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Chapter 1 Notes

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4 views

Chapter 1 Notes

Uploaded by

Danielle Stoop
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 Notes

Real Numbers — Axioms and Definitions


Field Axioms for Real Numbers
Field Axioms for Real Numbers (Study Guide Version)

Type Axiom Name Meaning

Addition A1 Closure of addition: x + y ∈ ℝ

Addition A2 Commutativity of addition: x + y = y + x

Addition A3 Associativity of addition: x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z

Existence of additive identity: ∅ ∈ ℝ such that x +


Addition A4
0=x

Existence of additive inverses: for each x ∈ ℝ,


there exists -x ∈ ℝ such that x + (-x) = 0
Addition A5

Multiplication M1 Closure of multiplication: xy ∈ ℝ

Multiplication M2 Commutativity of multiplication: xy = yx

Multiplication M3 Associativity of multiplication: x(yz) = (xy)z

Multiplication M4 Distributive Law: x(y+z) = xy + xz

Existence of multiplicative identity: 1 ∈ ℝ such that


x⋅1=x
Multiplication M5

nonzero x ∈ ℝ, there exists 1/x ∈ ℝ such that


Existence of multiplicative inverses: for each
Multiplication M6
x(1/x) = 1

Order Axioms for Real Numbers


 (O1) Trichotomy: Exactly one of a < b, a = b, or b < a is true.
 (O2) Transitivity: If a < b and b < c, then a < c.
 (O3) Preservation under addition: If a < b, then a + c < b + c.

 (O4) Preservation under multiplication: If 0 < a and 0 < b, then 0 < a ⋅ b.

Completeness Axiom
 Every non-empty set of real numbers that is bounded above has a least
upper bound (supremum).
Archimedean Property

Density of ℚ in ℝ
 For every real number x, there exists a natural number n such that n > x.

 Between any two real numbers, there exists a rational number.

Cardinality
 ℕ and ℚ are countable sets.

 ℝ is an uncountable set (proven using Cantor's diagonal argument).

Important Properties of Real Numbers


 Positive numbers have positive reciprocals:
1
If 0< a, then 0< .
a
 Order flips with reciprocals:
1 1
If 0< a<b , then < .
b a
 Multiplying an inequality by a negative number flips it:
If a< b and c <0 , then ac >bc .

 Squares are non-negative:


For any a ∈ R , a ² ≥0 .

 Product of two positives is positive:


If 0< a and 0< b, then 0< ab.

 Product of two negatives is positive:


If a< 0 and b< 0, then 0< ab.

 Sum of two positives is positive:


If 0< a and 0< b, then 0< a+b .

 Subtraction preserves order if you subtract the same thing:


If a< b, then a−c <b−c for any c ∈ R .

The Tripartition of the Real Numbers


The set of real numbers is partitioned into three sets: the singleton set {0}, the
set R⁺ (positive real numbers), and the set R⁻ (negative real numbers).
A number is nonnegative if it is positive or 0, and nonpositive if it is negative
or 0.

Basic Properties of Positive and Negative Numbers


 The sum of any list of positive numbers is positive.
 The sum of any list of negative numbers is negative.
 The product of two nonzero numbers is positive if both are positive or both
are negative, and is negative otherwise.
 The product of a list of numbers is positive if the number of negative
numbers in the list is even, and is negative if the number of negative
numbers in the list is odd.
 For all positive numbers x, the number -x is negative. (Recall that -x is the
unique number such that x + (-x) = 0, and is equal to (-1)x.)

Corollary 10.2
The square of any real number is positive.

Definition of < and ≤


We can use the notion of positive and negative to define:
 x < y means that y - x is positive.
 x ≤ y means that y - x is nonnegative.
 x > y means that x - y is positive.
 x ≥ y means that x - y is nonnegative.

Proof example
1 1
Prove: If 0< a<b , then 0< < .
b a
Longer full proof (your distributive method):

1. Given 0< a<b .

2. Then b−a> 0.

1
3. (b−a)>0 and a , b> 0, so multiply by >0.
ab
4. By distributive law:

1 b a 1 1
( b−a ) × = − = −
ab ab ab a b
5. So:

1 1 1 1
− >0 thus <
a b b a
1 1
6. Also, since a , b> 0, then , >0 1.
a b
Thus:

1 1
0< <
b a
as required. ∎

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