29-Jun-20

EE201 BASIC ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Presented by

M. Jayachandran
Guest Faculty
Dept. of EEE
PEC, Puducherry

UNIT-4

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
4.1 Elementary Concept of Rotating M achines
• Fleming’s right hand rule
• Fleming’s right hand rule
4.2 DC M achines
• Construction and working
• Generator and Motor
• EMF equation of DC generator
• Back EMF of DC motor
• Torque-speed characteristics
• Types of DC machines
4.3 AC M achines
Induction motor
• Synchronous Generator
Induction motor

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4.1 Elementary Concept of Rotating Machines

Fleming’s right hand rule (for generators) Fleming’s left hand rule (for motors)

Whenever conductor is moving with W henever current ( ) carrying condu ctor

velocity ( ) in the magnetic field ( ) , placed in a magneti c field ( ), it

an emf ( ) is induced. experiences force ( ) and the condu ctor

will start moving.
The direction of induced emf can be
The dire ction of force can be obtained by
determined by Fleming's right hand
applying Fleming's left hand rule.
rule.

4.2 DC Machines

DC machine means,
(A) DC Generator
(B) DC motor
(C) Both DC Motor and DC Generator
(D) Either DC Motor or DC Generator

M otor

Electrical M agnetic M echanical

Generator

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Construction of DC Machine
DC Machine consists of,

• Stationary part:
It is designed for producing
magnetic flux.

• Rotating part:
It is called the armature,
where mechanical energy
converted into electrical
energy (generator), or
conversely, electrical energy
into mechanical energy
(motor).

Note: The stationary and rotating parts are separated from each other by an air-gap.

Yoke

1. Yoke:

 It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting

cover for the whole machine.
 It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles since the yoke
should have sufficient mechanical strength and high permeability.
For smaller machines yoke is made up of cast iron but for longer
machines cast steel or rolled steel is employed.

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Stator: Stationary part of a machine.

Pole core
Pole shoe

Flux
2. Pole core and pole shoe:
The Pole core and pole shoes are built of thin laminations and purpose of pole
core is to receive field winding and pole shoes is to spread the flux in the air
gap and also to support field coils.
3. Field coils:
The field coils are former wound copper wire or strip.

Rotor: Rotating part of a machine (armature).

The armature consists of,

 armature core
 armature winding.
4. Armature core and winding:

 The armature is a laminated core with slots (generally open type) to receive
conductors on it.
 The purpose of the armature is to rotate the conductors.
 It should be noted that the e.m.f induced in the armature conductors are A.C only.
Note: The generated vol tage in a c oil when rotated rel ative to a magnetic fiel d, is inherentl y
al ternating in nature. To c onvert this A.C vol tage into a D.C vol tage we therefore need a unit
(Commutator & Brushes) after the c oil terminals.

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5. Commutator:

 The function of commutator is to fa cilitate collection of current from the armature

conductors and to convert it into d.c.
 In other wards it converts A.C current (or voltage) to D.C current (or voltage).
6. Brushes and Bearing:
 Stationary carbon brushes are place d over the rotating commutator in su ch a way that
they always make electrical contact with the commutator segments.
 The function of brushes is to collect current from commutator into external load.
 Usually the brushes are made up of carbon or graphite with rectangular shape.
 These brushes are housed in brush holders.

7. Armature windings:
(a) Pole pitch (YP ):

It may be defined as:

I. The periphery of the armature divided by the number of poles of the
generator. i.e the distance between two adjacent poles.
II. Pole pitch is equal to the number of armature conductors (or armature
slots) per pole.
EX: If there are 48 conductors and 4 poles the pole pitch is 48/4=12.

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(b) Coil pitch or Coil span (Ys):

Spacing between two coil sides of a coil. The spacing is expressed in

terms of number of slots between the sides.
Ex: If S be the total number of slots and P be the total number of poles
then coil span is S/P. For 20 slots, 4 poles winding, coil span is 5.
If coil pitch=pole pitch then the winding is called full pitched coil.
If the coil span or coil pitch is less than the pole pitch then it is called
fractional pitched coil.

Yc = 2-1=1 Yc = 8-1=7

Types of armature winding < lap winding

Types of armature winding < wave winding

(c) Commutator pitch (Y c):

The commutator pitch is the number of commutator segments spanned

by each coil of the winding.

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d) Lap winding e) Wave winding

• In this case, if conne ction is started • In this type of connection, winding
from condu ctor in slot 1 then always travels ahead avoiding
conne ctions overlap each other as overlapping. It travel like a progressive
winding proceeds, till starting point is wave hence called wave winding. To get
reached again. an idea of wave winding a part of
• Developed view of part of the armature armature winding in wave fashion is
winding in lap fashion shown in the shown in the Fig.
Fig. • Both coils starting from slot 1 and slot
• As seen from the Fig, there is 2 are progressing in wave fashion.
overlapping of coils while proceeding.

Comparison of Lap and Wave type winding

Lap winding W ave winding
Number of parallel paths (A) = No. of parallel paths (A) = 2
poles (p)
Number of brush sets required is Number of brush sets required is
equal to number of poles. equal to two.
Preferable for high current, low Preferable for high current, low
voltage capacity generators. current capacity generators.

Normally used for generators of Preferred for generators of capacity

capacity more than 500A. less than 500A.

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DC Machine: DC Generator & DC Motor

DC Machine: DC Generator

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Principle of operation of DC Generator

An electrical generator is a machine

which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. This energy
conversion is based on the principle of
the production of dynamically induced
emf.
“Whenever a moving conductor cuts magnetic flux,
dynamically induced emf is produced across the ends of the
moving conductor”. ( Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction)
Note: The direction of induced voltage is given by Fleming's right-hand rule

Principle of operation of DC Motor

An electrical motor is a machine

which converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy.

“whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force and the
conductor will start moving". ( Lorentz force)
Note: The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule.

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DC Generator: Basic principle of operation

Let the armature be driven by a prime mover in the

clock wise direction and the stator field is excited.
There will be indu ced voltage ( ) in each armature
conductor.
The dire ction of the induced voltage can be
ascertained by applying Fleming's right hand rule.
Note:
For a loade d generator the direction of the armature • The prime mover torque Tpm acts
current will be same as that of the induced voltages. along the direction of rotation while
the electromagnetic torque, Te acts
Thus ⊗ and ● also represent the dire ction of the
in the opposite direction of rotation.
currents in the conductors. • If Tpm = Te generator runs steadily at
However, a current carrying condu ctor placed in a constant speed.
magnetic field experiences force. Here, rotor During transient operation,
• if Tpm > TL , the generator will
conductor experiences a torque (Te) in the counter accelerate.
clockwise direction (Fleming's left hand rule). • if Tpm < TL , the generator will
decelerate.

DC Motor: Basic principle of operation

 Excited stator coils are assumed to produce south and north
poles.
 If the armature is connected to a D.C source, current will be
flowing through the armature conductors.
 Rotor conductor experiences a force called torque (Te) in the
counter clockwise direction (Fleming's left hand rule) and
causing the rotor to move in the same direction.
However, when the armature condu ctors move in Note:
• electromagnetic torque Te acts
presence of a field, voltage is indu ced in the along the direction of the rotor
conductor in the opposite direction of the current rotation and the load torque TL acts
flow (Fleming's right hand rule). in the opposite direction of rotation
• If Te = TL motor runs steadily at
Therefore, the generated voltage in the armature acts
constant speed.
in opposition to the source voltage. This generated During transient operation,
voltage in a D.C motor is usually called the back emf, • if Te > TL , motor will accelerate.
• if Te < TL motor will decelerate.
(E b).

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Summary of DC Machine
Parameter DC Generator DC M otor
Input & Output M ech. Input  Elec. output Elec. Input  M ech. output
Principle Faraday’s law Lorentz force
Rule Fleming's right hand rule Fleming's left hand rule
direction of current direction of rotation
Load Electrical load M echanical load
(All electrical equipments.) (pumps, lift, crane, blower etc.)
Driving torque Prime mover torque, Tpm Electromagnetic torque, Te
(same direction of rotation) (same direction of rotation)
Opposing torque Electromagnetic torque, Te Load torque, TL
It acts in the opposite dir ection It acts in the opposite direction
of rotation. of rotation.
Steady operation Tpm = Te @ constant speed Te = TL @ constant speed
Generator operates with Motor operates with constant
constant speed speed
Transient Tpm > TL generator will accelerate Te > TL motor will accelerate
Operation Tpm < TL generator will decelerate Te < TL motor will decelerate

EMF equation of DC generator:

𝑵 – 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒓.𝒑. 𝒎 .
𝒁 – 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔.
𝝓 – 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑾𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒓. Tangential velocity, v = πDN
𝑷 – 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆
a – 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈.
𝑬𝒈 – 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
(𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒎𝒇) 𝑵
𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 =
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑩𝒂𝒗 𝑳 𝒗 𝟔𝟎

𝒁
𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒉 =
𝒂

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒃𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒔 =

𝒁
𝑩 𝑳𝒗 =
𝒁 𝝓𝒑
𝑳 𝝅𝑫𝑵
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
𝒂 𝒂𝒗 𝒂 𝝅𝑫𝑳
𝑷
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝝓𝑵𝒁 ×
𝒂 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑨 = 𝑷 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂𝒑 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

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Torque equation of DC generator:

𝑰𝒂
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 =
𝒂

𝑰𝒂
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑩 𝑳
𝒂 𝒂𝒗

𝑰𝒂 𝑫
𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑩 𝑳
𝒂 𝒂𝒗 𝟐

𝑰𝒂 𝒁 𝑫
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝑻𝒆 = 𝑩𝒂𝒗 𝑳
𝒂 𝟐

Problem-4.2.1
Calculate the e.m.f of a 4-pole wave wound generator having 45 slots
with 18 conductors per slot at 1200 rpm. The flux per pole is 0.016 wb.
Sol:
For wave wound generator A=2,

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

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Problem-4.2.2
A 6-pole lap wound d.c generator has an armature with 90 slots and 6
conductor per slot and rotates at 1200 rpm. The flux per pole is
50mWb. Calculate emf generated.
Sol:
For lap wound generator A=P,

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

Problem-4.2.3
Find the power developed of a d.c armature having 1152 lap connected
conductors carrying 120A and rotating at 250rpm in a 12-pole field.
The flux per pole being 0.075wb
Sol:

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
𝒌𝑾

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Back EMF of DC motor:

The generated voltage in the armature acts in opposition to the source voltage.
This generated voltage in a D.C motor is usually called the back emf, Eb .

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑨 = 𝑷 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒂𝒑 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

Voltage Equation of D.C. Motor:

The expression for armature current is

Then, the b𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒆𝒎𝒇 is

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕

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Speed of D.C. Machine:

The generated 𝒆𝒎𝒇 of dc machine, 1

The relation b/w terminal voltage and generated 𝒆𝒎𝒇,
𝑽 = 𝑬 𝒈 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂
𝑬 𝒈 = 𝑽 − 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂  2
Compare 1 and 2, to find the speed of the dc machine,

Speed at no load,

Regulation of dc machine,

Types of DC Motor and its Characteristics

Types of D.C Motor

Separately
Self excited excited

Series Shunt Compound

wound wound wound

Long shunt Short shunt

Cumulative Cumulative

Differential Differential

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Separately excited machine

• In a separately excited machine

field winding is energized from a
separate voltage source in order to
produce flux in the machine.

• So long the machine operates in

unsaturated condition the flux
produced will be proportional to the

Fig: Separately excited DC motor field current.

Self excited machine –DC shunt motor

𝑰𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 +𝑰𝒂

𝑽 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 𝑹𝒔𝒉 For shunt motor flux

Shunt Connection 𝑽 = 𝑬𝒃 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂
• The field winding is connected in parallel with the armature. The machine
may have sufficient field current developed on its own by virtue of its shunt
connection.

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Characteristics of DC shunt motor

For shunt motor fl ux

Load

 Ta-Ia curve: The field flux ɸ to be constant, torque is proportional to armature current. Hence,
the Ta-Ia characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a straight line through the origin.
 Since heavy starting load needs heavy starting current, shunt motor should never be started on a
heavy load.
 N-Ia curve: As flux ɸ is assumed to be constant, we can say N ∝ Eb. But, as back emf is also almost
constant, the speed should remain constant. Therefore, a shunt motor can be assumed as a
constant speed motor.
 N-Ta curve: practically, ɸ as well as E b decreases with increase in load. Back emf E b decreases
slightly more than ɸ, therefore, the speed decreases slightly. The speed torque characteristics are
similar to speed current characteristics

Self excited machine –DC series motor

𝑰𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆 For series motor flux

𝑽 = 𝑬𝒃 + 𝑰𝒂 (𝑹𝒂 +𝑹𝒔𝒆 )
Series Connection
• There is one field winding wound over the main poles with fewer turns and
large cross sectional area.

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Characteristics of DC series motor

For series motor fl ux

Load

 Ta-Ia curve: flux ɸ is directly proportional to Ia. Hence, before magnetic saturation Ta α Ia2.
Therefore, the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for smaller values of Ia.
 N-Ia curve: flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely proportional to Ia. Therefore,
when armature current is very small the speed becomes dangerously high. Hence, a series motor
should never be started without some mechanical load.
 N-Ta curve: Since a series motor develops high starting torques at low speeds and low torque at
high speeds, therefore, speed – torque characteristics of a DC series motor is a hyperbola.

Self excited machine –compound long shunt/short shunt

Fig: Long shunt compound DC motor Fig: Short shunt compound DC motor

• A compound generator has two separate field coils wound over the field poles.
• The coil having large number of turns and thinner cross sectional area (high
resistance) is called the shunt field coil and the other coil having few number
of turns and large cross sectional area (small resistance) is called the series
field coil.

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Characteristics of DC compound motor

 Cumul ative c ompound motor: Series winding takes c are of the heavy l oad, whereas the shunt
winding prevents the motor from running at dangerousl y high speed when the l oad is suddenl y
removed.

 Differential compound motor: Series fl ux opposes shunt fl ux, the total fl ux decreases with
inc rease in l oad. Due to this, the speed remains al most c onstant.

Types of DC Generator

Fig: Separately excited DC generator

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4.3 AC Machines
Construction and working of Three Phase Induction Motor

Construction of three Phase Induction Motor

Three Phase Induction Motor consists of,
• Stationary Stator
• Revolving Rotor
• Wound rotor
-slip rings & brushes
• Squirrel cage
-bars & end-rings
The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air-gap.

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Induction Motor: Basic principle of operation

 Balanced three phase voltage is supplied to the balanced three-phase winding of the stator.
 The current in the stator winding produces a rotating magnetic fiel d in the airgap, the
magnitude of which remains constant.
 The axis of the magnetic field rotates at a synchronous speed

. The emfs in both stator and rotor conductors are induced at the same frequency

Induction Motor: Basic principle of operation

As the rotor winding is short-circuited at the slip-rings, current flows in the rotor
windings.
The current in the rotor bars interacts with the air-gap flux to develop the torque.
The direction of electro-magnetic torque (T e) in the motor is in the same dire ction as
that of the rotating magnetic field.
Due to production of the torque, rotor starts rotating in the same direction.

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Induction Motor: Basic principle of operation

The Relative speed of the stator

field wrt rotor conductors {slip
speed (Ns - Nr)} in the direction of
sync speed (Ns) is called Slip of the
rotor.
The slip at full load is 4-5% (0.04-0.05)

Induction Motor: Basic principle of operation

The rotor bars in the squirrel cage rotor are short circuited via end
rings.
Similarly, in the wound rotor, the rotor windings are normally
short circuited externally via the slip rings.
In both cases, as emf is induced in the rotor conductor (bar),
current flows there, as it is short circuited.
The frequency of the induced emf and current in the rotor is,
𝑵𝒔
𝑵𝒔

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Induction Motor: Basic principle of operation 𝑵𝒓 = 𝟏 − 𝑺 𝑵𝒔

=> Torque will not be produced
If the rotor speed is equal that of the
rotating magnetic field and also in the same
direction, the relative velocity is zero,
which causes both the induced emf and
current in the rotor to be reduced to zero.
Under this condition, torque will not be
produced.
=> Torque will be produced
So, for production of positive (motoring)
torque, the rotor speed must always be
lower than the synchronous speed.
=> At standstill,

The torque-slip/torque-speed characteristics of 3- Induction M otor

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Benefits of Induction Motor

Applications of Induction Motor

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Problem-4.3.1
A 220 V, 10 HP, 4 pole, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor has a full load
slip of 6 percent.
a) W hat is the synchronous speed of this motor?
b) W hat is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
c) W hat is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
d) W hat is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?

Sol:

𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐻𝑧

𝑁 −𝑚

1- Induction Motor

 It has distributed winding on the stator.

 The rotor is of squirrel c age type, which is a cheap one, as the rating of this type of motor is low.
 As the stator winding is fed from a single-phase supply, the flux in the air gap is alternating only,
not a sync hronousl y rotating.
 This type of alternating field cannot produce a torque, If the rotor is stationary . So, a
single-phase IM is not sel f-starting.
 However, if the rotor is initially given some torque in either direction then immediately a torque
is produced in the motor. The motor then rotates (accelerates) to its final speed, which is lower
than its synchronous speed .
This is now explained using double field revolving theory

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Double field revolving theory

The flux or field rotating at synchronous speed, say, in the anti clock wise directi on, i .e.
the same dire ction, as that of the motor (rotor) taken as positive indu ces emf (voltage)
in the rotor conductors.
The rotor is a squirrel cage one, with bars short circuited via end rings.
The current flows in the rotor condu ctors, and the electromagnetic torque is produ ced
in the same direction as given above, which is termed as positive ( ).
The other part of flux or field rotates at the same speed in the opposite (clockwise)
direction, taken as negative. So, the torque produ ced by this field is negative ( ), as it
is in the clockwise direction, same as that of the direction of rotation of this field.

Double field revolving theory

Two torques are in the opposite direction, and the resultant (total)
torque is the difference of the two torques produced .
If the rotor is stationary , the slip due to forward (anticlockwise)
rotating field . Similarly, the slip due to backward rotating field is
also . The two torques are equal and opposite, and the resultant
torque is . So, there is no starting torque in a single-
phase IM

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Double field revolving theory

Fig: Position of the pulsating and rotating in fluxes with change in angle

Fig: Pulsating flux as a function of space angle

Speed-Torque characteristics of 1- Induction Motor

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Starting Methods of 1-𝝓 Induction Motor

Resistance Split-phase Motor

Capacitor Split-phase Motor
Capacitor-start Motor
Capacitor-start & Capacitor-run
Motor
Shaded-pole Motor

3-phase Synchronous Generators/alternator

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3-phase Synchronous Generators/alternator

It has non uniform air gap and is generally It has uniform air gap used when speed
used where speed is low. is high.

It has a balanced three phase armature winding on the stator. The three coils
are so placed in space that there axes are mutually 120°. From the terminals of
the armature, 3-phase power is obtained.
Rotor houses a field coil and excited by D.C. The field coil produces flux and
electromagnetic poles on the rotor surface. If the rotor is driven by an external
agency, the flux linkages with three stator coils becomes sinusoidal function of
time and sinusoidal voltage is induced in them.
The frequency of the generated emf for a P polar generator

The rpm at which the generators with different number of poles are to be driven
in order to generate voltage at 50 Hz.

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