Biology Handout

Topic: Neural control and Coordination

Topic wise Analysis of Last 15 Years Questions

TOPICS
18.1 Human Neural System
18.2 Neuron
18.3 Generation, Conduction and Transmission of Nerve
Impulse

NEURAL SYSTEM
 The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick coordination between
various body functions. It is composed of highly specialised nerve cells (or neurons) and nerve fibres.
Neurons: Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
 Neurons are the structural and functional unit of neural system. A neuron structurally comprises of three major
parts : cell body, dendrites and axon.
 The cell body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain granular bodies called Nissl's granules.
Short fibres which branch repeatedly and project out of the cell body are called dendrites. These fibres transmit
impulses towards the cell body.
 The axon is a long fibre that arises from the cell body and its distal end is branched.
 On the basis of structure, there are two types of axon, namely, myelinated and non-myelinated. The myelinated
nerve fibres are enveloped with Schwann cells which form a myelin sheath around the axon. The gaps between
two adjacent myelinated sheaths are called nodes of Ranvier.
 The human neural system is divided into two main parts:
o The Central Neural System (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord and is the site of information
processing and control.
o The Peripheral Neural System (PNS) is divided into two divisions called somatic neural system and
autonomic neural system. The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
while the autonomic neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to the involuntary organs and
smooth muscles of the body. The autonomic neural system is further classified into sympathetic neural
system and parasympathetic neural system.
Central Neural System (CNS)
Human brain
 The human brain is the command centre for the human neural system. It receives input from the sensory organs
and sends output to the effectors. It processes and interprets sensory information sent from the spinal cord.
 The brain is covarod by three protective layers of connective tissue called meninges.
 Human bram is divided into three parts as shown in the flow chart below:

BRAIN
 Consists of three parts

FOREBRAIN MIDBRAI HINDBRAI

N N
(Prosencephalon) ( mesencephalon) ( rhombencephalon)
=> Passage to hind brain
=> Contains narrow canal called
Olfactory Cerebrum Diencephalon iter/aqueduct of sylvius Cerebellum Ponus
=> Not => Consists of 2 (mesocoel) => consists of => Act as
Well cerebral => contains cerebral penducles and 2 hemispheres bridge
development hemispheres Corpora quadrigemina (reflex and a verims carrying
in man = > Contains lateral centre of eye movement and => Arbor vitae ascending
=> Cavity ventricles auditory responces) is present and descending
Called => Largest part of brain tracts between
rhinocoel => Each hemisphere consists brain and
is absent (controls intellecutal ability) spinal cord
in man parietal (registers sensory =>Also sends
perception and communicate Epithalamus Thalamus Hypothalamus impulse to
it to rest of the brains, temporal (roof) (sides) (floor) thecerebllum
(related with second perception) => Interpret => Contains a pituitary gland
and occipital lobes(inteprets) Sensory signal and mammillary bodies
visulas in formation) and channel them => contains control Medulla oblongata
=> Outer part of cerebrum to appropraite centres for many => contains IV
Contains grey matter and inner cerebral vital processes like ventricles
part contains white matter cortex region temperature , urge (called
=> contains sensory , motor and for eating and metacoel)
Associated area drinking. => contains
cardic,
respiratory and
vasomotor
centres.
 Spinal cord
Flow chart: Brain and its parts.
 Spinal cord ( 42 t 0.45 cm long) extends from the medulla oblongata and is continuous to the level of second
lumbar vertebra. It conducts impulses to and from the brain and controls most of the reflex activities.
 It is formed of two types of neural tissue: internal grey matter and outer white matter.
 The area within the vertebral column below the second lumbar vertebra contains spinal nerves that are collectively
called, the cauda equina.
 The spinal cord ends as the conus medullaris from which a fine filament called filum terminale arises that anchors
spinal cord within the vertebral column.
Peripheral Neural System (PNS)
 The nerves running outside brain and spinal cord constitute peripheral neural system. These nerves are of two
types: cranial nerves (ncrves originating from brain) and spinal nerves (nerves originating from spinal cord).
 There are 12 pars of cranial nerves. Some cranial nerves are sensory (carry impulses from receptor to CNS), a few
are motor (conduct impulses from CNS to effector) and others are mixed (have both sensory and motor neurons).
Spinal nerves
 There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from either side of the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve,
containing both sensory and motor nerve fibres running between the spinal cord and peripheral tissues.
 Spinal nerves are classified into 5 groups:

31 pair of spinal nerves

Cervix Nerves Thoracic Nerves Lumber Nerves Sacral Nerves Cocygeal

(8 Pairs) (12 Pairs) Nerves
(5 Pairs) ( 5 Pairs)
(1 pair)

The Main spinal nerves join to form plexus

Coccygel plexus Cervical Plexus Brachial Plexus Sacral plexus

Innervate skin and Innervate neck and Innervates chest and Connect pelvic region.
pelvic region arm
Diaphragm

Lumbar Plexus
Innervates the legs
Autonomic Neural System (ANS)
 Autonomic neural system is a special self governed autofunctioning system of ganglia and peripheral motor nerve
fibres (efferent) which innervate various organs and glands of the body to stimulate, accelerate, slow down or
inhibit their functions without directly consulting the will. ANS is made of two opposing divisions, sympathetic
and parasympathetic.
 Fig.: Functions of autonomic neural system
Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse
 When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively more
permeable to potassium ions ( ) and nearly impermeable to sodium ions . Similarly, the membrane is
impermeable to negatively charged proteins present in the axoplasm. Consequently, the axoplasm inside the axon
contains high concentration of and negatively charged proteins and low concentration of . In contrast, the
fluid outside the axon contains a low concentration of , a high concentration of and thus form a
concentration gradient. The ionic gradients are maintained by sodium - potassium pump which transports
outwards for into the cell. As a result, the outer surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive
charge while its inner surface becomes negatively charged and therefore is said to be polarised. The electrical
potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called as the resting potential.
 When a stimulus is applied, the permeability of the membrane to ions is greatly increased at the point of
stimulation. It is due to the fact that the channels open and the channels remain closed.
 As a result, sodium channels permit the influx of ions by diffusion. This results in the positive charge inside
and negative charge outside. The change in polarity across the plasma membrane is known as action potential and
the membrane is said to be depolarised.
 With the increase of ions inside the nerve fibre, the membrane becomes less permeable to ions and more
permeable to ions. influx stops and outflow begins until the original resting state of ionic concentration
is achieved. Thus, resting potential is restored which is called repolarisation of the membrane.
 The action potential jumps from node to node and passes along the myelinated axon faster than the series of
smaller local currents in a non-myelinated axon. This type of conduction is called saltatory conduction.
Conduction of nerve impulse through a chemical synapse
 The junction between two neurons, across which the impulse passes from one neuron to the next is called
synapse.
 Fig.:Transmission of nerve impulse at a chemical synapse.
 A typical (generalised) synapse consists of a bulbous expansion of a nerve terminal called a pre-synaptic knob
lying close to the membrane of a dendrite. The cytoplasm of the synaptic knob contains numerous synaptic
vesicles. Each vesicle contains neurotransmitter (chemical substance). The membrane of the synaptic knob nearest
to the synapse forms the presynaptic membrane. The membrane of the dendrite is called the postsynaptic
membrane. These membranes are separated by a gap, the synaptic cleft. The post synaptic membrane contains
receptor sites for neurotransmitter. The two main neurotransmitters in vertebrate nervous system are acetylcholine
( ACh ) and noradrenaline although other neurotransmitters also exist.
 When an impulse arrives at a presynaptic knob, calcium ions from the synaptic cleft enter the cytoplasm of the
presynaptic knob. The calcium ions cause the movement of synaptic vesicles to the surface of the knob. The
synaptic vesicles are fused with the presynaptic membrane and get ruptured to discharge their contents
(neurotransmitter) into the synaptic cleft.
 The neurotransmitter of the synaptic cleft binds with protein receptor molecules on the post synaptic membrane.
This binding action changes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane, opening channels in the
membrane and allowing sodium ions to enter the cell. This causes the depolarization and generation of action
potential in the post-synaptic membrane. Thus, the impulse is transferred to the next neuron.
 Power Exercise
Human Neural System 6. Which of the following structures or regions is
1. Match List I with List II incorrectly paired with its functions?
(a) Medulla : Controls respiration and
List I List II
oblongata cardiovascular reflexes
A. Pons I. Provides additional (b) Limbic system : Consists of fibre tracts that
space for interconnect different regions
neurons, regulates posture and balance. of brain and controls
B. Hypothalamus II. Controls respiration and movement
gastric secretions. (c) Hypothalamus : Production of releasing
C. Medulla III. Connects different regions hormones and regulation of
of the brain. temperature, hunger and thirst
D. Cerebellum IV. Neurosecretory cells
Choose the correct answer from the options given (d) Corpus callosum : Band of fibers connecting left
below. and right cerebral
(a) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV hemispheres
(b) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
(c) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
(d) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV 7. Ventrolateral walls of cerebrum are called
(a) crura cerebri
2. Given below are two statements. (b) corpora lutea
Statement I : The cerebral hemispheres are (c) corpora quadrigemina
connected by nerve tract known as corpus callosum. (d) corpora striata.
Statement II : The brain stem consists of the 8. Parasympathetic ganglia are located
medulla oblongata, pons and cerebrum. (a) in cortex of cerebrum
In the light of the above statements, choose the most (b) in medulla of cerebellum
appropriate answer from the options given below. (c) on the side of visceral organs
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct (d) on either side of vertebral column.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is 9. Branching tree like processes of white matter
incorrect. extending into grey cortex of cerebellum is called
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is (a) arbor vitae (b) gyri
correct. (c) crura cerebri (d) thalami.
3. The parts of human brain that helps in regulation of 10. The functional area of human cerebrum marked by '
sexual behaviour, expression of excitement, ' is ___________.
pleasure, rage, fear, etc., are
(a) brain stem and epithalamus
(b) corpus callosum and thalamus
(c) limbic system and hypothalamus
(d) corpora quadrigemina and hippocampus.
4. Which part of the brain is responsible for
thermoregulation?
(a) Medulla oblongata
(b) Cerebrum
(a) Wernicke's area (b) somato-sensory area
(c) Hypothalamus
(c) premotor area (d) Broca's area
(d) Corpus callosum
11. If cranial nerves : 12 pairs, then spinal nerves :
5. Choose the incorrect statement for autonomic
(a) 30 pairs (b) 31 pairs
nervous system. (c) 32 pairs (d) 33 pairs
(a) Acts on skeletal muscles
12. Read the statements about human neural system and
(b) Acts on smooth muscles find the wrong one.
(c) Transmit impulse from CNS to involuntary (a) The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord.
organs (b) The PNS is divided into somatic and autonomic
(d) Consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system.
nervous system (c) The somatic neural system is classified into
 sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system. (ii) It contains pyramidal cells.
(d) The autonomic neural system transmits impulses (iii) It is responsible for all visual functions.
from the CNS to the involuntary organs and smooth (iv) It is essential for our thought processes.
muscles. (v) It stimulates wakefulness.
(e) The somatic neural system relays impulses from (vi) It regulates voluntary muscular movements.
the CNS to the skeletal muscles. (a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
13. Destruction of the anterior horn cells of the spinal (b) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
cord would result in loss of (c) (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi)
(a) commissural impulses (d) (i), (ii), (iv) and (vi)
(b) integrating impulses 22. Norepinephrine
(c) sensory impulses (i) is released by sympathetic fibres
(d) voluntary motor impulses. (ii) is released by parasympathetic fibres
14. The pneumotaxic centre and respiratory rhythm (iii) increases the heart rate
centres are respectively present in (iv) decreases blood pressure.
(a) pons and medulla oblongata Which of the above statements are correct?
(b) corpus callosum and pons (a) (i) and (iii)
(c) medulla oblongata and hypothalamus (b) (ii) and (iii)
(d) diencephalon and pons. (c) (ii) and (iv)
(AMU) (d) (i) and (iv)
15. There are pairs of cranial nerves arising from the 23. A sagittal section of human brain is shown here.
brain of human beings. Identify at least two labels from A-D.
(a) 8 (b) 12
(c) 18 (d) 25
16. The body temperature regulatory centre in the brain
is
(a) cerebellum (b) corpus callosum
(c) hypothalamus (d) hippocampus
(e) amygdala.
17. The bundle of axons in the central nervous system is
known as
(a) nerve (b) ganglion
(d) neuron. (c) tract
18. How do parasympathetic neural signals affect the (a) C-Mid brain, D-Cerebellum
working of the heart? (b) A-Cerebrum, C-Pons
(a) Reduce both heart rate and cardiac output (c) B-Corpus callosum, D-Medulla
(b) Heart rate is increased without affecting the (d) A-Cerebral hemispheres, B-Cerebellum
cardiac output 24. The thermal regulation centre of the body is located
(c) Both heart rate and cardiac output increase in_____________ of brain.
(d) Heart rate decreases but cardiac output increases (a) pons varolii (b) hypothalamus
19. Injury localised to the hypothalamus would most (c) diencephalon (d) medulla oblongata
likely disrupt 25. Which one of the following statements is correct
(a) short - term memory regarding spinal cord?
(b) co-ordination during locomotion (a) It is composed of outer grey matter and inner
(c) executive functions, such as decision making white matter.
(d) regulation of body temperature. (b) It is composed of outer white matter and inner
20. Which area of cerebral cortex is responsible for the grey matter.
interpretation of speech? (c) It is composed of outer grey matter and inner
(a) Broca's area colourless matter.
(b) Wernicke's area (d) It is composed of grey matter only.
(c) Premotor area 26. The human hindbrain comprises three parts, one of
(d) Association area of sensory cortex which is
21. Which of the following statements are true for (a) spinal cord (b) corpus callosum
"Motor cortex"? (c) cerebellum (d) hypothalamus.
(i) It is located in the frontal lobe of cerebral cortex.
27. A person entering an empty room suddenly finds a (c) foramen of Magnum
snake right in front on opening the door. Which one (d) corpus callosum.
of the following is likely to happen in his 35. The number of spinal nerves in human is
neurohormonal control system? (a) 10 pairs (b) 12 pairs
(a) Sympathetic nervous system is activated (c) 43 pairs (d) 31 pairs.
releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from
36. Identify the origin of sympathetic nerve fibres and
adrenal medulla.
the location of their ganglia.
(b) Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the cleft
(a) They arise from thoracolumbar region of spinal
and transmit a nerve impulse.
cord and form ganglia just beside the vertebral
(c) Hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic
column.
division of brain.
(b) They arise from thoracocervical region of spinal
(d) Sympathetic nervous system is activated
cord and form ganglia just beside the vertebral
releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from
column.
adrenal cortex.
(c) They arise from craniosacral region of spinal
28. Parasympathetic ganglia are present in cord and form ganglia very close to effector organ.
(a) head and neck (d) They arise from thoracolumbar region of spinal
(b) chains of lateral ganglia cord and form ganglia very close to effector organ.
(c) grey matter of thoracic and lumbar region of
37. Vagus nerve is a
spinal cord
(d) all of these. (a) mixed cranial nerve
29. The optic lobes in humans are represented by the (b) mixed cranial nerve
corpora (c) mixed thoracic nerve
(a) bigemina (b) arenacea (d) sensory cranial nerve.
(c) allata (d) quadrigemina. 38. The tract of nerve fibres which connects the cerebral
30. The blood-brain barrier hemispheres is
(a) consists of both anatomical and physiological (a) corpus luteum (b) corpus callosum
factors. (c) corpora quadrigeminia (d) cerebral aqueduct
(b) regulates to some extent the passage of (e) foramen magnum.
substances from the blood to the interstitial fluid of 39. The brain stem is made up of
the brain. (a) midbrain, pons, cerebellum
(c) is anatomically related to the formation of tight (b) midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
junctions between adjacent capillary endothelial (c) diencephalon, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
cells. (d) cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla oblongata.
(d) all of the above are correct.
40. The amount of CSF in the cranial cavity is
31. Integration of the visual, tactile and auditory inputs (a) 500 Ml (b) 140 mL
occurs in the (c) 1 litre (d) 1.5 mL .
(a) peripheral nervous system
(b) corpus callosum 41. Electric potential of the brain is recorded by
(c) limbic system (a) CT scan
(d) medulla oblongata (b) sphygmomanometer
(e) midbrain. (c) ECG
(d) EEG.
32. Hypothalamus of the brain is not involved in this
function. 42. The part of the brain where the centre for hunger and
(a) Sleep-wake cycle thirst is located is
(b) Osmoregulation and thirst (a) cerebrum (b) hypothalamus
(c) Temperature control (c) cerebellum (d) medulla oblongata.
(d) Accuracy of muscular movement 43. Which centre is stimulated during increase in body
33. Body posture, equilibrium and rapid muscular temperature?
activities are controlled by (a) Anterior hypothalamus
(a) diencephalon (b) cerebellum (b) Posterior hypothalamus
(c) olfactory lobes (d) hypothalamus. (c) limbic system
(d) Red nucleus
34. Third and fourth ventricles of the brain are
connected by 44. Which function will be lost due to damage of
(a) aqueduct of Sylvius occipital lobe?
(b) foramen of Monro
 (a) Hearing (b) Speech 53. The number of occipital condyles in man is/are
(c) Vision (d) Memory (a) one (b) two
45. Movement of tongue muscle is controlled by (c) three (d) four
(a) facial nerve (b) trigeminal nerve (e) five.
(c) hypoglossal nerve (d) vagus nerve. 54. In brain, lateral ventricle is connected to diocoel by
46. Select the answer with correct matching of the (a) foramen of Magendie
structure, its location and function. (b) foramen of Monro
(c) foramen of Luschka
Structure Location Function
(d) both
(a) Eustachian Anterior part Equalises air (a) and (b).
tube of internal ear pressure on either
55. _________accelerates heart beat due to stimulation
sides of tympanic
of adrenal medulla by sympathetic nerves.
membrane
(a) Adrenaline (b) Thyroxine
(b) Cerebellum Midbrain Controls (c) Vasopressin (d) Collip's hormone
respiration and 56. Which of the following nerves innervates alimentary
gastric secretions canal?
(c) Hypothalamus Forebrain Controls body (a) Oculomotor (b) Abducens
temperature, urge (c) Trigeminal (d) Vagus
for eating and 57. Parasympathetic nerves arise from which region of
drinking the nervous system?
(d) Blind spot Near the Rods and cones (a) Thoracolumbar (b) Cervical
place where are present but (c) Craniosacral (d) Lumbar
optic nerve inactive here 58. Sympathetic nerves arise from
leaves the eye (a) thoracolumbar (b) thoracocranial
(c) craniosacral (d) craniolumbar.
47. The nerve centres which control the body 59. Which of the following is not related to the
temperature and the urge for eating are contained in autonomic nervous system?
(a) hypothalamus (b) pons (a) Peristalsis
(c) cerebellum (d) thalamus. (b) Digestion
48. The third ventricle of the brain is situated in the (c) Excretion
(a) base of telencephalon (d) Memory and learning
(b) roof of metencephalon 60. Which one of the following cranial nerves is
(c) roof of diencephalon carrying the nerve fibres originating from the
(d) base of myelencephalon. Edinger-Westphal nucleus?
49. The optic lobes in humans are represented by the (a) Oculomotor (b) Trochlear
corpora (c) Abducens (d) Vagus
(a) bigemina (b) arenacea 61. Comprehension of spoken and written words take
(c) striata (d) quadrigemina. place in the region of
50. Which of the following is not an effect of the (a) association area (b) motor area
sympathetic nervous system? (c) Wernicke's area (d) Broca's area.
(a) Dilation of pupil 62. How many laminae are present in the grey matter of
(b) Inhibition of peristalsis spinal cord?
(c) Elevation of blood pressure (a) Four (b) Six
(d) Stimulation for saliva secretion (c) Eight (d) Ten
51. Which of the following parts of brain constitute the
brain stem? Neuron
(a) Midbrain and hindbrain 63. Nissl's bodies are mainly composed of
(b) Hindbrain and forebrain (a) proteins and lipids
(c) Forebrain and midbrain (b) DNA and RNA
(d) Forebrain only (c) nucleic acids and SER
52. Purkinje cells are related to (d) free ribosomes and RER.
(a) heart (b) cerebellum
(c) cerebrum (d) both (a) and (b).
64. Myelin sheath is produced by 71. Receptor sites for neurotransmitters are present on
(a) astrocytes and Schwann cells (a) pre-synaptic membrane
(b) oligodendrocytes and osteoclasts (b) tips of axons
(c) osteoclasts and astrocytes (c) post-synaptic membrane
(d) Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. (d) membranes of synaptic vesicles.
65. The myelin sheath around the axon is produced by 72. Unidirectional transmission of a nerve impulse
which type of neuroglial cells? through nerve fibre is due to the fact that
(a) Satellite glial cells (b) Radial glial cells (a) nerve fibre is insulated by a medullary sheath
(c) Dendrocytes (d) Schwann cells (b) sodium pump starts operating only at the cyton
66. Bipolar neurons are found in and then continues into the nerve fibre
(a) retina (b) choroid (c) neurotransmitters are released by dendrites and
not by axon endings
(c) cornea (d) sclera
(d) neurotransmitters are released by the axon
67. Which of the following statements are correct and endings and not by dendrites.
incorrect? 73. The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular
(1) Synaptic cleft of neurons secrete adrenaline. junction is
(2) Myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with (a) dopamine (b) adrenaline
Schwann cells, which form a myelin sheath around (c) acetylcholine (d) acetaldehyde.
the axon. 74. Which one of the following acts solely as an
(3) Non-myelinated nerve fibre is enclosed by a inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Schwann cell that does not form a myelin sheath. (a) Norepinephrine
(4) Spinal cord and cranial nerves are made of (b) Gamma ( ) amino butyric acid
nonmyelinated nerve fibres. (c) Acetylcholine
Of the four statements, (d) Dopamine
(a) 1,2 are correct but 3 and 4 are incorrect 75. Which one of the following enzymes is responsible
(b) 1,2 and 3 are correct but 4 is incorrect for the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine?
(c) 3 and 4 are correct but 1 and 2 are incorrect (a) Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase
(d) 1 and 4 are correct while 2 and 3 are incorrect (b) Phenylalanine-N-methyltransferase
(e) 2 and 3 are correct while 1 and 4 are incorrect. (c) DOPA decarboxylase
68. Myelin sheath is formed by (d) Monoamine oxidase
(a) Ranvier cells (b) muscle cells 76. Which of these is an excitatory neurotransmitter in
(c) Schwann cells (d) axon. brain?
69. End plate junction is present between (a) GABA (b) Glycine
(a) neuron and striated muscle (c) Glutamate (d) Aspartate
(b) neuron and neuron 77. Which of the following statements is wrong
(c) muscle and muscle regarding conduction of nerve impulse?
(d) both (b) and (c). (a) In a resting neuron, the axonal membrane is more
permeable to ions and nearly impermeable to
Generation, Conduction and Transmission of Nerve ions.
Impulse (b) Fluid outside the axon has a high concentration
of and low concentration of , in a resting
neuron.
70. Select the incorrect statement regarding synapses. (c) Ionic gradients are maintained by pumps
(a) The membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic across the resting membrane, which transport
neurons are in close proximity in an electrical ions outwards for ions into the cell.
synapse. (d) Resting potential is the electrical potential
(b) Electrical current can flow directly from one difference across the resting membrane.
neuron into the other across the electrical synapse. (e) A neuron is polarised only when the outer
(c) Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters. surface of the axonal membrane possess a negative
(d) Impulse transmission across a chemical synapse charge and its inner surface is positively charged.
is always faster than that across an electrical 78. Which excitatory neurotransmitter is involved in the
synapse. transmission of impulse at the neuro-muscular
junction?
(a) Epinephrine (b) Serotonin
 (c) Acetylcholine (d) Glycine 84. An investigator places an isolated neuron in a
calciumfree medium, gives the neuron a
79. A diagram showing axon terminal and synapse is suprathreshold stimulus and then performs an assay
given. Identify correctly at least two of A - D. to test whether neurotransmitter is released into the
medium. Which of the following outcomes would
you predict?
(a) No neurotransmitter is detected since influx of
calcium into the synaptic knob is required for
neurotransmitter release.
(b) No neurotransmitter is detected since influx of
calcium is required in order for the neuron to
conduct an action potential.
(c) Neurotransmitter is detected since calcium is not
required for action potential conduction and the
initial stimulus was suprathreshold.
(d) We cannot predict the outcome without knowing
whether the neuron was myelinated.
85. The junction between the axon ending of one neuron
and dendrites of next neuron is termed as
(a) A - Neurotransmitter, B-Synaptic cleft
(a) neurilemma (b) ganglia
(b) Neurotransmitter, (c) synapse (d) fasciculi.
(c) A-Receptor, C-Synaptic vesicles
(d) B - Synaptic connection, D - K 86. During synaptic transmission of nerve impulse,
neurotransmitter is released from synaptic
80. The figure shows an axon terminal and synapse.
vesicles by the action of ions . Choose the
Select the option giving correct identification of
correct and .
labels A-D.
(a) acetylcholine,
(b) acetylcholine,
(c)
(d) cholinesterase,
87. When a neuron is in resting state i.e. not conducting
any impulse, the axonal membrane is
(a) comparatively more permeable to ions and
nearly impermeable to ions
(b) equally permeable to both and ions
(c) impermeable to both and ions
(d) comparatively more permeable to ions and
nearly impermeable to ions.
(a) A-Action potential, C-Neurotransmitter
(b) B-Neurotransmitter, D-Receptor capsules 88. The electrical potential difference between outside
(c) C-Receptor, D-Synaptic vesicles and inside of a nerve axon before excitation is
(d) A-Axon terminal, B-Serotonin complex known as
(a) resting potential (b) action potential
81. Which one of the following ions is required for (c) spike potential (d) reaction potential
nerveimpulse transmission at the neuromuscular (e) activation potential.
junction?
(a) Magnesium (b) Chloride 89. The junction of axon and dendron is called
(c) Calcium (d) Iron (a) synaptic knob
(b) pre synaptic membrane
82. The release of chemical messenger from synaptic (c) synapse
vesicles is under the influence of these ion(s) (d) synaptic vesicles.
(a) (b) and
(c) (d) and .
90. In the following diagram showing axon terminal and
83. Nerve gas affects neuromuscular activity by synapse, A, B, C, D and E respectively represents
(a) blocking the acetylcholine receptor sites
(b) inhibiting the release of acetylcholine
(c) inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
(d) enchancing the release of acetylcholine.
 61 c 81 c
62 d 82 c
63 d 83 c
64 d 84 a
65 d 85 c
66 a 86 a
67 e 87 d
68 c 88 a
69 a 89 c
(a) axon terminal, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, 70 d 90 b
neurotransmitters and receptors 71 c 91 c
(b) axon terminal, synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft, 72 d
receptors and neurotransmitters
73 c
(c) synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, axon terminal,
neurotransmitters and receptors 74 b
(d) synaptic cleft, axon terminal, synaptic vesicles, 75 b
neurotransmitters and receptors 76 c
(e) synaptic vesicles, axon terminal, synaptic cleft,
77 e
receptors and neurotransmitters.
78 c
91. In a medullated nerve fibre, the conduction of
impulse is faster due to the presence of 79 c
(a) pericytes 80 c
(b) endoneurium and epineurium
(c) myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier
(d) Nissl's granules.

Answer key

1 b 21 d 41 d
2 c 22 a 42 b
3 c 23 b 43 a
4 c 24 b 44 c
5 a 25 b 45 c
6 b 26 c 46 c
7 d 27 a 47 a
8 c 28 a 48 c
9 a 29 d 49 d
10 d 30 c 50 d
11 b 31 e 51 a
12 c 32 d 52 b
13 d 33 d 53 b
14 a 34 a 54 b
15 b 35 d 55 a
16 c 36 a 56 d
17 a 37 a 57 c
18 c 38 b 58 a
19 d 39 b 59 d
20 b 40 b 60 a