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_Development

Development refers to the continuous improvement of economic conditions and living standards, with varying goals for different individuals. It can be assessed through national income, per capita income, and the Human Development Index (HDI), which considers health, education, and income. Sustainable development emphasizes economic growth while protecting the environment for future generations, advocating for the judicious use of resources and the adoption of renewable energy sources.

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2 views4 pages

_Development

Development refers to the continuous improvement of economic conditions and living standards, with varying goals for different individuals. It can be assessed through national income, per capita income, and the Human Development Index (HDI), which considers health, education, and income. Sustainable development emphasizes economic growth while protecting the environment for future generations, advocating for the judicious use of resources and the adoption of renewable energy sources.

Uploaded by

sangeetha lawrance
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L1 – DEVELOPMENT

Development means continuous progress or improvement of economic conditions of the country or the standard living
of the people
PRINCIPLES / ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

● Different people have different development goals:


o Development for one person may not be development for another person. Every individual has different
development goals as per their aspiration and desire.
Example:
o For landless rural laborer, development goals will be more wages and more days of work.
o A rich farmer from Punjab needs a higher support price for his crops and employing cheap laborers in his
field.
o A man from Dalit family from a discriminated environment wants dignity and equal opportunity for all
people regardless of caste, class and gender.
Development goals may be common, Different and conflicting
● Common Goals: There are some needs which are common to all like income, freedom, equality, security, respect
and friendship etc.
● Different Goals: Development or progress does not mean the same thing for every individual. Each individual has
his own idea of development. For example, development for a farmer might mean irrigation facilities; while for an
unemployed youth, it may mean employment opportunities etc.
● Conflicting goals: What may be development for some may become destruction for others. For example,
industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of a region by submerging
their land
● Mix of Goals: Besides income people also look for other non-materialistic goals such as freedom, dignity, equality
etc.

How to Compare Development of a Nation


(i) Comparison thorugh National Income:
 National Income: It is the sum total of all income generated within a country over a period of time. It is
also called as Total Income.
 Countries that have higher national income is considered to be developed country and vice versa.
Limitation: However, this is not a useful measure as countries have different population and comparing
them using income will not state average income of the people.
(ii) Comparison of Indian States through Per Capita Income
 Per Capita Income / Average income: It is obtained by dividing the Total income of the country by total
population
o PCI= Total Income/ Total Population
 When compared to National income, per capita income gives better comparison.
 The world bank published WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT every year to compare the nations based on
per capita income
 As per this report, the countries with PCI of USD 12056 per annum are termed as rich countries.
 Countries with PCI of USD 955 per annum are termed as Low income countries.
 In 2019, India’s PCI was USD 1820.
Limitation: The drawback of comparing countries using PCI is that, it hides the disparities. When a small
section of people have high income, their average income is high but it does not tell us how this average
income is distributed among the people in the country.

(iii) Other Criteria


 Besides the average income of the people other criterias are to be included.
 The UNDP (United National Development Program) published HDR that compares countries based on
education, health, income of the people. The HDR is generated based on HDI.
 HDI (Human Development Report) is a statistical tool used to measure a country’s development using the
economic indicators – LIFE EXPECTANCY, EDUCATION, PERCAPITA INCOME.
 In 2024 India ranked 131st position in the HDI.

Components of HDI

(i) Life expectancy Ratio: - the maximum age that a person is expected to live.
(ii) Gross Enrollment Ratio: Number of students enrolled in Primary, Secondary and higher education
(iii) Per Capita Income: It is obtained by dividing the Total income of the country by total population
(iv) Literacy Rate: The proportion of population above the age of 7 years who are able to read and write.
India has the literacy rate of 64% , highest being in Kerala and lowest being in Bihar.
(v) Infancy Mortality rate: The number of Children die before the age of one year as against 1000 live birth
in that particular year.
Kerala has got the lowest IMR and Bihar the highest.
(vi) Net Attendance Ratio: The total number of Children in the age group of 14 to 15 year attending school
as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar


 The average income of Haryana is the highest and Bihar is the lowest. This indicates Haryana has better
employment status and a better scope of earning.
 Kerala has a lower IMR than Haryana and Bihar. This indicates that Kerala has adequate basic health provisions
and education facility.
 The Literacy rate and Net attendance ratio is highest in Kerala
 Literate people have a better earning capacity and can afford basic necessities to their children.
 The it indicates that HDI is high in Kerala than Haryana and Bihar, despite having lesser PCI.

Public Facilities
● Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facilities like schools, hospitals,
community halls, transport, electricity etc.

Human Development Index

● Human Development Index (HDI) uses a combination of development factors (such as health, education,
income) for comparison.
● HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita
income.
● Through Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per
capita income indicators, is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. India stands 131 st in
the HDI rank in the world.
“Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well”
Money cannot buy pollution free environment, disease free life or protection against infectious diseases. Besides money,
people also like to have equal treatment in society, freedom, dignity and honor in their lives which money cannot buy.

Public Distribution System


 It is a govt – regulated process, which ensures food grains and other necessary items are provided to the poorer
section of society at a lower price. For Eg: the PDS distributes the commodities such as Rice, Sugar, Wheat etc.
Areas like Tamil Nadu has well functioning PDS while some states like Jharkhand and Bihar do not have
efficient PDS.

Body Mass Index (BMI)


 It is a measure through which individuals are classified into : Obese, Overweight, Normal weight and Under
weight.
 It is calculated by dividing the weight (in kg) by the square of height (in mtrs) of a person.
 Eg: 50 kg/(1.5)2 = 22.2
 If the result is less than 18.5 then the person is said to be under nourished and if the result is more that 25 the
person is said to be over weight.

Sustainable Development:
Refers to the achievement of economic development while protecting the environment for future generation.

Importance of sustainable Development


Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs on today without compromising the needs of the future generation.

● Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain ecological balance.

● It lays emphasis on environmental protection and checks environmental degradation.

● To stop over-exploitation and overuse of resources.

Measures to promote Sustainable Development

● Increased use of renewable resources: Sustainable development is the management of renewable resources
for the good of the entire human and natural community. For sustainable development, we must support the
usage of renewable resources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy sources.
● Less use of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels (Oil, Natural Gas) take a lot of time to be formed. These fossil fuels
contribute tremendously to environmental pollution.
● Introduction of organic farming: Organic Farming contributes largely in creating a better quality of soil and
combating erosion.
● Adopting measures to reduce global warming: In our everyday life, we should contribute towards building a
better environment.
Sustainable development is important for economic growth because

● Environment must be conserved while development must be conserved while development is taking place.

● Resources must be used in such a way that they are conserved for future generations.

● The standard of living of all people must be raised.


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