PMSHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BABINA CANTT

HOLIDAY HOME WORK - SUMMER VACATION

1. Prepare Mathematics Dictionary of All The four Chapters.
2. Prepare a Chart On Formulae, Any innovative Project
( Group of 3-4 students).
3. Do Your Home Work Neat And Clean.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

CONCEPT 1 : -
Types of Relations

(i) Reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a∈ A,

A relation R in a set A is called

(ii) Symmetric, if (a1, a2) ∈ R implies that (a2, a1)∈ R, for all a1, a2∈ A.
(iii) Transitive, if (a1, a2) ∈ R and (a2, a3)∈ R implies that (a1, a3)∈ R, for all a1, a2, a3∈ A.
(iv) Equivalence Relation : R is equivalence if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
CONCEPT 2 : -
Function : A relation f : A B is said to be a function if every element of A is correlated to
unique element in B.
Remark: 1) A is domain 2) B is co domain
* For any x element x  A, function f correlates it to an element in B, which is denoted by
f(x)and is called image of x under f . Again if y= f(x), then x is called as pre-image of y.
* Range = {f(x) | x  A }.Range  Co domain
* The largest possible domain of a function is called domain of definition.
Let f : A B be a function.
(ii) f is one to one (injective) mapping, if any two different elements in A is always
correlated to different elements in B, i.e. x1 x2 f(x1)  f(x2)or, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1
=x2
(iii) f is many one mapping, if at least two elements in A such that their images are same.
(iv) f is onto mapping (Surjective), if each element in B is having at least one pre-image.
(v) f is into mapping if range  Co domain.
(vi) f is bijective mapping if it is both one to one and onto
ASSIGNMENT
1. Show that each of the relation R in the set
A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}, given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4} is an equivalence relation.
Find the set of all elements related to 1. Ans : {1, 5, 9}
2. Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by (x, y) R (u, v) if and
only if xv = yu. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
3. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ... 9} and R be the relation in A × A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c for
(a, b), (c, d) in A ×A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation.
4. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function

( x−2
)
f: A → B defined by f (x) = x−3 . Is f one-one and onto?
5. Let A ={1, 2, 3}. Construct the following relations on A:
(i) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(ii) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
(iii) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(iv) neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
6. Show that f : N → N , given by

{x−1,
f(x) =
x+1, if x is odd
if x is even is both one-one and onto.
7. Let {1,2,3,……….,9}and R be the relation in A×A defined by (a,b) R (c,d) if a+d = b+c for (a,b),
(c,d) in A×A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the equivalence class [(2,5)].
8. Let N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N × N defined by (a,b) R (c,d).
If ad (b+c) = bc (a+d), show that R is an equivalence relation.

R= { (x,y) : y = x+5, x < 4 , x ∈ N }

9.Determine whether the relation R is transitive or not :

R= { (a,b) : a ≤ b3 ; a, b ∈ R3 }
10.Determine whether the relation R is reflexive , symmetric and transitive or not :

2. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

1. Inverse of sin−1 (arc sine function ). We also Inverse of sin (sine function) is denoted
write as sin−1 x . Similarly other inverse trigonometric functions are given by
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
cos x, tan x , sec x ,cot x , and cosec x.
1
2. Note that sin−1 x ≠ and (sin−2 x ¿ ¿2 ≠ sin−1. Also sin−1 x ≠ (sin x ¿¿−1.
sinx
3. Table for domain and range of inverse Trigonometric Functions .

¿ Domain & Range of the Inverse Trigonometric Function:

Functions Domain Range ( Pr incipal value Branch )
−1
i . sin : [ −1 , 1 ] [−π / 2 , π / 2 ]
−1
ii . cos : [−1 , 1 ] [ 0 , π ]
iii . cos ec−1 : R−(−1 , 1 ) [ − π / 2 , π / 2 ] − {0 }
iv . sec−1 : R− (−1 , 1 ) [ 0 , π ] − { π / 2 }
v . tan −1 : R (−π / 2 , π /2 )
vi . cot −1 : R ( 0 , π )

4. The value of inverse trigonometric function which lies in the range of principal
branch is called the principal value of that inverse trigonometric function .
5. Proper Trigonometric functions
(i) −1
sin (sin x) = x sin (sin−1 x ) = x
 −1
cos (cos x) = x cos (cos ¿¿−1 x )=x ¿
−1
tan (tan x ) = x tan tan−1 x ¿= x
−1
cosec (cosec x)= x cosec (cosec¿ ¿−1 x )¿ = x
−1
sec (sec x) =x sec ( sec−1 x ) = x
cot
−1
(cot x) =x cot (cot−1 x ) = x

(ii) sin
−1 1
( ¿ =cosec −1
x
cos
−1
( 1x ) = x

tan
1
( ¿= cot−1 x ,x > 0
−1
x
cosec
−1
( 1x ) = x

−1 1
sec ( ¿ = cos
x
−1
cot
−1
( 1x ) = x

−1
(iii) sin (-x) = - sin−1 x cosec (-x)
−1
= cosec −1 x
−1
cos ¿) = π -cos−1 x sec
−1
(-x) = π - sec−1 x
−1 −1
tan ( x) = - tan−1 x cot ( x) = π - cot−1 x

ASSIGNMENT

Write the principal value of the following :

 3  1
1. cos 1  
 2. sin  1   
 2   2
 1 
4. cos  1   
3. tan  1   3   2

. Evaluate cot[tan  1 a  cot  1 a ]

5
 
sec  1 2  cos ec  1x 
π
2
6. Find x if
 2π   2π 
cos  1  cos   sin  1  sin 
7. Evaluate  3   3 

 4π 
sin  1  sin 
8 . Evaluate  5 
  7 
cos  1  cos 
9. Evaluate  6 
7π
10 Evaluate. tan-1(tan ¿
6

11.Write the principal value of the following :

3
π
7 (Ans. = )

12. Prove that

tan−1 ( cos x
)= − , x ∈( − , )
π x
1+sin x 4 2
π π
2 2
−π
13. Evaluate sin−1 ¿ ¿ ) ( Ans. x = )
10

−π
14. Find the principal value of tan−1 √ 3 - sec−1 (−2¿)¿ ( Ans. = )
3

1 −1 1
15. Find x if sin ( sin + cos−1 x ) = 1 (Ans. x = ) .
5 5
16. Write the following function in simplest form :
1 −1
−1
tan ¿), x≠ 0 (Ans. tan x )
2
17. Evaluate tan-1 √ 3 - sec (-2)
-1
(- π /3)

2π 2π
π
18. What is the principal value of cos-1 (cos 3 ) + sin-1 (sin 3 ) ( )
19. Using principal values , write the value of 2 cos-1(1/2) +3 sin-1(1/2) ( 7 π /6 )

20. Evaluate tan-1 [2 cos (2 sin-1(1/2) ] ( π /4 )

5π 13 π
21. Find the principal value of tan-1(tan 6 ) + cos -1(cos 6 ) ( 0)
 3. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

A matrix is a rectangular array of m n numbers arranged in m rows and n columns.

 a11 a12 …………a1n 
a a 22 …………a 2n 
A  21
 
 
 a m1 a m2 …………a mn  mn [a ]
OR A = ij mn , where i = 1, 2,…., m ; j = 1, 2,….,n.
A [a ij ]1n
* Row Matrix: A matrix which has one row is called row matrix.
A [a ij ] m 1
* Column Matrix : A matrix which has one column is called column matrix. .
* Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows are equal to number of columns, is
called asquare matrix
A=[ a ]
ij m ×m
* Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a Diagonal Matrix if all the elements, except
the diagonal elements are zero.
A=[ a ij ]n ×n , where
a ij = 0 ,i j.
a ij
0 ,i = j.
* Scalar Matrix: A square matrix is called scalar matrix it all the elements, except diagonal
elements are zero and diagonal elements are same non-zero quantity.
A [a ij ]n n a
, where ij = 0 ,i j.
a ij
= k , i = j.
* Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix in which all the non diagonal elements are zero
and diagonal elements are unity is called identity or unit matrix.
* Null Matrices : A matrices in which all element are zero.
* Equal Matrices : Two matrices are said to be equal if they have same order and all their
corresponding elements are equal.
* Transpose of matrix : If A is the given matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns is called the transpose of a matrix.\
* Properties of Transpose:
If A & B are matrices such that their sum & product are defined, then

(i). A  A (ii). A  B A  B
TT T T T
 T
 T
(iii). KA K.A where K is a scalar.
(iv). AB B A (v).( ABC ) =C B A .
T T T T T T T
* Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix is said to be symmetric if A = AT i.e. If
A=[ a ]
ij m ×m
a a ji
, then ij for all i, j. Also elements of the symmetric matrix are symmetric about the
main diagonal
* Skew symmetric Matrix : A square matrix is said to be skew symmetric if AT = -A.
A [a ij ] m m a  a ji
If , then ij for all i, j.
*Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be singular, if | A| = 0.
* Non -Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be non-singular, if | A| 
0.
*Product of matrices:
(i) If A & B are two matrices, then product AB is defined, if
Number of column of A = number of rows of B.
i.e.
A=[ a ] B=[b ]
ij m ×n , jk n × p then AB = AB=[C ]ik m × p .
(ii) Product of matrices is not commutative. i.e. AB  BA.
(iii) Product of matrices is associative. i.e A(BC) = (AB)C
(iv) Product of matrices is distributive over addition.
*Adjoint of matrix:
If
A=[ a ij ] be a n-square matrix then transpose of a matrix [ A ij ] ,
A A
where ij is the cofactor of ij element of matrix A, is called the adjoint of A.
T
Adjoint of A = Adj. A = [ A ij ] .
A(Adj.A) = (Adj. A)A = | A| I.
*Inverse of a matrix :Inverse of a square matrix A exists, if A is non-singular or square
matrix
1
A is said to be invertible and A-1=|A| Adj.A

*System of Linear Equations:

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3.

[ ][ ] [ ]
a1 b2 c 1 x d1
a2 b2 c 2 y = d 2
a3 b3 c 3 z d3
A X = B X = A-1B ; { | A |  0}.
*Criteria of Consistency.
(i) If |A|  0, then the system of equations is said to be consistent & has a unique
solution.
(ii) If |A| = 0 and (adj. A) B = 0, then the system of equations is consistent and has
infinitely
many solutions.
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj. A)B 0, then the system of equations is inconsistent and has no
solution.
* Determinant :
 To every square matrix we can assign a number called determinant
If A = [a11], det. A = | A | = a11.

If A =
[ a11
a21
,
a 12
a 22 ]
|A| = a11a22 – a21a12.
* Properties :
(I) The determinant of the square matrix A is unchanged when its rows and columns are
interchanged.
(II) The determinant of a square matrix obtained by interchanging two rows (or two
columns) is negative of given determinant.
(III) If two rows or two columns of a determinant are identical, value of the determinant is
zero.
(IV) If all the elements of a row or column of a square matrix A are multiplied by a non-zero
number k, then determinant of the new matrix is k times the determinant of A.
(V) If elements of any one column (or row) are expressed as sum of two elements each, then
determinant can be written as sum of two determinants. Any two or more rows (or column)
can be added or subtracted proportionally.
(VI) If A & B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |A| |B|

ASSIGNMENT

LEVEL I

1. If a matrix has 5 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
2. Matrix A has x rows and x+5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11-y columns. Both AB
and BA exist. Find the values of x and y.

[ ]
5 2 x
3. If the ¿= y z −3 is a symmetric ¿ find x , y , z∧t
4 t −7

1
4. Construct a 3 × 3 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |j – 3i |
2

5. If A = [ 13 21 33] , B = [ 21 30 12] , then find A –2 B.

[1 3 ]
3 −1
6. [ 24 1
1 5]
4
and B = 2 2 , write the order of AB and BA.
7.
If 2
[35 4x ]+[10 1y ]=[107 05 ], find ( x− y ) .
8. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero. Give an
example.

0 1  2
 1 0 3 

 
9. For what value of x, is the matrix A = x  3 0  a skew-symmetric matrix.

[ ]
2 0 1
10. If A = 2 1 3 , then find the value of k if A2– kA + 6I = 0
1 −1 0
11. Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix, where

[ ]
6 −2 2
A = −2 3 −1
2 −1 3

[ ]
1 2 2
12. If A= 2 1 2 Then show that A2−4 A−5 I =0and hence find A−1.
2 2 1

[ ]
−3 2 2
Ans : 1/5 2 −3 2
2 2 −3

LEVEL II

[ ][ ]
1 3 2 1
1. Solve for x : [ 1 x 1 ] 2 5 1 2 =O
15 3 2 x
2. A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first
bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divide Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust
fund must obtain an annual total interest of:
(a) Rs 1,800 (b) Rs 2,000
3. The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics
books, 10 dozen economics books. Their selling prices are Rs 80, Rs 60 and Rs 40 each
respectively. Find the total amount the bookshop will receive from selling all the books using
matrix algebra.

4. Let A = [−12 32] ,then what value of k is A -kA+7I=O and also calculate A .
2 5

[ ] [ ]
2 −1 −1 −8 −10
5. Find the matrix X such that 0 1 X= 3 4 0
−2 4 10 20 10