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Magnitism

The document outlines key concepts in electrical circuits, including current, EMF, potential difference, resistance, and various components like diodes, resistors, and transformers. It explains how current flows, the role of different circuit elements, and the principles of electromagnetic induction. Additionally, it discusses methods to increase induced EMF and the function of AC and DC motors, as well as the importance of using materials like iron in transformers.

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thaminaghazi123
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15 views3 pages

Magnitism

The document outlines key concepts in electrical circuits, including current, EMF, potential difference, resistance, and various components like diodes, resistors, and transformers. It explains how current flows, the role of different circuit elements, and the principles of electromagnetic induction. Additionally, it discusses methods to increase induced EMF and the function of AC and DC motors, as well as the importance of using materials like iron in transformers.

Uploaded by

thaminaghazi123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CURRENT:

the charge passing a point in the circuit per unit time


current= charge/time amps(A)

CONVECTIONAL CURRENT:
positive to negative terminal

ammeter is connected in series


voltmeter is connected in parallel with resistor

dc current flows in one direction(Negative to positive terminal)


ac current changes direction of flow regularly(do no have a positive or negative
terminal)

EMF:
it is electrical work done by a source in moving a unit charge around a complete
circuit
measured in volts(V)
emf=charge/time

POTENTIAL DIFFRENCE:
shows the work done by a unit charge passing through a component
measured in volts
p.d=charge/time

RESISTANCE:
is the opposition to the current flowing through it
the greater the resistance the harder it is for current to flow through
resistance=pd/current (ohm)

DIODE:
it allows current to flow in one direction

Power:
its the rate at which energy transfers
power=current x voltage (Watts)

Cells / batteries (multiple cells connected) - the circuit's source of electrical


energy.

Generators - electrical energy source creating electrical energy from mechanical.

Power supplies - convert electric energy from a source, to a current with the right
voltage.

Potential dividers - divide the source voltage into smaller parts to vary the
voltage, using resistors

Switches - used to turn a circuit on (closed) and off (open).

Relays - an electromagnetically operated switch, used to switch on a circuit with a


high current by using a circuit with a small current.

Resistors - restrict or limit the flow of electrical current. A fixed resistor's


resistance does not change, a variable's one does.

NTC thermistors - resistors whose resistance depends on temperature (resistance


decreases as temperature increases).
Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) - resistors whose resistance depends on light
intensity (resistance decreases as light intensity increases).

Diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) - allow current to flow in only one
direction by having high resistance to flow in the opposite direction (can convert
a.c. into d.c.).

Lamps - convert the electric current into light using a filament, which is heated
by the current.

Heaters - convert the electric current into heat.

Motors - convert electrical energy from the circuit into mechanical energy using
the magnetic effect of a current.

Ammeters - placed in series and measure the electric current in amps.

Voltmeters - placed in parallel and measure the potential difference across a


circuit component.

Magnetising coils - store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through
them.

Transformers - change the magnitude of an alternating voltage.

Fuses - safety devices that cut off the power supply if there is a surge in
current. (3A, 5A, 13A)

connecting lamps in parallel is better because if one breaks, current can still
pass through the rest

the circuit consists of:


the live wire(brown): the terminal of the circuit which delivers the current
an neutral wire(blue): the terminal which carries current back to the power source
an earth wire(green): protects the sudden voltage fluctuations

main circuits have a switch connected to the live wire so when turned off the flow
of current will stop but for neutral wire the current would still flow

how a voltage is induced in a coil


A voltage is induced in a coil when there is a change in the magnetic field through
the coil. This can happen when a magnet is moved into or out of the coil, or when
the coil itself moves through a magnetic field. This change in magnetic flux causes
electrons in the wire to move, producing an EMF (electromotive force).

ways to increase the size of the induced EMF in a coil


Increase the speed of movement
Increase the number of turns in the coil
increase the current

A magnet is pushed into a coil connected to a galvanometer. Describe what happens


to the needle
As the magnet is pushed into the coil, the galvanometer needle deflects in one
direction. This is because the changing magnetic field induces a current in the
coil. When the magnet stops moving, the needle returns to zero. If the magnet is
pulled out, the needle deflects in the opposite direction, indicating that the
current direction has reversed.
Ac generator
⭐ an slip ring is used keep a continuous connection with the wire to rotate it
allowing an alternating current to be produced because every half rotation the
current changes
direction.
carbon brushes connect the slip ring to the circuit transmitting current

DC MOTOR
how to increase the turning effect
increase the current
increase the number of turns on the coil
split ring commutator changes the current direction every half turn
when the split ring reconnects the coil has been flipped and so current flows in
the opposite direction

TRANSFORMER
are used to step up the voltage in power lines to reduce power loss
loss of power will be lower because higher voltage means a smaller current
power=(current)2 x resistance
IpVp=IsVs
step up has more turns which means the voltage is greater than primary

Why iron core is used


iron is a magnetic material which helps to concentrate and direct the magnetic
field
it helps transfer more energy from the primary coil to secondary coil

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