr.No. Source Sound level (dB) Comment

1
2
3
4
5

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 42

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

There are many different applications for Sound level meters but the most common are
Noise at Work/Occupational Noise and Environmental and Community Noise.

There are also other more specialised applications such as Vehicle Noise Testing as well as
basic noise measurements. For environmental noise monitoring and measurement
applications for a number of reasons.

QUESTIONAIRE

1. Define noise?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What is wave and frequency?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. What is a audible range of sound?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. What is oscillation?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. State the noise level in different working condition?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 43

 __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. How sound level meter works?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. State the name of Sound measuring devices?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. What is response?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. What are the methods for measuring sound?
(Ref:-http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/hearing-loss-personal-
music-player-mp3/l-3/2-sound-measurement-decibel.htm#2p0)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. State the features of Digital Sound level meter?
(Ref:http://english.exair.com/optimization/SoundLevelMeter.php?source=google&origin=india&gc
lid=Cj0KCQiA6ozhBRC8ARIsAIh_VC2PkUfVQPI-WB4A3I2Cp8--
5_3bML0WM_rBL4irSS2rPjgJHAWDvfMa
ArhbEALw_wcB )
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 44

 EXPERIMENT NO # ____
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN AIR.
AIM
To measure the ambient concentrations of gases and particulate matter by using High
Volume Sampler (HVS).

APPARATUS

High Volume Sampler (HVS), weighing machine, Whatmans filter papers, etc

DIAGRAM

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 45

PRINCIPLE:

PM10 and TSPM are measured by passing air at flow rate of about 1 lpm through
high efficiency cyclone which retains the dust particles greater than 10 micron size and
allow only fines (less than 10 micron particles) to reach the glass microfibre filter where
these particles are retained. The instrument provides instantaneous flow rate and the
period of operation (ontime) for calculation of air volume passed through the filter.
Amount of particulates collected is determined by measuring the change in weight of
the cyclone cup and filter paper.

PROCEDURE

i. For particulates :

1) Perform leak check of the instrument before starting the sample.

2) Filter paper need to be inspected for pin holes.

3) Filter conditioning need to be done at 20-25ºC temperature and less than 50% Relative
Humidity.
4) Never fold filter completely.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 46

 5) Do not touch filters by dirty hands always use disposable hand gloves.

6) Under take regular cleaning of key components of the machine.

7) Ensure stable power supply to the machine. Do not leave loose contact of supply wire
to the machine.

8) Always fill up distilled water in manometer assembly.

9) Do not switch on and off machine using Timer Switch.

10) Clean impinge and rotameter regularly and also clean manifold once in two months.

11) Do not take flow reading immediately after switching on the machine. Give 5 minute
for flow stabilization and for heat up the blower components.

12) Always attach a new weighed cyclone cup with every filter change.

13) Do not switch on machine without filter paper.

14) If machine is not expected to be operated within 48 hrs drain out the manometer
water
and store machine with water in the manometer tank.

15) Do not run machine during rain in open atmosphere.

ii. For gaseous :

The increasing general awareness of atmospheric pollution and its hazards to the
health and well-being of industrial workers, educational buildings, offices etc., is bound
to result in greater stress on accurate, reliable and frequent assessment of work place
pollution and worker-exposure. Use additionally impinge tray with HVS sampler
simultaneously sample gaseous pollutants.

OBSERVATION

a. Initial Filter Paper Weight = ------------gm

b. Final Filter Paper Weight = -------------gm

CALCULATIONS

Total Suspended Particulate = [Final Filter Paper Weight - Initial Filter Paper
Weight]
Matter Concentration

=[ - ]

Total Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration = -------------

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 47

RESULT:
Total Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration = -----------

CONCLUSION:

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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

● Unattended monitoring of airborne particulates found in routine air

monitoring.

● Specialised monitoring of solid pollutants, microorganisms, oil and acid

smokes.

QUESTIONAIRE

1. State the functioning of High Volume Sampler?

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2. What is the filter condition in High Volume Sampler?
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3. State the use of filter paper in HVS?
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4. State the precaution to be taken while handling HVS?

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 48

 __________________________________________________________________
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5. How much time HVS machine will be operated?
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6. State the role of HVS machine in Air Pollution controlling?
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7. What is the advantage of HVS?
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8. State the unit of collected particulate in HVS?
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9. What is the difference between High Volume and Low volume sampler?
(Ref:https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/monitoring/air/airmonitoring/measuring/sample
rs)
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POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 49

 10. State the other techniques to collect and measuring of particulate matter?
(Ref: http://ecoenvironmental.com.au/sales/air-dust/dust/high-volume-air-sampler)
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POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY [CHL603]Page 50