LABORATORY MANUAL

Digital Electronics Laboratory

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Assam-785007

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Experi Title of the Experiment Objective of the Experiment
ment
No.
1 To study and verify the truth Identify various ICs and their specification
table of logic gates a. OR gate
b. AND gate
c. NAND gate
d. NOR gate
2 Realization of a Boolean To simplify the given expression and to realize it using
function Basic gates and Universal gate
3 Design and implementation To realize why NAND gate is known as the universal gate
using NAND gate by implementation of :
a. NOT using NAND
b. AND using NAND
c. OR using NAND
d. XOR using NAND
4 Adders and Subtractors To realize
a. Half Adder and Full Adder
b. Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor by using Basic
gates and NAND gates
5 Binary to grey generator To learn the importance of weighted and non weighted code
To learn to generate gray code
.
6 Multiplexer and a. To design and set up a 4:1 Multiplexer (MUX) using
Demultiplexer only NAND gates.
b. To design and set up a 1:4 Demultiplexer(DE-MUX)
using only NAND gates.
7 Realization of a Boolean To learn the use of Logisim software to design digital
function using Logisim electronics circuits.

8 Flip Flop a. Truth Table verification of

1) RS Flip Flop
2) T type Flip Flop.
3) D type Flip Flop.
4) JK Flip Flop.
b. Conversion of one type of Flip flop to another

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Sl. No. Title of the Experiment Remarks
1 To study and verify the truth table of logic
gates

2 Realization of a Boolean function

3 Design and implementation using NAND
gate
4 Adders and Subtractors
5 Binary to grey generator 
6 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
7 Realization of a Boolean function using
Logisim
8 FlipFlop

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

 EXPERIMENT: 1 LOGIC GATES
AIM: To study and verify the truth table of logic gates

OBJECTIVE:

Identify various ICs and their specification

a. OR gate
b. AND gate
c. NAND gate
d. NOR gate

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Breadboard.
 Connecting wires.
 IC 7400, IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7406, IC 7402, IC 7404, IC 7486

THEORY:
The basic logic gates are the building blocks of more complex logic circuits. These logic
gates perform the basic Boolean functions, such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Inversion,
Exclusive-OR, Exclusive-NOR. Fig. below shows the circuit symbol, Boolean function,
and truth. It is seen from the Fig that each gate has one or two binary inputs, A and B, and
one binary output, C. The small circle on the output of the circuit symbols designates the
logic complement. The AND, OR, NAND, and NOR gates can be extended to have more
than two inputs. A gate can be extended to have multiple inputs if the binary operation it
represents is commutative and associative.
These basic logic gates are implemented as small-scale integrated circuits (SSICs) or as
part of more complex medium scale (MSI) or very large-scale (VLSI) integrated circuits.
Digital IC gates are classified not only by their logic operation, but also the specific logic-
circuit family to which they belong. Each logic family has its own basic electronic circuit
upon which more complex digital circuits and functions are developed. The following logic
families are the most frequently used.

TTL Transistor-transistor logic

ECL Emitter-coupled logic

MOS Metal-oxide semiconductor

CMOS Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

TTL and ECL are based upon bipolar transistors. TTL has a popularity among logic families.
ECL is used only in systems requiring high-speed operation. MOS and CMOS, are based on
field effect transistors. They are widely used in large scale integrated circuits because of their
high component density and relatively low power consumption. CMOS logic consumes far less
power than MOS logic. There are various commercial integrated circuit chips available. TTL
ICs are usually distinguished by numerical designation as the 5400 and 7400 series.

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 PROCEDURE:
1. Check the components for their working.
2. Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.
3. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Provide the input data via the input switches and observe the output on output LEDs

QUESTIONS:

1. Why NAND & NOR gates are called universal gates?

2. Realize the EX – OR gates using minimum number of NAND gates.
3. Give the truth table for EX-NOR and realize using NAND gates?
4. What are the logic low and High levels of TTL IC’s and CMOS IC’s?
5. Compare TTL logic family with CMOS family?
6. Which logic family is fastest and which has low power dissipation?

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EXPERIMENT: 2 REALIZATION OF A BOOLEAN FUNCTION.
AIM: To simplify the given expression and to realize it using Basic gates
and Universal gates
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
 To simplify the Boolean expression and to build the logic circuit.
 Given a Truth table to derive the Boolean expressions and build the
logic circuit to realize it.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
IC 7400, IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7406, IC 7402, Connecting wires, Bread board.

THEORY:
Canonical Forms (Normal Forms): Any Boolean function can be written in
disjunctivenormal form (sum of min-terms) or conjunctive normal form (product of max-
terms).
A Boolean function can be represented by a Karnaugh map in which each cell corresponds
to a minterm. The cells are arranged in such a way that any two immediately adjacent cells
correspond to two minterms of distance 1. There is more than one way to construct a map
with this property.

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 Realization using NOR gates

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 PROCEDURE:

Check the components for their working.

Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.

Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

 Provide the input data via the input switches and observe the output on output
LEDs Verify the Truth Table

RESULT: Simplified and verified the Boolean function using basic gates and universal gates

QUESTIONS:
1) What are the different methods to obtain minimal expression?
2) Realize I(A,B,C,D) =∑(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) and show the truthtables.
3) What is a Min term and Max term
4) State the difference between SOP and POS.
5) What is meant by canonical representation?
6) What is K-map? Why is it used?
7) What are universal gates?

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

EXPERIMENT: 3 DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION USING NAND GATE

AIM: To design and implementation using NAND gate

OBJECTIVE:

 To realize why NAND gate is known as the universal gate by implementation of :

a. NOT using NAND
b. AND using NAND
c. OR using NAND
d. XOR using NAND

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Breadboard.
 Connecting wires.
 IC 7400, IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7406, IC 7402, IC 7404, IC 7486

THEORY:

Boolean algebra is a branch of mathematical logic, where the variables are either true (1) or false
(0).In order to construct NOT, AND, OR, XOR gates from NAND gates only, we need to be
familiar with the following boolean algebra laws:

1. Involution Law

2. Idempotency (Idempotent) law

3. DeMorgan's Law

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 2 input XOR gate

PROCEDURE:

Check the components for their working.

Insert the appropriate IC into the breadboard.

Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

Provide the input data via the input switches and observe the output on output
LEDs
Verify the Truth Table

RESULT:

NOT, AND, OR, XOR gate is realized using NAND gate.

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 EXPERIMENT:4 ADDERS AND SUBTRACTORS

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 ii) To Realize the Full subtractor using NAND Gates only

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PROCEDURE:
 Check the components for their working.
 Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.
 Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Verify the Truth Table and observe the outputs.

RESULT:

QUESTIONS:
1) What is a half adder?
2) What is a full adder?
3) What are the applications of adders?
4) What is a half subtractor?
5) What is a full subtractor?
6) What are the applications of subtractors?
7) Obtain the minimal expression for above circuits.
8) Realize a full adder using two half adders
9) Realize a full subtractors using two half subtractors

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 EXPERIMENT: 5 BINARY TO GREY CONVERTER

AIM: To realize Binary to Gray code converter and vice versa.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

To learn the importance of non-weightedcode

To learn to generate gray code
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

IC 7400, IC 7486, and IC 7408, Patch Cords & IC Trainer Kit

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

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 .

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 RESULT:

QUESTIONS:

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1) What are code converters?
2) What is the necessity of code conversions?
3) What is gray code?
4) Realize the Boolean expressions for
a) Binary to gray code conversion
b) Gray to binary code conversion

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

EXPERIMENT: 6 MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER
AIM: To design and set up the following circuit
1) To design and set up a 4:1 Multiplexer (MUX) using only NAND gates.
2) To design and set up a 1:4 Demultiplexer(DE-MUX) using only NAND gates.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
3)
1. To learn about various applications of multiplexer and de-multiplexer

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

PROCEDURE:
• Check all the components for their working.
• Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.
• Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Verify the Truth Table and observe the outputs.

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is a multiplexer?
2) What is a de-multiplexer?
3) What are the applications of multiplexer and de-multiplexer?
4) Derive the Boolean expression for multiplexer and de-multiplexer.
5) How do you realize a given function using multiplexer
6) What is the difference between multiplexer &demultiplexer?
7) In 2n to 1 multiplexer how many selection lines are there?
8) How to get higher order multiplexers?
9) Implement an 8:1 mux using 4:1 muxes?

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

EXPERIMENT: 7: REALIZATION OF A BOOLEAN FUNCTION USING
LOGISIM
AIM:

To set up a circuit using Logisim: I(A,B,C,D) =∑(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) and show the truthtables.

OBJECTIVE:
1.To learn about various applications of Logisim
COMPONENTSREQUIRED:
Logisim Software
THEORY:
The basic logic gates are the building blocks of more complex logic circuits. These logic gates
perform the basic Boolean functions, such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Inversion, Exclusive-
OR, Exclusive-NOR. All the combinational circuits are designed using these gates.

PROCEDURE:
 Solve the Boolean algebra expression using K Map
 Using different components draw the circuit in Logisim
 Simulate the circuit to verify

RESULT:

The simulation obtained from the circuit can be verified from the truth tables.
 Attach the copy of the circuit designed in Logisim.

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

EXPERIMENT: 8 FLIP FLOPS
AIM: Truth Table verification of
1) RS Flip Flop
2) T type Flip Flop.
3) D type Flip Flop.
4) JK Flip Flop.
OBJECTIVE:
 To learn about various Flip-Flops
 To learn about applications of FFs
 Conversion of one type of Flip flop to another

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering
Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering
Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering
Jorhat Engineering College Department of Instrumentation Engineering