Darw

Chapter 7
VOLUTION
Charles le
28Anyppulatia
430At
which

EVOLUTION 3The
ihness

geolo
ORIGIN OF LIFE The
moment T/E 33. study
34AWhat
at that exact
sky we see how they look is
in a clear night
When we look at stars Digo.|
1 old.

2 The universe is almost billon years

the universe.
35Embry
3 theory attempts to explain the origin of
36
4, The temperature
came down as the
universe
37Embry
This
and
First qases
to be formed were 38 ea
34An
5.
6 Earth has formed years ago.

surface?
earth's
4 gases covered the early
modified
7 Which
Hz & O2. Er
8.rays from sun broke
up water into
40
9 Life oppeared -years ago. primit

thought units of lfe called

thinkers
I0 Early Latin/Greek
This idea was named L2.

Panspermia' today
T/F L3.
I No one believes in

regeneration?
theory of spontaneous
12. What was the
only from pre-existing
lite. LH
13. demonstrated that life comes
generation theory
J4. dsmissed spontaneous organic molecules.

of life could have come trom non-living

form
15 and proposed that first

and Haldane country was

Oparin country was
16.

on earth were reducingl oxidising and

high/low temperature.
.
,
I7 Earlier conditions Label A to K and name the
is shown in
Diga&.
representation
of Miller 's experiment
18. A diagrammatic

gases P R andS scientist.

19,.Miller was an American/Engish/Russian

inhis experiment were - (4) (NEET)
Miller used
20 The 4 qases
electric discharge at temp. - (NEE)
Miller created
21. In year
acids.
He observed formation
of fats/sugar/amino are
22. occurring elsewhere
processes
indicating that similar
revealed similar compounds
23. Analysis of meteorites
T/F
in space.
oriqinated billion years ago.
24. First non-cellular forms of
life

25.Non-celular form of ife mean?

about-bllion years ago.
form lifedid not posibl originate till
26 The first cellular of

old.
about years
toreligjous beliefs the earth is
27.According
 was - (NEET) 285
s ship name
FVOLUTIONDarwin variation in
built-in characteristics T/E
has
2SCharlespopulation does evolution occur?

29Anywhioh grouping
level of
Darwin
30Af
to ultimately and only refers to
acoording fitness (NEET)
ftness in came
worked to
/ The a naturalist,
similar conclusions as Darwin. (NEET)
of earth closely correlates with the
32 history biological history of earth T/F
different iqneous
33 The offossils in
geolagical layers indicates the geological period in which they
exited T/F
study (NEEI
34A evidence?
26 What is paleontological was proposed b (NEET)

.
Embryolagical support tor evolution
vertebrates including human developa row vestigial qill slit just behind T/F
ofal the head
of

37Embryos was rgjected

on careful observation by - (NEET)

38 This theory shown Diga. 2. ldentify the plant species A and B ond Hhe
30vample of homologous organs is in

X and Y
modified
structures
stage of Digal. 2
pass through the adult
Baer noted that embryos
Ernst
40 T/F
animals.
primitive
evolution
-(3)(NEET 202)
LI Exof divergent & 22)
evolution
- (4) (NEET 2021
42 Ex ofconvergent evolution. T/E (NEET2022) X
are a result of converqent
L3 Analogous structures T/F(NEET2022)
common ancestry.
indicates
4te Homology wijped out.
T/E A
completely were on trees.
45,No variant is winged moths
more white/dark
industrialisation,
L6 Before moth survived
-winged
absenceof
lichens,
moths.
47Due to called
were also TF
winged moths
48.Dark
indicator.
pollution

are used as an industrial process.

is a
49 Lichens instead it
process,
is not a direct
50.Evolution
from Stegosaurus/Brachiosaurus.
evolved
5. Triceratops to
qave rise
52 Brachiosaurus -
was givenby
selection
53.Natural islands.
to
54. Darwin went (NEET)
were black/brown. eating
T/F
to
finches were radiating

55. Darwin
finches.
finches and literally,
ofDarwin from a
point
andvegetarian
varieties insectivorous area starting
56.Original were
finches
Darwin in a given geographical (NEET)
57Some species
ofdifferent iscalled
58.Evolution lhabitats)

areas
ofgeography
other
 EVOLUTIOA
286 BIOHACK
A

of marsupials of Australha
59 Adaptive radiation
J
is shown in DigoQ 3 Name all the species A to

(NEET 2023) Sum

60.AllAustralan marsupials
evolved within 33
island continent T/E
Australian
radiation
61. When more than one adaptive

ocourred in an isolated Digal 3

appeared to have
(representingdifferent
geographical area
one can call this
habitats),
H
AUSTRALIA
evolution ofplacental mammals
62.Convergent 10
marsupials (Y) is shown
in
X)and Australian
G
the species A to N.
all
DigaQ. 4.ldentify
to
63. Lemur is similar -

is similar to -
64. Bobcat

65. Numbat is simlar to -

similar to - 4
66.Flying squirrel is X Digal.

a placental
67 Flying phalanger is

australian marsupial
(NEET2023)
mammal

BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
have started
in a true sense would
68.Evolution by natural selection,

when -
-
of new forms is linked to
69. The rate of appearance
characters.
fitness is based on inherited/ acquired E
70.Darviniam
not inherited T/F
IAdaptve ability is

theory of evolution are -

12. The 2 key concepts of darwin

73.Lamarck was a greek/ latin/french biologistphysiaist/naturalst.

74.Lamarck qave example of.

Was -
75. Problem with Lamarck theory
we describe evolution as a
16. When we describe story of the world

process/result

77. When we
of a process.

describe stor ofwe treat evolution as a

consequence of a process called -

78. Work of on
population may have influenced Daruin. N
M
79. work on -- brought the idea of mutation. (NEET)
ACK
EVOLUTION

80 Darwin variations were small/

Vlarqe and
and directional/ldirectionless. directional/
(NEET) 287
directionless while
8 Delries believed mutation hat of
caused
were
f gene migration and hence smal/large
happens multiple
called it
times, it is
83. Sum
total of all the cald -
allelic (single-step large
frequencies is - mutation)
Frequeny of Aa in
84. a
population is p T/F
85. 1f the frequency of

factors that affect

heterozygotes in a population
86.5 is 0.5.
What will bethe value
Hardy-Weinberg
87.What is genetic drifH? equilibrium are -
of p & a? (NNEET)
(NEET)
88 Genetic drift operate in
small/large isolated
gg Which 2 etfects are seen population. (NEET)
through qenetic
drift?
90 What is founder effect?
What leads to
ql Natural selection founder effect?
where more (NEET 2021)
individuals
acquire specific
value leads to - (NEET 2022) character value other
than the mean
an Natural character
selection when more individual acquire mean
q3 Natural character value,
selection when more individuals
it is called -

acquire
qL Tell the graphs of
characters value is called
stabilsation, disruptive Curve.
directional and disruptive changes. (NEET)
A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION
45 First cellular form of life arose
mya ago some of which released O2 by splitting

96.Around mya, invertebrates were formed and active.

97Name the 3 categories in which the qeological time is dvided. Arrange them rank wise from highest to

lowest (NEET)

98.Jawless fishes evoled around. -- mya.

99 Sea weeds and few plants existed probably mya.

I00.First orqanisms that invaded land were

to water.
could move on land and go back
IOL Fish with - and.

I02 Fishes invaded landmya. to be extinct.

which was thought

I03. In fish was caught in country

-year,
1044 Goelacanth was a

I05. evolved into first amphibians.

and

I06. Lobefins were ancestors of modern-day

1/F
lO7Amphibians evalved into reptiles
is -
over amphibians
adantage of rephes
08.One reproductive
I09,Ciant ferns fell to form
 FVOLUTION
288 BIOHACK
4Human
which went back to become fish-like reptiles was probably -mya Firstf
lO.

IM.
Reptile

The biggest reptile

was with feet height.
45Homo
lh6 Fossi
- mya, the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth
I12. About
reptiles of dinosaur era still exist today T/F
47 Hom
I3. Small-sized
h8
I4 The first mammals were like

North America fauna was overridden by South America fauna T/F Ha

I5.Due to continental drift,

(4) 150
ll6. Ex of mammas who live in water are -
Ne
7 Terms like Triassic,

3 recent
Jurassic are

eras from new

epoch/eralperiod.

to old.
15/
152
I8. Name the
63.
Name the different periods of the respective eras from new to old.
I19,
154.
120. Mammals evolved from sauropside/synapsids.
155
12L Birds evolved from sauropsids/ synapsids.
are (2) -
The ancestors of mammals of Permian and Jurassic
periods
I22.

I23. Thecodonts gave rise to - (3)

124+. Sauropsids qive rise to modern day

I25. Thecodont was of period.

qive rise to - (2)

26. Chlorophyte ancestors
Tracheophyte in Siliurian period
I27. diverged fronm

I28. and originated from zosterophyllum

are the oldest lhing vascular land plants.

I29.
became extinct by the end of
lycopods
I30. Arborescent

131. gave rise to psilophyton.

are -

I32.Classes ofpteridophyta
are -
133. Classes of qymnosperms
rise to - (6)
34. Psilophyton gave
to - (2)
135. Seed ferns gave rise

ORIGIN & EVOLUTION OF MAN

were existing (NEET)
and Ramapithecus T/E
136.About mya Dryopithecus Was more man-like.
was more ape-like whle Dryopithecus
137.Ramapithecus in
and
been discovered
138. Few fossils
ofman-like bones have
Africa.
primates walked in eastern
134 About mya, man-lke
feet
not taller than
140. They were probably

14. They walked

l42. -mya
upright.

Australopithecines
T/F
probably lved in -- (NEET)
 FVOLUTION
hunted with
stone
3 Australapithecus
beings are called - weapons and
Human-ike essentially ate meat. 289
was T/F
First hominid

omo habils probably did not eat meat T/E

discoveredin in year
47Fossils -revealed the next
erectus existed mya (NEET) staqe, ie,-
L8 Homo
and were hairy
J49
and walked like

150 Homo erectus

did not ate meat. TE qorillas and
chimpanzees.

man lived near and

15. Neanderthal - between
rst time used hides to

2
152
ranial capacity ot homo
protect their body

habilis,
and
homo erectus, Neanderthal man are -
buried

(NEET
their dead
years back (NEET)

154 Homo sapiens arose in (NEET)

155. lce age occurred between years ago.

156. Pre-historic cave art developed about

years ago.

157. One such cave painting by pre-historic humans can be seen at

district of Madhya
Pradesh

came around years back (NEET)

58 Agricuture
159 Tell the name of all the staqes of human evolution qiven in NCERT. (1) (NEE)

I60.In early stage of earth, oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water. CO2 and others. T/F

I6. Religious theory has 3connotations which are

I62.Essence of Darwin's theory is -

I63. Lamark said that evolution occurs based on -

Lamark's theory is still believed by people. T/F

I64.

165. The novelty of Darwin was

I66. Recombination occurs during -

rabbits ete
bear, hippopotamus,
mammals resembling today's horse,
167. There were in loountry)

.
168. Most scientists believe in

longest time?
for the
164. Which theory was believed
to speciation.
accentuate variation leading
and
I70.Phenomenons like

by the idea of.

Homology is accounted for is -
miller 's experinent
H2 & NH3 used in

I12. Ratio of amount of CH4,

is maintained
by - human skulL T/E
Genetic equiibrium skull than adult
I13.
is more ike adult chimpanzee
I4 Skullof baby
chimpanzee
 290 EVOLU
BIOHACK
•ANSWERS
• ORIGIN OF LIFE 25 Giant molecules like RNA, protein polysaccharide
S
51
26. 2

20 27. 4000
2.
3. Big Bang
28 HMS Beagle
29. T
4 epanded
5. hydrogen and helum 30 Popdlation

6. 45 bilion 31. Reproduchive

32. Alfred wallace, Malay

7 Ha0, CHa COz NHg Archipelago

UV 33. T
8.
44 billion
34. F,sedimentary layers

35. Evidence due to fossils

10. Greek spores, Panspermia
36. Ernest Heckel
ILE still tis a favorite idea for some astronomers
37. T
I2 ife came out of decaying and rotting matter like

38. Karl Ernst von Baer

straw, mud etc

13. Louis Pasteur 39. DigaQ. 2 -A - Bouqainuillea, B -Cucurbita: X -

I4. Louis Pasteur Thorn,Y - Tendril

+0.F
15. Oparin and Haldane
4. Ex of divergent () Whales, Bats,
l6. Russia England lopaRin = Russia, hal dance = evolution:

Cheetah and Human in the pattern of bones of

engl.and]
forelimbs, (i) Vertebrate hearts or brains, (m) thorn

n Reducing high
of Bougainuillea and Cucurbita (iv)
18.DigaQ I- A -Electrodes, B -Spark discharge and tendrils

C- Water out D -Condenser,E- Water in, Proteins and genes

F- Water droplets, G - Water containing organic 42. Ex of converqent evalution: () Wings of butterfy

of birds, i) eye
compounds, H - Liquid water in trap. I- Boiling and of the octopus and of mammals,

water, J- lo vacuum pump, K - Gases: P -CHa (i) flippers of Penguins and Dolphins, (iv) Sweet

Hz R- NHg S -Ha0
Q- potato (root modification) and potato (stem

19 American {Miller = aMerican, emphasis on M) modificatiorn)

20. CH He NHg Ha0

2. 1953, 800C 45. T

22. amino acids 46. white

23.T 47. Dark

24.3 48 Melanised
 291
ACK EVOLUTION 64. life cyole or life opan
10. inherited
tic

50Stochas (NCERT diagram)

51 Stegosaurus
(NCERTdliagram) 12. Branching descent and natural selechion

52 Tyrannosaurus 73. French naturalist

53Darwin 4.
lslands giraffe

54.alapagos 75. it said that acquired characters are passed to

55Black next qeneration, which is wrong

56 Sed-eating 16. Proces8

57 7 77. fe on earth natural selection

radiation
58Adaptve - Thomas
3-A-;Tasmanian wolf, B Tiger cat, 78. malthus

54 Digal
C- Banded
anteater,
D - Marsupial rat,79. Hugo delries, evening primrose
(Oenothera

F-Wombat, G- Bandicoot, H- lamarckiana)

E- Kangaroo,
80. Darwin - Smal, directional, deV ries - large.
Koala /-Marsupial mole, J- Sugar glider

directionless

60 T 8l. speciation, saltation

evolution
61. Convergent 82. Gene flow
evolution
62 Diga& 4 - Convergent 83. one

X- Placental mammals - Australian marsupials

B- Marsupial mole84.F, it is 2p4

p *q=
A- Mole
=0.5 and applying e4
D -Numbat 85. By taking 2pq
q = 05
C- Anteater mouse and p + Zpq + f=l we qet p = 0.5.
F- Marsupial
E- Mouse 86.gene migration or gene flow, genetic
drift.

G-Lemur H- Spotted cuscus

qenetic recombination
& natural selection

mutation,
of different
J-Flying phalanger
in the relative frequency
I- Flying squirrel 87.variation

K- Bobcat
L- Tasmanian tiqer cat

in a smallpopulation,
owing to the chance

wolfgenotypes die or
N- Tasmanian genes as individuals

M- Wolf disappearance
of particular

63. Spotted cuscus do not reproduce

tiqer cat 88. small

64. Tasmanian Founder Effect
effect and
84 Bottle neck
65.Anteater that oCCurs
variation
loss of genetic
40.lH is the
66. Flying phalanger by a very small
is establshed
population
when a new
67 Australian marsupials from a larger population,

EVOLUTION of indviduals
•BIOLOGICAL differences
innumber drift leads
to founder
effect

of ife with qenetic

forms
68. cellular
on earth
originated
capability
metabolic
 EVOLU
BIOHACK 336
292 froqs and calamanders

.directional

92. stabilisation
I06.

107. T

108. Reptiles lay

thick-shelled eggs which do
notdry
Conit

134

up in sun unlike those of amphibian

93 peripheral |3
q4 APeak gets higher 109, Coal deposits

and narTowCT 200

WO.lchthyosaurus,
rex, 20
I.Tyrannosaurus
I2. 65

I13. T
1 Stabilsation
I4.Shrews
Peak shifts in I5, F.south America fauna overridden by north
one diection
America fauna

seals and sea cows

ll6. Whales, dolphins,

7. Period

8. Cenozoic - Mesozoic - Paleozoic

2. Directional
9. Periods of eras

1.Genozoic :Quaternary - Tertiary

Two peaks forn - Triassic
IL.Mesozoic :Cretaceous - Jurassic

- Devonian
Paleozoic : Permian - Carboniferous
-
L.
Silurian

I20. Synapoide
3. Disruptive

•BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION

121. Sauropsids

I22. Permian -Pelycosaurs,Jurassic - Therapside

95. 2000, H20
I23. Crocodiles, Birds and Dinosaurs
96 500
124. Reptiles and birds
97. Era - Period - Epoch (Out of NCERT)
I25. Permian
98. 350

49 320 I26. Tracheophyte ancestors and bryophyte

I27. Zosterophyllum
100. plants

IO1. stout, Strong fins

128. Arborescent and herbaceous lycopads

I02. 350 I29. Lycopode

103. 1938, Coelacanth, South Africa I30. Paleozojc era

IO4. lobefin 13/. Rhynia-type plant

I05.Lobefins
32.Psilapsida, Lycopsida Sphenopsida and Perapi
 293
vOLUTION Ginkgophyta Cinetophyta, and 156. I8000
Gyondoyphyta
157. Bhimbetka
rock shelter, Raisen
Gomteraphyta Peropsida (fern), 158.
Ginkgophyta 10000

Coniferophyta progymnosperms I54. Dryopithecus

Ramapithecus
Ginetyphyla
Angiosperms Australopithecus Homo
R5 Cyoadophyta OF MAN habilis

& EVOLUTION Homo erectus Neanderthal man Homo

.ORIGIN
sapiens
1B6 15
Dryopithecus -ape l60. T
21F(Ramapithecus - man-like,
161. (a) All
orqanisms we see today were created as
ke
such
and lanzania
38.Ethiopia
(6) Earth is about 4000 years old
1393-4
lc) Diversity was always the same since creation and

will be the same in future.

I62. Natural selection

grasslands
42. 2,Eastern Africa
163. Use and disuse ot organs
ate fruit
43. F. essentially 164 F
lh4 Hominids he asserted the variation which are heritable
l65.
habilis
145. Homo make resource utilisation better for few
and which

h6 T will enable only those to reproduce

erectus
147Java 89, Homo I66. Cametogenesis

48.15 167. South America

and Ramapithecus Chemical evolution

49 Dryopithecus 168.

I50F ate meat generation

I64. theory of spontaneous
l00,000-40000 and genetic drif
asia,
15. East and
central fragmentation
n0.habitat
descent
man N. Branching
152. Neanderthal

Habilis - 650-800cc. I12.2:2:1

153.

Random mating
Erectus - 00cc, I73.
skull than adulH
human
like adultH
F, more
Neanderthal
-l400cc I74.

chimpanzee
154.Africa

155.75000-10000