ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Definition Of AI

"It Is A Branch Of Computer Science By Which We Can Create Intelligent Machines

Which Can Behave Like A Human, Think Like Humans, And Able To Make Decisions."

The Term Was Coined By McCarthy In 1956.

AI Exists When A Machine Can Have Human Based Skills Such As Learning, Reasoning,

And Solving Problems

With Ai You Do Not Need To Preprogram A Machine To Do Some Work, Despite That

You Can Create A Machine With Programmed Algorithms Which Can Work With Own

Intelligence, And That Is The Awesomeness Of Ai.

It Is Believed That Ai Is Not A New Technology, And Some People Says That As Per

Greek Myth, There Were Mechanical Men In Early Days Which Can Work And Behave

Like Humans.

Turing Test:

The Turing Test Is A Method Of Inquiry In Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Determining

Whether Or Not A Computer Is Capable Of Thinking Like A Human Being.

How The Turing Test Works?

In A Typical Turing Test Scenario, Three Participants Are Involved: Two Humans And

One Machine.

The Interrogator, A Human Judge, Is Isolated From The Other Two Participants. The

Judge Asks Questions To Both The Human And The Machine, Aiming To Identify Which

One Is The Human. The Machine’s Goal Is To Respond In A Way That Makes It

Indistinguishable From The Human Participant. If The Judge Cannot Reliably Identify The

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Machine, The Machine Is Considered To Have Passed The Turing Test.

TYPICAL AI PROBLEMS:

While studying the typical range of tasks that we might expect an “intelligent entity” to

perform, we need to consider both “common- place” tasks as well as expert tasks.

Examples of common-place tasks include

Recognizing people, objects.

Communicating (through natural language).

Navigating around obstacles on the streets

These tasks are done matter of factly and routinely by people and some other animals.

Expert tasks include:

Medical diagnosis.

Mathematical problem solving

Playing games like chess

WHAT CAN AI SYSTEM DO:

Today’s AI systems have been able to achieve limited

success in some of these tasks.

In Computer vision, the systems are capable of face recognition

In Robotics, we have been able to make vehicles that are mostly

autonomous.

In Natural language processing, we have systems that are capable of simple machine

translation.

Today’s Expert systems can carry out medical diagnosis in a narrow domain

Speech understanding systems are capable of recognizing several thousand words

continuous speech

Planning and scheduling systems had been employed in scheduling experiments with

the Hubble

Telescope.

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The Learning systems are capable of doing text categorization into about a 1000 topics

In Games, AI systems can play at the Grand Master level in chess

(world champion), checkers, etc.

What can AI systems NOT do yet?

Understand natural language robustly (e.g., read and understand

articles in a newspaper)

Surf the web

Interpret an arbitrary visual scene

Learn a natural language

Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains

Exhibit true autonomy and intelligence

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about AI, we should know that what is the importance of AI and why

should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can

solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues,

marketing, traffic issues, etc.

With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as

Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.

With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an

environment where survival of humans can be at risk.

AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities

Goals of Artificial Intelligence:

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

Replicate human intelligence

Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

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An intelligent connection of perception and action

Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human

intelligence such as:

Proving a theorem

Playing chess

Plan some surgical operation

Driving a car in traffic

Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by it

demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and

high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre- experience or information.

High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because

of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action

multiple times with high accuracy.

Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a

bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as

AI technology is currently used by various E- commerce websites to show the products

as per customer requirement.

Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving

car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security

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purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in

human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:

Every technology has some disadvantages, and the same goes for Artificial

intelligence. Being so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which

we need to keep in our mind while creating an AI system. Following are the

disadvantages of AI:

High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires

lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they

cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are

trained, or programmed.

No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it

does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with

human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are

getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but

still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative

and imaginative.

APPLICATION OF AI:

AI has various applications in today's society.

Following are some sectors which have the application of AI:

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AI in Astronomy:

AI can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can

be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

AI in Healthcare:

In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the

healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.

Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than

humans.

AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so

that medical help

can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

AI in Gaming:

AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like

chess, where the

machine needs to think of a large number of possible palces.

AI in Finance:

AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry

is implementing

automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine

learning into financial

processes.

AI in Data Security:

The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing

very rapidly in the digital

world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples

such as AEG bot, AI2

Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

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AI in Social Media:

Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user

profiles, which need

to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage

massive amounts of

data. AI can analyze lots of data to

AI in Travel &Transport:

AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries.

AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel

arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.

Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like

interaction with

customers for better and fast response.

AI in Automotive Industry:

Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for

better performance.

Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can

make your journey

more safe and secure.

AI in Robotics:

AI has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such

that they can

perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent

robots which can

perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.

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Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent

Humanoid robot

named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like

humans.

AI in Entertainment:

We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some

entertainment

services such as Netflix or Amazon.

With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for

programs

or shows.

AI in Agriculture:

Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for

best result. Now a day’s

agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.

Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive

analysis.

AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

AI in E-commerce:

AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming

more demanding in the e-

commerce business.

AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color,

or even brand.

AI in education:

AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can

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communicate with

students as a teaching assistant.

AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be

accessible easily at any

Time and any place.

TYPES OF AI:

AI can be divided in various types, there are mainly 2 types of main categorization

which are based on

capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

Following is flow diagram which explain the types of AI.

Type-1: Based on Capabilities:

Weak AI or Narrow AI:

Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.

The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of AI.

Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one

specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable

ways if it goes beyond its limits.

Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre- defined

range of functions.

IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system

approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.

Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on

e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

General AI:

General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual

task with efficiency like a human.

The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and

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think like a human by its own.

Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can

perform any task as perfect as a human.

The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines

with General AI.

As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and

time to develop such systems.

Super AI:

Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human

intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It

is an outcome of general AI.

Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to

reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.

Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such

systems in real is still world changing task.

Type-2: Based on functionality:

1. Reactive Machines

Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of AI.

Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future

actions.

These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best ac

IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.

Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory

Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a

short period of time.

These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

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Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars

can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars,

speed limit, and other information to navigate the road

3. Theory of Mind

Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able

to interact socially like humans.

This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of

efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness

– Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super

intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.

These machines will be smarter than human mind.

Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

WHAT IS AZURE

Azure Is A Cloud Computing Platform An Online Portal That Allows You To Access And

Manage Cloud Services And Resources Provided By Microsoft.

These Services And Resources Include Storing Your Data And Transforming, Depending

On Your Requirements.

To Get Access To These Resources And Services, All You Need To Have Is An Active

Internet Connection And The Ability To Connect To The Azure Portal.

AZURE AI:

What is AI?

AI is the creation of software that imitates human behaviors and capabilities.

Key workloads include:

Machine learning - This is often the foundation for an AI system, and is the way

we "teach" a computer model to make prediction and draw conclusions from data.

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Anomaly detection - The capability to automatically detect errors or unusual activity in

a system.

Computer vision - The capability of software to interpret the world visually

through cameras, video, and images.

Natural language processing - The capability for a computer to interpret written or

spoken language, and respond in kind.

Knowledge mining - The capability to extract information from large volumes of often

unstructured data to create a searchable knowledge store.

Machine Learning:

Machine learning is a subset of AI, which enables the machine to automatically learn

from data, improve performance from past experiences, and make predictions.

Machine learning contains a set of algorithms that work on a huge amount of data.

How it works?

Machine learning systems use algorithms to analyze large amounts of data, identify

patterns, and make predictions. They can perform classification and prediction tasks on

documents, images, numbers, and other data types.

Example for machine learning:

Types of Machine learning: or Fundamental principles of machine learning on azure

Supervised Machine Learning.

Unsupervised Machine Learning.

Semi-Supervised Machine Learning.

Reinforcement Learning.

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Supervised Machine Learning:

Supervised Machine Learning is based on supervision. It means in the supervised

learning technique, we train the machines using the "labelled" dataset, and based on

the training, the machine predicts the output.

Ex: Medical diagnosis, Fraud Detection, Spam Detection.

Unsupervised Machine Learning:

Unsupervised learning is different from the Supervised learning technique; as its name

suggests, there is no need for supervision. It means, in unsupervised machine learning,

the machine is trained using the unlabeled dataset, and the machine predicts the

output without any supervision.

Ex:Recommendation Systems, Anomaly detection.

Semi – Supervised Learning:

Semi-Supervised learning is a type of Machine Learning algorithm that lies between

Supervised and Unsupervised machine learning.

Reinforcement Learning:

Reinforcement learning works on a feedback-based process, in which an AI agent (A

software component) automatically explore its surrounding by hitting & trail, taking

action, learning from experiences, and improving its performance.

Ex; Resource Management, Robotics.

Machine learning in Microsoft Azure:

Azure Machine Learning service - a cloud-based platform for creating, managing, and

publishing machine learning models.

Azure Machine Learning provides the following features and capabilities:

Machine learning in Microsoft Azure

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Microsoft Azure provides the Azure Machine Learning service - a cloud-based platform

for creating, managing, and publishing machine learning models. Azure Machine

Learning Studio offers multiple authoring experiences such as:

Automated machine learning: this feature enables non-experts to quickly create an

effective machine learning model from data.

Azure Machine Learning designer: a graphical interface enabling no-code development

of machine learning solutions.

Data metric visualization: analyze and optimize your experiments with visualization.

Notebooks: write and run your own code in managed Jupyter Notebook servers that are

directly integrated in the studio.

Anomaly detection in Microsoft Azure:

In Microsoft Azure, the Anomaly Detector service provides an application programming

interface (API) that developers can use to create anomaly detection solutions.

Understand anomaly detection:

Imagine you're creating a software system to monitor credit card transactions and

detect unusual usage patterns that might indicate fraud. Or an application that tracks

activity in an automated production line and identifies failures. Or a racing car

telemetry system that uses sensors to proactively warn engineers about potential

mechanical failures before they happen.

Example for anomaly detection:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computers to analyze

and understand visual data, such as images and videos. It's a key component of many

modern innovations, and is used in a variety of applications.

Most computer vision solutions are based on machine learning models that can be

applied to visual input from cameras, videos, or images.

COMPUTER VISION:

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COMPUTER VISION TASKS:

Image Classification:

Image classification involves training a machine learning model to classify images

based on their contents.

For example, in a traffic monitoring solution you might use an image classification

model to classify images based on the type of vehicle they contain, such as taxis,

buses, cyclists, and so on.

Object Detection:

Object detection machine learning models are trained to classify individual objects

within an image, and identify their location with a bounding box.

For example, a traffic monitoring solution might use object detection to identify the

location of different classes of vehicle.

Semantic Segmentation:

Semantic segmentation is an advanced machine learning technique in which individual

pixels in the image are classified according to the object to which they belong.

For example, a traffic monitoring solution might overlay traffic images with "mask"

layers to highlight different vehicles using specific colors.

Image Analysis:

You can create solutions that combine machine learning models with advanced image

analysis techniques to extract information from images, including "tags" that could help

catalog the image or even descriptive captions that summarize the scene shown in the

image.

Face detection, analysis and recognition:

Face detection is a specialized form of object detection that locates human faces in an

image.

This can be combined with classification and facial geometry analysis techniques to

recognize individuals based on their facial features.

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OCR(Optical Character Recognition)

Optical character recognition is a technique used to detect and read text in images.

You can use OCR to read text in photographs (for example, road signs or store fronts) or

to extract information from scanned documents such as letters, invoices, or forms.

Computer vision services in Microsoft Azure:

You can use Microsoft's Azure AI Vision to develop computer vision solutions. The

service features are available for use and testing in the Azure Vision Studio and other

programming languages. Some features of Azure AI Vision include:

Image Analysis: capabilities for analyzing images and video, and extracting

descriptions, tags, objects, and text.

Face: capabilities that enable you to build face detection and facial recognition

solutions.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR): capabilities for extracting printed or handwritten

text from images, enabling access to a digital version of the scanned text.

Analysing images with the Computer Vision service

After you've created a suitable resource in your subscription, you can submit images to

the Computer Vision service to perform a wide range of analytical tasks.

Describing an image:

Computer Vision has the ability to analyze an image, evaluate the objects that are

detected, and generate a human-readable phrase or sentence that can describe what

was detected in the image. Depending on the image contents, the service may return

multiple results, or phrases.

Tagging visual features:

The image descriptions generated by Computer Vision are based on a set of thousands

of recognizable objects, which can be used to suggest tags for the image. These tags

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can be associated with the image as metadata that summarizes attributes of the

image; and can be particularly useful if you want to index an image along with a set of

key terms that might be used to search for images with specific attributes or contents.

Detecting objects:

The object detection capability is similar to tagging, in that the service can identify

common objects; but rather than tagging, or providing tags for the recognized objects

only, this service can also return what is known as bounding box coordinates.

Detecting brands:

This feature provides the ability to identify commercial brands. The service has an

existing database of thousands of globally recognized logos from commercial brands of

products.

Detecting faces:

The Computer Vision service can detect and analyze human faces in an image,

including the ability to determine age and a bounding box rectangle for the location of

the face(s). The facial analysis capabilities of the Computer Vision service are a subset

of those provided by the dedicated Face Service.

Categorizing an image:

Computer Vision can categorize images based on their contents. The service uses a

parent/child hierarchy with a "current" limited set of categories. When analyzing an

image, detected objects are compared to the existing categories to determine the best

way to provide the categorization.

Optical character recognition:

The Computer Vision service can use optical character recognition (OCR) capabilities to

detect printed and handwritten text in images. This capability is explored in the Read

text with the Computer Vision service module on Microsoft Learn.

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING(NLP)

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Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows

computers to understand, generate, and manipulate human language.

NLP is a machine learning technology that uses algorithms to analyze the meaning and

structure of sentences.

Here are some examples of NLP in action:

Virtual assistants: NLP enables virtual assistants like Siri, Cortana, and Alexa to

understand and respond to user requests in natural language.

Email spam filtering: NLP can help filter out spam emails.

Automatic translation: NLP can automatically translate text or speech.

Document summarization: NLP can summarize documents.

Sentiment analysis: NLP can analyze the sentiment in a message.

Grammar and spell checking: NLP can help with grammar and spell checking.

Understand natural language processing

Natural language processing (NLP) is the area of AI that deals with creating software

that understands written and spoken language.

NLP enables you to create software that can:

Analyze and interpret text in documents, email messages, and other sources.

Interpret spoken language, and synthesize speech responses.

Automatically translate spoken or written phrases between languages.

Interpret commands and determine appropriate actions.

Advantages of NLP:

NLP helps users to ask questions about any subject and get a direct response within

seconds.

NLP helps computers to communicate with humans in their languages.

It is very time efficient.

Most of the companies use NLP to improve the efficiency of documentation processes,

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accuracy of documentation, and identify the information from large databases.

Disadvantages of NLP :

Training can take time: if it’s necessary to develop a model with a new set of data

without using a pre-trained model, it can take weeks to achieve a good performance

depending on the amount of data.

It’s not 100% reliable: one of the disadvantages of machine learning is that it’s never

100% dependable. There’s the possibility of errors in its prediction and results.

Components of NLP

There are the following two components of NLP -

Natural Language Understanding (NLU)

Natural Language Understanding (NLU) helps the machine to understand and analyse

human language by extracting the metadata from content such as concepts, entities,

keywords, emotion, relations, and semantic roles.

NLU mainly used in Business applications to understand the customer's problem in both

spoken and written language.

Natural Language Generation (NLG)

Natural Language Generation (NLG) acts as a translator that converts the computerized

data into natural language representation. It mainly involves Text planning, Sentence

planning, and Text Realization.

In Microsoft Azure, you can use the following cognitive services to build natural

language processing solutions:

Understand document intelligence and knowledge mining:

Document Intelligence is the area of AI that deals with managing, processing, and using

high volumes of a variety of data found in forms and documents. Document intelligence

enables you to create software that can automate processing for contracts, health

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documents, financial forms and more.

Azure AI Document Intelligence to build solutions that manage and accelerate data

collection from scanned documents. Features of Azure AI Document Intelligence help

automate document processing in applications and workflows, enhance data-driven

strategies, and enrich document search capabilities.

CONVERSATIONAL AI

Explore conversational AI:

Conversational AI is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that can simulate human

conversation.

It is made possible by natural language processing (NLP),

a field of AI that allows computers to understand and process human language and

Google's foundation models

that power new generative AI capabilities.

Examples of conversational AI:

A few application examples of conversational AI technology:

Generative AI agents: these virtual agents use generative AI to power text or voice

conversations

Chatbots: often used in customer service applications to answer questions and provide

support

Virtual assistants: often voice-activated and can be used on mobile devices and smart

speakers

Text-to-speech software: used to create audiobooks, or spoken directions

Speech recognition software: used to transcribe lectures, phone calls, captions, and

more

How conversational AI works?

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Conversational AI works by using a combination of natural language processing (NLP),

foundation models, and machine learning (ML).

Conversational AI systems are trained on large amounts of data, such as text and

speech. This data is used to teach the system how to understand and process human

language. The system then uses this knowledge to interact with humans in a natural

way. It’s constantly learning from its interactions and improving its response quality

over time.

THANK YOU

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