PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College

The Muscular
System

6 PART A

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• Overview of Muscle Tissue
▪ Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement
▪ Three basic muscle types are found in the body
– Skeletal muscle
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscle

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• Muscle Types
– Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are
elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)
– Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
– All muscles share some terminology
• Prefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle”
• Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”

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 •Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles

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• Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
– Most are attached by tendons to bones
– Cells are multinucleate
– Striated—have visible banding
– Voluntary—subject to conscious control

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 •Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle
•Cells are surrounded and
bundled by connective tissue
–Endomysium—encloses a
single muscle fiber
–Perimysium—wraps around
a fascicle (bundle) of muscle
fibers
–Epimysium—covers the
entire skeletal muscle
–Fascia—on the outside of the
epimysium

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• Skeletal Muscle Attachments
• Epimysium blends into a connective
tissue attachment
– Tendons—cord-like structures
• Mostly collagen fibers
• Often cross a joint due to
toughness and small size
– Aponeuroses—sheet-like structures
• Attach muscles indirectly to
bones, cartilages, or connective
tissue coverings

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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
• Sites of muscle attachment
– Bones
– Cartilages
– Connective tissue coverings

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• Smooth Muscle Characteristics
– Lacks striations
– Spindle-shaped cells
– Single nucleus
– Involuntary—no conscious control
– Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

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Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Figure 6.2a

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• Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
– Striations
– Usually has a single
nucleus
– Branching cells
– Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
– Involuntary
– Found only in the heart

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• Skeletal Muscle Functions
– Produce movement
– Maintain posture
– Stabilize joints
– Generate heat

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• Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• Sarcolemma—specialized plasma membrane
• Myofibrils—long organelles inside muscle cell
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum—specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
– I band = light band
• Contains only thin filaments (actin)
– A band = dark band
• Contains the entire length of the thick filaments
(myosin)

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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber
• Organization of the sarcomere
– Myofilaments
• Thick filaments = myosin filaments
• Thin filaments = actin filaments

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• Thick filaments = myosin filaments
– Composed of the protein myosin
– Has ATPase enzymes
– Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)
– Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
• Thin filaments = actin filaments
– Composed of the protein actin
– Anchored to the Z disc

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin filaments
called the H zone
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
– Stores and releases calcium
– Surrounds the myofibril

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• Skeletal Muscle Activity
• Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal
Muscle Cells
▪ Excitability (also called responsiveness or
irritability)—ability to receive and respond to
a stimulus
▪ Contractility—ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
▪ Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be
stretched
▪ Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume
resting length after stretching

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Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells

–The Nerve
Stimulus and Action
Potential
•Skeletal
muscles must be
stimulated by a
motor neuron
(nerve cell) to
contract
•Motor
unit—one motor
neuron and all the
skeletal muscle
cells stimulated by
that neuron

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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

Figure 6.4b

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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
• Neuromuscular junction
– Association site of axon terminal of
the motor neuron and muscle

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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
• Synaptic cleft
– Gap between nerve and muscle
– Nerve and muscle do not make
contact
– Area between nerve and muscle is
filled with interstitial fluid

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 • Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
•Neurotransmitter—ch
emical released by nerve
upon arrival of nerve
impulse
–The
neurotransmitter for
skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine (ACh)
•Acetylcholine
attaches to receptors on
the sarcolemma
•Sarcolemma
becomes permeable to
sodium (Na+)

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 Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
•Sodium rushes into the cell generating an action
potential
•Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped

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• The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
• Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (cross
bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin
filament
• Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin
filament and pull them toward the center of the
sarcomere
• This continued action causes a sliding of the
myosin along the actin
• The result is that the muscle is shortened
(contracted)

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The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction

Figure 6.7a–b

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The Sliding Filament Theory

Figure 6.8a

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The Sliding Filament Theory

Figure 6.8b

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The Sliding Filament Theory

Figure 6.8c

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• Contraction of Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
▪ Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
▪ Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be
stimulated during the same interval
▪ Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
▪ Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal
muscle shortening

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Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
– Graded responses can be produced by
changing…
• The frequency of muscle stimulation
• The number of muscle cells being
stimulated at one time

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•Types of Graded Responses
–Twitch
•Single, brief
contraction
•Not a normal muscle
function

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 Types of Graded Responses
–Tetanus (summing of contractions)
•One contraction is immediately followed by another
•The muscle does not completely
return to a resting state
•The effects are added
•Normal

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Types of Graded Responses
–Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
•Some relaxation occurs between contractions
•The results are summed

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 Types of Graded Responses
–Fused (complete)
tetanus
•No evidence of
relaxation before the
following contractions
•The result is a
smooth, sustained
muscle contraction

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• Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
– Muscle force depends upon the number of
fibers stimulated
– More fibers stimulation results in stronger
muscle contraction
– Muscles can continue to contract unless they
run out of energy

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• Energy for Muscle Contraction
• Initially, muscles use stored ATP for energy
– ATP bonds are broken to release energy
– Only 4–6 seconds worth of ATP is stored
by muscles
• After this initial time, other pathways must
be utilized to produce ATP

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 Energy for Muscle Contraction
•Direct phosphorylation of
ADP by creatine phosphate
(CP)
–Muscle cells store CP
•CP is a high-energy
molecule
–After ATP is depleted,
ADP is left
–CP transfers
high-energy phosphate to
ADP, to regenerate ATP
–CP supplies are
exhausted in less than 15
seconds

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 Energy for Muscle Contraction
•Aerobic
respiration
–Occurs at rest
and during light to
moderate exercise
–A series of
metabolic pathways
occur in the
mitochondria & uses
oxygen
–Glucose is
broken down to
carbon dioxide and
water, releasing
energy (36 ATP)
–Slow process
requiring continuous *
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 Energy for Muscle Contraction
•Anaerobic glycolysis and
lactic acid formation
–Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
•Occurs in cytosol
–Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to produce 2
ATP
–Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
–This reaction is not as
efficient but is fast
•30-60 sec of activity
•Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
•Lactic acid produces
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• Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
• When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract even with a stimulus
• Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt
– Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen deficit
– Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid, and make ATP and CP reserves
• Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of
ATP causes the muscle to contract less

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• Types of Muscle Contractions
• Isotonic contractions (same tone/tension)
– Myofilaments are able to slide past each other
during contractions
– The muscle shortens and movement occurs
• Isometric contractions (same measurement/length)
– Tension in the muscles increases
– The muscle is unable to shorten or produce
movement

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• Muscle Tone
• Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed
muscle
• Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone
• The process of stimulating various fibers is under
involuntary control
• Homeostatic imbalance:
– Loss of tone/paralysis
• Caused by nerve damage; muscle is no
longer stimulated
• Results in flaccid (soft/flabby) muscle
• Atrophy will begin (waste away)

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•Effect of Exercise on Muscles
•Exercise increases muscle size, strength, and
endurance
–Aerobic (endurance) exercise (biking, jogging)
results in stronger, more flexible muscles with
greater resistance to fatigue
•Increases blood supply, increase in number of
mitochondria, & ability to store O2
•Makes body metabolism more efficient
•Improves digestion, coordination, skeleton
strength, heart & lung efficiency
•No significant increase in muscle size
–Resistance (isometric) exercise (weight lifting)
increases muscle size and strength
•Enlargement of individual muscle cells (make
more filaments)
•Increase in amount of connective tissue *
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Effect of Exercise on Muscles

Figure 6.11

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Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity

Table 6.2

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 •Muscle Movements, Types and Names
▪ Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving an
attached bone
▪ Muscles are
attached to at least
two points
−Origin:
Attachment to an
immoveable bone
−Insertion:
Attachment to a
movable bone

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•Common Body Movements
•Flexion
–Decreases the
angle of the joint
–Brings two
bones closer
together
–Typical of hinge
joints like knee and
elbow
•Extension
–Opposite of
flexion
–Increases angle
between two bones
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 Types of Ordinary Body Movements
•Rotation
–Movement of a bone
around its longitudinal
axis
–Common in
ball-and-socket joints
–Example is when you
move atlas around the
dens of axis (shake your
head “no”)

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 Types of Ordinary Body Movements
•Abduction
–Movement of a limb away
from the midline
•Adduction
–Opposite of abduction
–Movement of a limb toward
the midline

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 Types of Ordinary Body Movements
•Circumduction
–Combination of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction
–Common in
ball-and-socket joints

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•Special Movements
•Dorsiflexion
–Lifting the foot so that
the superior surface
approaches the shin
•Plantar flexion
–Depressing the foot
(pointing the toes)

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 Special Movements
•Inversion
–Turn sole of foot
medially
•Eversion
–Turn sole of foot
laterally

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 Special Movements
•Supination
–Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
•Pronation
–Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

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 Special Movements
•Opposition
–Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the
same hand

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•Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
– Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for
a certain movement
• Example: biceps brachii
– Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime
mover
• Triceps brachii
– Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a
movement and helps prevent rotation
• Wrist muscles when you make a fist
– Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
• Muscles anchoring to scapulae and thorax for
posture

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•Naming Skeletal Muscles
–By direction of muscle fibers
•Example: Rectus (straight)
–By relative size of the muscle
•Example: Maximus (largest)
–By location of the muscle
•Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
–By number of origins
•Example: Triceps (three heads)

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Naming Skeletal Muscles
– By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
• Example: sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle,
mastoid process)
– By shape of the muscle
• Example: Deltoid (triangular)
– By action of the muscle
• Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a
bone)

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• Arrangement of Fascicles

Figure 6.14

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 •Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
• Head and Neck Muscles
– Facial muscles (facial expression)
• Occipitofrontalis/Epicranius – 2 muscles + an aponeurosis
– Frontalis—elevates eyebrows & wrinkles forehead
– Occipitalis – draws scalp backward
• Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks
• Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and protrudes the lips
• Buccinator—pulls cheeks against teeth when chewing
• Zygomaticus major—elevates corners of the mouth
• Depressor anguli oris – depresses corners of the mouth
• Platysma – tenses skin of neck, depresses lower lip

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 •Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
2.Chewing muscles (muscles of mastication)
•Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates
mandible
•Temporalis—synergist of the masseter, closes
jaw; elevates mandible
•Medial & lateral pterygoid – elevate mandible
and moves mandible laterally

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 Head and Neck Muscles
–Neck muscles
•Platysma—tenses skin of neck; depresses lower lip
•Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck, rotates the head
–Homeostatic imbalance:
•Torticollis (wryneck) – injury of one of a baby’s
sternocleidomatoid muscles during difficult birth;
may result in spasms

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 Head and Neck Muscles
4.Anterior Neck Muscles
a.Suprahyoid muscles
– elevate hyoid
b.Infrahyoid muscles
– depress hyoid

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 •Muscles of Trunk,
Shoulder, Arm
–Anterior muscles
•Pectoralis
major—adducts and flexes
the humerus
•Pectoralis minor – pulls
scapula downward and
forward on thoracic wall
•Serratus anterior –
same as pectoralis minor
•Teres major – extends
and adducts humerus

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•Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Anterior muscles
e.Intercostal muscles
–External intercostals—elevate rib cage during inhalation
–Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage during
exhalation (especially when done so forcibly)
•Diaphragm – contraction pulls central portion down,
increasing thorax volume

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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
g.Muscles of the abdominal girdle
–Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column and compresses
abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)
–External and internal obliques—flex vertebral column; rotate
trunk and bend it laterally
–Transversus abdominis—compresses abdominal contents

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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
–Posterior muscles
•Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts, stabilizes, and
rotates the scapula
•Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the humerus
•Rhomboids – elevate and retract scapula
•Levator scapulae – elevates scapula
•Teres major – extends and adducts humerus
•Rotator cuff muscles – collectively abduct and rotate
humerus

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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Posterior muscles
g.Erector spinae—extend the vertebral column
h.Quadratus lumborum—extends lumbar vertebral column,
laterally flexes vertebral column
i.Deltoid—abducts, flexes, and extends the humerus

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•Muscles of the Upper Limb
– Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes (flexor)
elbow
– Brachialis—elbow flexion
– Brachioradialis—weak muscle, flexes elbow
– Triceps brachii—elbow extension (extensor)
(antagonist to biceps brachii)

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•Muscles of the Upper Limb
ANTERIOR Surface of Forearm
5. Pronators: Pronator teres & Pronator quadratus
6. Flexors: Flexor retinaculum, Flexor carpi radialis (flexes
wrist, abducts hand), Palmaris longus (flexes wrist), Flexor
carpi ulnaris (flexes wrist, adducts hand), Flexor digitorum
superficialis (flexes wrist & digist 2-5), Flexor digitorum
profundus, Flexor pollicis longus (flexes wrist & digits 2-5)

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•Muscles of the Upper Limb
POSTERIOR Surface of Forearm
7. Supinators: Supinator
8. Extensors: Extensor retinaculum, Extensor carpi radialis longus
(extends wrist, abducts hand), extensor carpi radialis brevis
(extends wrist, abducts hand), Extensor digitorum (extends wrist,
extends digits 2-5), Extensor carpi ulnaris (extends wrist, adducts
hand), Extensor pollicis longus (extends thumb) Extensor pollicis
brevis (extends thumb), Abductor pollicis longus (adbducts
thumb)

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 •Muscles of the Lower Limb
–Gluteus maximus (B) – hip
extension/extends thigh
–Gluteus medius (A) – hip
abduction/abducts thigh,
steadies pelvis when walking
–Gluteus minimus (C) –
abducts thigh

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 •Muscles of the Lower Limb
4. Iliopsoas—hip/thigh
flexion, keeps the upper
body from falling
backward when
standing erect
5. Adductor muscles—flex
thigh/hip; adduct the
thighs
6. Tensor fascia latae –
connects to iliotibial
band
7. Gracilis – flexes
leg/knee joint; adducts
thigh
8. Pectineus – flexes
thigh/ hip; adducts
thigh Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *
Muscles of the
Lower Limb
9.Muscles causing
movement at the knee joint
•Hamstring
group—thigh extension
and leg flexion
–Biceps femoris
–Semimembranosus
–Semitendinosus
•Sartorius—flexes the
thigh
•Quadriceps
group—extends the
leg/knee joint
–Rectus femoris
–Vastus muscles
(three: medialis,
intermedius, lateralis)
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 Muscles of the Lower Limb
10.Muscles causing
movement at ankle and foot
•Tibialis
anterior—dorsiflexion and foot
inversion
•Tibialis posterior – plantar
flex foot; invert foot
•Extensor digitorum
longus—toe extension (2-5)
and dorsiflexion of the foot
•Extensor digitorum brevis
– extends toes 2-4
•Extensor hallucis longus
– extends big toe; dorsiflexes
foot
•Extensor hallucis brevis –
extends great toe
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 MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB
10.Muscles causing
movement at ankle and foot
g.Fibularis muscles—plantar
flexion, everts the foot
h.Soleus—plantar flexion
i.Gastrocnemius – plantar
flexes foot and flexes knee joint
and leg
j.Peroneus longus & brevis –
plantar flex & evert foot
k.Popliteus – plantar flex
foot; flex leg/knee
l.Plataris – plantar flex foot;
flex leg/knee
m.Flexor hallucis longus –
plantar flex foot; flex great toe
n.Flexor digitorum longus –
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Superficial
Muscles:
Anterior

Figure 6.21

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Superficial
Muscle
s:
Posteri
or

Figure 6.22

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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.3 (1 of 3)

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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.3 (2 of 3)

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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.3 (3 of 3)

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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.4 (1 of 3)

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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.4 (2 of 3)

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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.4 (3 of 3)

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• Intramuscular Injection Sites

Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d

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 • Developmental Aspects of the Muscular
System
• Fetal Development
– Muscle tissue laid down in segments (like earthworm)
– Each segment invaded by nerves
– First fetal movements (felt by mom) occur by 16 weeks
• Infant/Toddler Development
– Muscle control develops along with nervous system
• Moves in a cephalic/caudal and proximal/distal
direction
• Gross movements 1st, fine movements 2nd

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 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System
• Midadolescence
– Peak level of development of natural control
– Athletic training creates optimal precision
• Aging
– Increased amount of connective tissue
– Decreased amount of muscle tissue (stringy)
– Decreased body weight
– Decreased muscle strength (by ~50% at 80 years of
age)
– Can be delayed with regular exercise

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• Homeostatic imbalance
– Muscular Dystrophy: group of inherited muscle-destroying
diseases affecting specific muscle groups
• Muscles enlarge (fat & connective tissue deposits), but
muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy (AKA
pseudohypertrophic)
• Dystrophin (muscle protein) is lacking; helps maintain the
sarcolemma
• No cure; but gene therapy trials are showing promise in mice
• Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
– Most common & most serious
– Usually affects boys (X-linked recessive); females
usually carriers vs. diseased
– Diagnosed between 2-7 years of age
– Begins in extremities and works superiorly
– Usually fatal by their 20’s due to respiratory failure

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Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Posture changes
during progression of
Duchenne muscular
dystrophy.

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Homeostatic imbalance
– Myasthenia gravis (muscle + weakness + heavy):
generalized muscle weakness and fatigability in
adulthood
• Drooping eyelids, difficulty in swallowing and
talking
• Shortage of ACh receptors @ NMJ
• Probably an autoimmune disease b/c those
affected have antibodies to ACh receptors
• ACh receptors appear damaged/diseased with
progression of disease
• Muscles weaken due to lack of stimulation
• Death occurs due to respiratory failure

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