PRACTICAL REPORT

Prepared By : SUBODH KUMAR KAMAL

dhannu
[Type the company name]
1/1/2070
TITLE: TO DETERMINE THE pH OF GIVEN SAMPLE OF WATER USING COLORIMETRIC
METHOD AND ELECTROMETRIC METHOD.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED

COLORIMETRIC METHOD ELECTROMETRIC METHOD

S.NO APPARATUS/CHEMICAL S.NO APPARATUS/CHEMICAL
1 water sample 1 water sample
2 universal indicator 2 ph meter set
3 test tube 3 multicord

THEORY

pH VALUE:

The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. It is

a measurement of hydrogen ion activity in sample water. On the basis of pH value we can
determine the acidity or alkalinity of given sample of water. It is a pure number without any
unit. Pure water has its pH value equal to 7 on the pH scale. The lower value than 7 represents
acidity and greater value than 7 represents the presence of alkalinity. Acceptable range of ph
for drinking purpose is 6.6 -7.5.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

ACIDITY RANGE ALKALINITY RANGE

NEUTRAL RANGE

FIG: pH SCALE

COLORIMETRIC METHOD:

This is a method in which pH of the sample is determined by comparative analysis of color of

sample water on adding standard universal indicator, with the color as given by the
manufacturer of universal indicator. The color is coded basically on some scale which is
converted to some numerical value based on color. For eg. Methyl orange, litmus, methyl
blue,phenolphthalein,etc.
ELECTROMETRIC METHOD:

This is a method in which the pH of the sample is determined digitally using digital pH meter
which has a transducer; transducer converts the analog reading by sensing it and converts it
into digital report. The result is displayed on the LCD provided in the device.

PROCEDURE:

COLORIMETRIC METHOD:

STEPS

1. Sample of water was taken in two test tubes.

2. Universal indicator was added to the test sample.
3. The solution was shaken well.
4. The color change was compared with the standard scale as suggested by the
manufacturer of universal indicator.

ELECTROMETRIC METHOD:

STEPS

1. Sample of water was taken in two test tubes.

2. The digital meter was attached to the electric port.
3. The reading of digital meter was standardized using distilled water, by inserting prob
into it.
4. Then the prob was inserted into two different sample test tube and readings were
noted from the display unit of meter.
OBSERVATION TABLE

COLORIMETRIC METHOD

Samples pH value:

Sample 1 7.5

Sample 2 7.5-8.5

ELECTROMETRIC METHOD

Samples pH value:

Sample 1 7.65

Sample 2 7.5-8.5

RESULT

From the above table the pH of the sample was approximately found to be same.

ERROR

Errors in the measurement of pH were seen. These were due to error present in instrument
as well as due to manual error.

PRECAUTION

1. The device should be sensitive enough to detect the changes.

2. Contamination should be avoided which can cause appreciable change in ph value.
3. Observation of color should be done carefully.

CONCLUSION

In this way we determined the ph of the given samples of water.

TITLE: TO DETERMINE THE TURBIDITY OF GIVEN SAMPLE OF WATER USING TURBIDITY
TUBE AND NEPHELOMETER.

APPARATUS/CHEMICAL REQUIRED

TURBIDITY TUBE NEPHELOMETER

S.NO APPARATUS/CHEMICAL S.NO APPARATUS/CHEMICAL
1 water sample 1 water sample
2 turbidity tube 2 nephelometer set
3 beaker 3 beaker

THEORY

TURBIDITY

The haziness caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal particles in the water is
known as turbidity. Presence of turbidity makes water unfit for drinking. Moreover,
aesthetically it is inappropriate. Excess turbidity causes staining. For drinking purpose the
turbidity should be in between 5-10 ppm in silica scale, 2.5 ppm is accepted and more than
25 ppm is rejected. The suspended particles may be silt, clay, organic and inorganic matters.
It is expressed in Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU).

TURBIDITY TUBE

It is a glass tube in which graduation is done in NTU unit. Typical picture of turbidity tube is
as shown below.

Fig : Turbidity tube

NEPHELOMETER

It is a digital device which has a hole on its top to put sample of water in a tube
attached to the instrument. In this turbidity is a measure of resistance of water to the
passage of light. This degree is detected by the instrument and converted to digital
signal and displayed as output. Typical figure of nephelometer is as shown below.

Fig: Nephelometer

PROCEDURE

USING TURBIDITY TUBE

STEPS

1. The turbidity tube was rinsed properly using distilled water.

2. A plain paper was taken and a cross mark was made on it.
3. The turbidity tube was placed on the cross mark and was seen from above.
4. The samples of water were gradually poured, simultaneously, till the mark becomes
invisible.
5. The reading at which mark becomes invisible is the turbidity value.

USING NEPHELOMETER

STEPS

1. The distilled water was poured in the tube attached to Nephelometer and was
placed in test hole, light was switched on. The reading on the display unit was noted.
2. Similarly, same steps were followed for tap water and other polluted sample and
readings were noted.
OBSERVATION TABLE

USING TURBIDITY TUBE

Samples: Turbidity(NTU)

Sample 1 Less than 5

Sample 2 Less than 150

USING NEPHELOMETER

Samples: Turbidity (in NTU)

Distilled water 0

Sample 1 (tap water) 1

Sample 2 (impure water) 18

RESULT:

The observations were nearer however deviation was seen. This is because of errors.

ERRORS:

The errors were due to instrumental problem as well as due to the observation made.

PRECAUTION:

1. The turbidity tude should be rinsed properly with distilled water.

2. The mark should be noted carefully.
3. The light should not be blocked in Nephelometer.

CONCLUSION

In this way we determined the turbidity of the given sample of water using two various
methods.

TITLE : TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM DOSAGE OF COAGULANT FOR SETTLEMENT OF FINE SUSPENDED

AND COLLOIDAL PARTICLES USING JAR TEST.
APPARATUS/CHEMICALS REQUIRED

1. Jar test apparatus

2. Jar
3. Test tubes
4. Turbidity tube
5. Alum(AL2(SO4)3.18H20)

THEORY
The plain sedimentation is not as efficient as expected and as a result water may contain fine
suspended particles of clay, silt and colloidal matters. On addition of some chemical
technically termed as coagulants forms a gelatinous floc(material adhering to chemical on
account of electric nature), which increases the weight and hence fine particles settle at the
bottom. This process is sedimentation with coagulation.
However the dosage of coagulant is a necessary factor as excess result may itself create
turbidity and add colour and odour to the water which is undesirable. Hence, a fixed
proportion of coagulant is calculated by test which effectively causes sedimentation. This
proportion or dosage is known as optimum dose of coagulant.

The most commonly used coagulants are alum,iron salts, sodium aluminate,etc.

PROCEDURE

STEPS

1. 50 ml distilled water was taken and 1gm of alum was mixed to form a thorough and
homogenous solution. It is used as reagent.
2. 5 beakers were taken and filled with sample water each having 1000ml.
3. The prepared reagent was added to water samples as 0 ml, 0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5 ml, 2 ml,
2.5 ml serially.
4. The samples were mixed in Jar test Apparatus set at the speed of 90 -100 RPM for 1-
2 minutes.
5. The water sample was allowed to flocculate at the speed of 30 RPM for 10 minutes.
6. Then the samples were left undisturbed for sedimentation for 10 minutes.
7. Turbidity of each beaker was recorded using Turbidity tube.
 Fig : Jar test apparatus

OBSERVATION TABLE

Alum dose(ml) Turbidity (In NTU):

0 19
0.5 13
1 9
1.5 7
2 8
2.5 8

TURBIDITY VS ALUM DOSE

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
CALCULATION
From above graph,
𝑶𝑷𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑼𝑴 𝑨𝑳𝑼𝑴 𝑫𝑶𝑺𝑬 = (1.58*1000)/50 = 31.6 mg/l

RESULT:
From above observation table and interpolation of graph we found out the optimum alum
dose to be 31.6mg/l.

PRECAUTION
1. The sedimented sample should not be disturbed while measuring turbidity.
2. The turbidity should be determined properly.
3. The scum should be removed before measuring turbidity.

CONCLUSION
In this way, the optimum dose of coagulant was determined and it was found to be 31.6
mg/l.