Experiment: P8

INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING SYSTEM / FLAPPER

NOZZLE

Description of the experimental set-up:

The experimental set up shown below is designed to study step response of single and
multi capacity processes when connected in interacting and non-interacting mode. It is
combined to study
1) Single capacity process,
2) Non-interacting process and
3) Interacting process.
The observed step response of the tank level in different mode can be compared with
mathematically predicted response. Setup consists of supply tank, pump for water
circulation, rotameter for flow measurement, transparent tanks with graduated scales,
which can be connected, in interacting and non-interacting mode. The components are
assembled on frame to form tabletop mounting.

Theory:
Response of single capacity first order system
The transfer function of a single capacity first order system is given by
Where τ=A1R, H(s) and Q(s) are Laplace of the liquid level and the initial flow rate in the
deviation variable form. A1 is the cross-sectional area of the tank and R is the resistance
of the valve and is given by

Where q is the flow rate through the valve and h is the liquid level in the tank.
For a step change of magnitude A, the response equation for the system with the above
transfer function is given by

Response of first order system arranged in non interacting mode

The transfer function for the first order system arranged in a non interacting mode is
given by

τ 1 and τ2 are the time constant of tank 1 and tank 2 respectively. H(s) and Q(s) are
Laplace of the liquid level and the initial flow rate of tank 2 in the deviation variable
form. For a step change of magnitude A, the response equation for the system with
above transfer function is given by

𝑡
𝑒
𝑡

𝑒
H2(t) = AR2 [1 τ1 − τ2 −
− τ 1− τ1 τ2 ]
τ2 + τ1−τ2

Where τ1=A1R and τ2=A2R

A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the tank 1 and 2 respectively. R1 and R2 are the
resistances of the valves and are given by

h1 and h2 are levels in tank 1 and 2 respectively.

Impulse response of a first order system arranged in a non-interacting mode
Overall transfer function of the system described in the previous experiment
For a impulse change of magnitude V (volume added to the system), the response of the
system with the above transfer function is given by

Considering the non linear resistance R2 at the outlet valve of the tank 2 can be calculated
as

Where dH2 is change in the level of tank 2 and dQ is the change of flow from initial to
final state.
Response of a first order system arranged in interacting mode
Assuming the tanks of uniform cross sectional area and valves with linear flow
resistance, the transfer function of interacting system can be written as

Let

The response equation for the two tanks arranged in interacting mode is given by

In terms of transient response the interacting system is more sluggish than the non-
interacting system.
 Experiment - A
Aim of the experiment: Studying the Step response of single capacity system
Experimental procedure:
3.1. A flexible pipe is provided at the rotameter outlet. Insert the flexible pipe in to the
cover of the top Tank 1. Keep the outlet valves (V 1 and V2) of the Tank 1 and
Tank 2 slightly closed. Close valve V3.
3.2. Switch on the pump. Adjust flow rate at 60 LPH note steady state level for Tank 1
3.3. Apply the step change by increasing the flow by 20 LPH.
3.4. Immediately start recording the level of the Tank 1 at the interval of 10 secs, until
the level reaches a new steady state.
3.5. Repeat the experiment for different step change
3.6. Carry out the calculations as mentioned in calculation part and compare the
predicted and observed value of the tank level.
Observation:
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH): 60
Initial steady state tank level h1o (mm): 30
Final flow rate (LPH): 80
Final steady state tank level hs (mm): 53

h1(t) in
Time mm
0 30

10 42

20 45

30 46

40 49

50 50

60 52

70 53

80 53

90 53

100 53
 Calculation
Make sure units are consistent.

H1(t)predicted =
Where
H(t)=
h1(t)- h1o Step H1(t) predicted,
Time h1(t) , mm Change(m^3/s) A(m^3/sec) R(sec/m^2) τ(sec) mm
0 30 0 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 0
10 42 12 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 7.019261972
20 45 15 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 11.91778707
30 46 16 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 15.33631573
40 49 19 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 17.72200078
50 50 20 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 19.38689635
60 52 22 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 20.5487753
70 53 23 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 21.35961456
80 53 23 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 21.92547412
90 53 23 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 22.32036995
100 53 23 0.0000055556 0.0000055556 4181.818182 27.79909657 22.59595549
A = magnitude of step change
= flow after step input – initial flow rate, m3/sec.
R = outlet valve resistance in sec/m2.
q10 = h10 / R and q1s = h1s / R
Considering non linear resistance at outlet, it can calculated as R = dH/dQ.
Where dH is change in level (final steady state level – initial steady state level) and dQ is
change flow (final flow rate after step change – initial flow rate).
τ = time constant in sec.
= A1*R where A1 is x-sectional area of tank in m2 and R is resistance of outlet valve in
sec/m2.
t = time in sec from initial steady state.
 Experiment - B

Aim of the experiment: Studying the step response of a first order system arranged in
non-interacting mode
Experimental procedure:
2.1. Repeat steps 1.1. to 1.3.
2.2. Record the level of Tank 2 at the interval of 10 secs, until the level
reaches at new steady state.
2.3. Record the final flow and steady state level of Tank 1 and tank 2
2.4. Carry out the calculation as mentioned in the calculation part and
compare the predicted and observed values of the level in tank 2.
Observations
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH): 60
Initial steady state level of Tank 1 h1o(mm):17
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm):4
Final flow rate (LPH): 80
Final steady state level of Tank 1 (mm):40
Final steady state level of Tank 2 (mm):31

Time h1 h2 h2t-h20 h2(t) predicted

0 17 4 0 0
10 30 10 6 1.26916556
20 32 14 10 4.077236906
30 36 18 14 7.421154995
40 37 20 16 10.75203578
50 38 23 19 13.79536168
60 39 26 22 16.43754547
 70 39 28 24 18.65539248
80 40 29 25 20.47305469
90 40 30 26 21.93642122
100 40 31 27 22.93642122
110 40 31 27 22.93642122
120 40 31 27 22.93642122

Calculations
Make sure units are consistent.

𝜏1𝜏2 𝑡 𝑡
𝐻2(𝑡)predicted = 𝐴𝑅2
−𝜏1
𝜏2 )]
𝑒
1 1 −
( −
𝜏2 𝜏2 𝑒
1−
𝜏 𝜏1
[1 −
Where
A = magnitude of step change.
= final flow rate – initial flow rate, m3/sec.
τ 1 = A 1 * R1
τ2 = A2 * R2
where τ1 is the time constant of tank 1, A1 is the x-sectional area of tank 1 and R1 is the
resistant of valve V1
τ2 is the time constant of tank 2, A2 is the x-sectional area of tank 2 and R2 is the resistant
of valve V2
Considering non linear relationship at outlet valve of both tanks, these can be calculated
by
R1 = dH1/dQ
R2 = dH2/dQ
Where
dH1 is change in the level of tank 1 (final steady state – initial steady state)
dQ is change in the flow rate (final flow rate – initial flow rate).
dH2 is change in the level of tank 2 (final steady state – initial steady state).
 Experiment - C

Aim of the experiment: Studying the step response of first order systems arranged in
interacting mode
Experimental procedure:
3.1. Insert the flexible pipe in to the cover of the Tank 3. Keep the outlet valve V 2
slightly closed. Ensure that the valve V3 between Tank 2 and Tank 3 is also
slightly closed.
3.2. Switch on the pump and adjust the flow to @ 60LPH. Allow the level of both the
tanks (Tank 2 and Tank 3) to reach at steady state and record the initial flow and
steady state levels of both tanks.
3.3. Apply the step change by increasing the flow rate by 20 LPH.
3.4. Record the level of Tank 2 at the interval of 10 secs, until the level reaches at
steady state.
3.5. Record the final flow and steady state level of Tank 3.
3.6. Carry out the calculation as mentioned in the calculation part and compare the
predicted and observed values of the tank level.
Observations
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH):60
Initial steady state level of Tank 3 h3o (mm):60
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm):10
Final flow rate (LPH):80
Final steady state level of Tank 3 h3S (mm):111 Final
steady state level of Tank 2 h2S (mm):32

Time(in H2=h2(t)- H2(t) predicted,

h1(t) h2(t)
sec) h20 mm
0 60 10 0 0
10 72 12 2 0
20 76 14 4 9.986341632
30 80 16 6 15.43962741
40 83 18 8 18.41752732
 50 86 20 10 20.0436823
60 88 21 11 20.93168395
70 92 22 12 21.41659894
80 94 23 13 21.68139862
90 95 24 14 21.82599895
100 97 25 15 21.9049615
110 100 26 16 21.94808092
120 101 26 16 21.97162734
130 102 28 18 21.98448543
140 104 28 18 21.99150691
150 105 28 18 21.99534116
160 106 29 19 21.99743494
170 107 30 20 21.99857831
180 108 30 20 21.99920267
190 109 30 20 21.99954361
200 109 30 20 21.9997298
210 110 32 22 21.99983147
220 111 32 22 21.99988699
230 111 32 22 21.9999173
240 111 32 22 21.99993386
 Calculations
Make sure units are consistent.

H2(t)predicted =
Where
A = magnitude of step change.
= final flow rate – initial flow rate, m3/s
τ 1 = A 1 * R1
τ2 = A2 * R2
where τ1 is the time constant of tank 1, A1 is the x-sectional area of tank 1 and R1 is the
resistant of valve V1
H2(
t) =
H1(t)=h1(
Tim h1( h2( h2(t R1(sec/ R2(sec/
t)- A1(m^2) A2(m^2) τ1(sec) τ2(sec) alpha beta
e t) t) )- m^2) m^2)
h10,mm
h20, H2(t) predicted,
mm mm
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
0 60 10 0 0 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 0
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
10 72 12 12 2 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 0
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
20 76 14 16 4 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 9.986341632
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
30 80 16 20 6 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 15.43962741
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
40 83 18 23 8 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 18.41752732
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
50 86 20 26 10 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 20.0436823
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
60 88 21 28 11 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 20.93168395
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
70 92 22 32 12 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.41659894
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
80 94 23 34 13 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.68139862
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
90 95 24 35 14 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.82599895
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
100 97 25 37 15 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.9049615
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
110 100 26 40 16 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.94808092
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
120 101 26 41 16 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.97162734
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
130 102 28 42 18 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.98448543
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
140 104 28 44 18 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99150691
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
150 105 28 45 18 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99534116
 - -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
160 106 29 46 19 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99743494
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
170 107 30 47 20 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99857831
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
180 108 30 48 20 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99920267
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
190 109 30 49 20 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99954361
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
200 109 30 49 20 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.9997298
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
210 110 32 50 22 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99983147
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
220 111 32 51 22 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99988699
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
230 111 32 51 22 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.9999173
- -
9179.9265 3959.9683 0.006647 0.006647 61.024572 26.324325
240 111 32 51 22 0.0102949 0.0604664
61 2 61 61 11 22
38 24 21.99993386
τ2 is the time constant of tank 2, A2 is the x-sectional area of tank 2 and R2 is the resistant
of valve V2
Considering non linear relationship at outlet valve of both tanks, these can be calculated
by
R1 = dH1/dQ
R2 = dH2/dQ
Where
dH1 is change in the level of tank 1 (final steady state – initial steady state).
dQ is change in the flow rate (final flow rate – initial flow rate).
dH2 is change in the level of tank 2 (final steady state – initial steady state).
 H(t)predicted and H(t)observed Vs time.
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

H2=h2(t)-h20 H2(t) predicted, mm

 Experiment - D
Aim of the experiment: Studying the impulse response of fist order systems arranged in
non-interacting mode
Experimental procedure:
4.1. Insert the flexible pipe in to the cover of the top Tank 1. Keep the outlet valves
(V1 and V2) of the Tank 1 and Tank 2 slightly closed. Ensure that the valve (V 3)
between Tank 2 and Tank 3 is fully closed.
4.2. Switch on the pump and adjust the flow to @ 60LPH. Allow the level of both the
tanks (Tank 1 and Tank 2) to reach at steady state and record the initial flow and
steady state level of both the tanks.
4.3. Apply impulse input by adding 0.3 lit of water in Tank 1.
4.4. Record the level of Tank 2 at the interval of 10 secs, until the level reaches at new
steady state.
4.5. Record the final flow and steady state level of Tank 1.
4.6. Carry out the calculation as mentioned in the calculation part and compare the
predicted and observed values of the tank level.
Observations
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH):60
Initial steady state level of Tank 1 h10 (mm):40
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm):15
Level of tank 1 after adding 0.3 lit of water:
Final steady state level of Tank 1 (mm):50
Final steady state level of Tank 2 (mm):30
 Tim h2t-
Sr. NO e H1 H2 ht0 h2 predicted
1 0 40 15 0 0
2 10 92 30 15 13.27432399
3 20 84 34 19 11.06239319
4 30 78 38 23 6.985983535
5 40 72 40 25 3.960934816
6 50 66 41 26 2.125706178
7 60 62 41 26 1.105171211
8 70 58 41 26 0.563419537
9 80 58 41 26 0.2836195
10 90 54 38 23 0.141578733
11 100 52 33 18 0.070275582
12 110 50 30 15 0.034748482
13 120 50 30 15 0.017136234
14 130 50 30 15 0.008435261
Calculations
Make sure units are consistent.

H2(t)predicted =

V = Volume of liquid added as an impulse input (in m3)

τ 1 = A 1 * R1
τ 2 = A2 * R2
where τ1 is the time constant of tank 1, A1 is the x-sectional area of tank 1 and R1 is the
resistant of valve V1
τ2 is the time constant of tank 2, A2 is the x-sectional area of tank 2 and R2 is the resistant
of valve V2
Considering non linear relationship at outlet valve of both tanks, these can be calculated
by
R1 = dH1/dQ
R2 = dH2/dQ
Where
dH1 is change in the level of tank 1 (final steady state – initial steady state)
dQ is change in the flow rate (final flow rate – initial flow rate).
dH2 is change in the level of tank 2 (final steady state – initial steady state).
 FLAPPER NOZZLE SYSTEM

Description of the experimental set-up

The set up helps in understanding conversion of mechanical motion to pressure signal. It

consists of flapper-nozzle mechanism, Dial gauge indicator, pressure gauges and air filter
regulator. A regulated supply of pressure, usually over 20 psig, provides a source of air
through the restriction. The nozzle is open at the end where the gap exists between the
nozzle and flapper, and air escapes in this region.

Aim of the experiment: To study characteristics of flapper nozzle system.

Experimental procedure
1. Adjust the air supply to 20 psig by air regulator.
2. Increase the gap between flapper and nozzle to get 3 psi signal pressure and Note
the dial reading.
3. Decrease the gap between flapper and nozzle by gap adjusting screw. Note The
dial gauge reading for each psi change in signal pressure. Ensure that Supply
pressure is maintained at 20 psi.
4. Repeat the set of observation by increasing the gap.
5. Tabulate the readings in the observation table and plot the graph of signal
pressure verses nozzle gap
 Observation:

Signal Pressure(psig) Nozzle Gap(micro m)

20 0
14 10
10 20
7 30
5 40
4 50
3 60
3 70
3 80

Calculation

Change in signal pressure

Gain of flapper nozzle system =-------------------------------------------------psi/µm.
Corresponding change in Nozzle gap
Signal
Pressure(psig) Nozzle Gap(micro m) Gain of flapper nozzle system(psi/µm)
20 0 0.00
14 10 0.60
10 20 0.40
7 30 0.30
5 40 0.20
4 50 0.10
3 60 0.10
3 70 0.00
3 80 0.00
Avg 0.19