RELATION AND FUNCTION

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Void relation :- let A be a non-empty set then ∅ ⊂ 𝐴 × 𝐴 and it follows
that ∅ is a relation on A which is called the empty or void or null relation
2. Universal relation :- let A be a non-empty set, then 𝐴 × 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴 and it
follows that 𝐴 × 𝐴 is a relation on A which is called the universal relation.
3. Identity relation:- the relation 𝐼𝐴 on non-empty set A is called an identity
relation, if every element of A is related to itself.
𝐼𝐴 = {(𝑎, 𝑎): 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴}
Eg. 𝐼𝐴 = {(1,1),(2,2)} is identity elements of set A ={1,2}
4. Reflexive relation:- if every elements of a set A is related to ifself. Eg. A
= {1,2,3} then 𝑅1 = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,3),(2,2)} is not a reflexive relation
reason is R does not contain (3,3) element.
𝑅2 ={(1,1),(2,3),(2,2),(3,1),(3,3)} this relation is reflexive relation because
each elements of A contains its identity elements.
5. All reflexive are identity but all identity is not reflexive.
6. Symmetric relation:- A relation R on a set is called a symmetric relation
if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 i.e. if x is related to y , then y is also related to
x. In a set of triangles if A is congruent to B then B is congruent to B. but
every time this condition is not true for example if x is multiple of y then
conversion argument is not true.
7. Transitive relation :- in a relation R , if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈
𝑅 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅, then a given relation is known as transitive relation.
In these relation second component of (x,y) and first component of (y,z)
should be equal .
8. Equivalence:- A relation R on a set is called an equivalence relation, if
a. R is reflexive :- (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝐴.
b. R is symmetric :- (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅.
c. R is transitive:- (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐 ) ∈ 𝑅 → (𝑎, 𝑐 ) ∈ 𝑅.

1. One-one function (injective ):- if a different elements of A have

different image in B
𝑎 = 𝑏 → 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑓 (𝑏)
If a function domain contain unique solution in codomain that
function is known as injective.
 𝑝(𝑛, 𝑚), 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚
The number of injective :-{ where n =
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
order of range and m = order of domain.
To make understandable let imagine that school have conduct a
fresher party. Each students need to select a partner for dance. If each
students select only one partner that mapping is known as one –one
mapping. If students choose more than one partners then that
mapping is not injection , that mapping is known as many – 0ne
mapping.
2. Onto function (surjective):- if each elements of domain has its pre-
image in co-domain or if a function range is equal to codomain that
function is called surjective.
For each 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, there exist 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, where 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 such that f(a)=b.
If a set A has m elements and set B has n elements, then the number of
onto functions from A to B
The number of onto = nm – nC1(n-1)m + nC2(n-2)m – nC3(n-3)m+….- nCn-
1 (1)
m

Note that this formula is applicable iff m is greater than or equal to n.

For example, in the case of onto function from A to B, all the elements
of B should be used. If A has m elements and B has 2 elements, then the
number of onto functions is 2m-2. From a set A of m elements to a set B
of 2 elements, the total number of functions is 2m. In these functions, 2
functions are not onto (If all elements are mapped to the 1st element of
B or all elements are mapped to the 2nd element of B). So, the number
of onto
function is 2m-2.
Note:- if a function is not injective that function said to be many-one
mapping
If a function is not surjective, then given function is known as into
mapping.
Important point: All function are mapping , but all mapping are
function.
How to identify the function?
If the first component of the relation is unique that relation is known
as function. Eg {(a,1),(b,3),(c,5),(d,1)} this relation is function because
all first components in this set contain no identical elements.
3. Bijection :- if a mapping is both injective and surjective that mapping
is known as bijection.
In this mapping domain =co-domain = range.
The number of bijective = n!, where n = order of domain or co-domain
or range.

Problem
1. Find the number of bijection of a set contain 106 elements.
2. Find the number of onto mapping from a set {1,2,3,4} to itself.
3. Relations 𝑅1, 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , 𝑅4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅5 are defined on the sets 𝐴 = {1,2,3}
𝑅1 = {(1,1)(1,2)(2,3)(2,1)(3,2)(3,3)}
𝑅2 = {(3,3)}
𝑅3 = {(1,2)}
𝑅4 = {(1,2)(2,1)}
𝑅5 = {(1,2)(2,3)(1,3)}

4. Test whether the following relation are reflexive, symmetric and

transitive
a. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1}
b. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 > 0}
c. R={(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏 2 = 0}
d. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒}
e. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 2 }
f. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 3 }
g. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏}
h. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 }
i. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 }
j. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 7}
k. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3}
l. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 −
𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟}
m. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏}
n. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 1 + 𝑎𝑏 > 0}
o. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏}
p. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏}
q. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎| < 𝑏}
 r. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): ℎ𝑐𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 1}
s. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑁, 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 41}
t. 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 − 𝑏 > 0}
u. 𝑅 = {(𝐴, 𝐵 ): 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 }
v. 𝑅 = {(𝐴, 𝐵 ): 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 }
w. 𝑅 = {(𝐴, 𝐵 ): 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀2𝑋2 , 𝐴. 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀2𝑋2 }
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀2𝑋2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 2𝑋2 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐.
x. 𝑅 = {(𝐴, 𝐵 ): 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀2𝑋2 , 𝐴 + 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀2𝑋2 }
y. 𝑅 = {(𝐴, 𝐵 ): 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀2𝑋2 , 𝐴 − 𝐵 ∈ 𝑀2𝑋2 }

5. Give an example
a. That R is equivalence
b. That R is reflexive and symmetric but nor transitive
c. That R is symmetric and transitive but nor reflexive
d. That R is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
e. That r is transitive bit neither symmetric nor reflexive

6. Examine that the function is injective or surjective or both

a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑓: 𝑍 → 𝑍
b. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑓: 𝑍 → 𝑍
c. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅
𝑥+1
d. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑓: 𝑅 − {1} → 𝑅 − {1}
𝑥−1
𝜋 𝜋
e. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑓: [− , ] → [−1,1]
2 2
2
f. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅
1 𝑅 𝑅
g. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑓: {0} → {0}
𝑥
2𝑥+1
h. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑓: 𝑅 − {−1} → 𝑅 − {2}
𝑥+1
7. Prove that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = |𝑥| 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is many-one and onto
mapping
8. Prove that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 where 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is not one-one and onto
mapping
9. Show that the exponential function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, given by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
is both one-one and onto.
 𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
10. Show that the 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { is one-one and onto
𝑥−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
mapping.
11. Prove that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑥 is bijective mapping.
Note : using horizontal line w.r.t x-axis we can identify that given
function is injective or not. Eg.

In this graph the line above the x- axis intersect 2 times with graph it mean
that function is not one-one. For one-one line should intersect only at one
point

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION

EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
33𝜋
A. sin−1 (sin )
7
7𝜋
B. cos −1 (cos )
6
3𝜋
C. tan−1 tan
4
4𝜋
D. cos −1 (cos )
3
2𝜋
E. tan−1 tan
3
3𝜋
1. Write the value of cos −1 (tan )
4
−1 1
2. Write the value of cos( 2 sin ( ))
2
−1
3. Write the value of cos (cos 350) − sin−1(sin 350)
1 3
4. Write the value of cos 2 ( cos −1 )
2 5
−1
5. Write the value of cos cos 6
8𝜋
6. Write the value of sin−1 (sin )
5
7. Write the value of sin−1 sin 1550
𝜋 1
8. Write the value of sin { − sin−1 (− )}
3 2
−1 15𝜋
9. Write the value of tan {tan ( )}
4
1
10. Write the value of tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 where x>0
𝑥
11. Write the value of sin−1 cos 1540
Find the principal value of each of the following:

1. sin−1(sin 1550)
7𝜋
2. cos −1 cos
6
−1 7𝜋
3. tan tan
6
−1 8𝜋
4. sin sin
7
5. sin(tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥)
√3 1
6. cos −1 + sin−1
2 2
−1 1 −1
7. tan + cot (−√3)
√3
−1 1 −1 √3
8. tan (− ) +tan 1 + sin−1 ( )
√3 2
1 1
9. tan−1 1 + cos −1 (− ) + sin−1 (− )
2 2

Prove that:-
1 2 3
1. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1
2 11 4
 2 7 1
2. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1
11 24 2
−1 −1 1 −1 1 𝜋
3. tan 1 + tan + tan =
2 3 2
−1 1 −1 1 𝜋
4. 2 tan + tan =
3 7 2
1
5. tan 2 − tan 1 = tan−1
−1 −1
3
−1 −1 −1
6. tan 1 + tan 2 + tan 3 = 𝜋
1 2 1 4
7. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1
4 9 2 3
−1 4 −1 12 −1 33
8. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + cos = cos
5 13 65
−1 3 −1 12 −1 56
9. cos + sin = sin
5 13 65
1 √5 𝜋
10. tan−1 + sec −1 =
3 2 4
−1 3 −1 17 𝜋
11. 2 sin − tan =
5 31 4
−1 1 −1 2 𝜋
12. sin + sin =
√5 √5 2
−1 1 −1 9 1
13. sin + cos = tan−1
√17 √85 2
−1 −1 𝜋
14. Solve for x: sin (1 − 𝑥) − 2 sin 𝑥=
2
1
15. Find the value of sin (2 tan−1 ) + cos(tan−1 2√2)
4
16. If sin−1 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 + sin 𝑧 = 𝜋 then find the value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 .
−1 −1
3𝜋
17. If sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 + sin−1 𝑧 = then find the value of
2
100 100 100 1
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 + .
𝑥 100 +𝑦 100 +𝑧 100
3𝜋 1
18. If cos −1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 + cos −1
𝑧= then find the value of 𝑥 + 1
2 𝑦+𝑧
19. If tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = 𝜋 then prove that x+y+z=xyz
2𝑥 1
20. Let tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 ( ), where |x|< then find the value of y.
1−𝑥 2 √3
√1−sin 𝑥+√1+sin 𝑥
21. Find the value of cot −1 ( )
√1−sin 𝑥−√1+sin 𝑥
−1 𝑎−𝑏 𝑥
22. Find the value of 2 tan (√ tan )
𝑎+𝑏 2
√1+𝑥 2 +√1−𝑥2
23. Find the value of tan−1 [ ]
√1+𝑥 2 −√1−𝑥2
𝜋
24. If sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 2𝑥 = , then find the value of x.
3
−1 −1
25. If sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 + sin−1 𝑧 = 𝜋 prove that 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 + 2𝑦𝑧√1 − 𝑥 2 = 0

In this topic the principal value of any inverse should lies within the given range. for
example the value of sine inverse value should exist within [-90,90], if it is above or below
range, using angle conversion we will transform into the given interval.
 1
Important note :- sin−1 𝑥 ≠ (sin 𝑥 )−1 and it is also not equal to . sin−1 𝑥 is
sin 𝑥
representation of inverse function it is also written in the form of arcsin x. please don’t
1
confuse with algebra 𝑥 −1 = .
𝑥

Matrices

A rectangular array of mn numbers in the form of m horizontal line ( called rows) and n
vertical lines ( called columns) is called a matrix of order m by n.

Types of Matrices

1. Row Matrix A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is called
a row matrix.
Eg: (1 2), (−2 − 5 2)
2. Column Matrix A matrix having only one column and any number of rows is
calledcolumn matrix.
1 𝑎
Eg. (2), ( )
𝑏
3
3. Rectangular Matrix A matrix of order m x n, such that m ≠ n, is called
rectangular matrix.(if row is not equal to column)
4. Horizontal Matrix A matrix in which the number of rows is less than the
number ofcolumns, is called a horizontal matrix.
5. Vertical Matrix A matrix in which the number of rows is greater than the
number ofcolumns, is called a vertical matrix.
6. Null/Zero Matrix A matrix of any order, having all its elements are zero, is
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗 1 0
called a null/zero matrix. i.e., 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = { or ( ) is 2x2 identity
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 0 1
1 0 0
symbol by 𝐼2. (0 1 0) = I3
0 0 1
7. Square Matrix A matrix of order m x n, such that m = n, is called square matrix.
8. Diagonal Matrix A square matrix A = [aij]m x n, is called a diagonal matrix, if
all the elements except those in the leading diagonals are zero, i.e., a ij = 0 for i
≠ j. It can berepresented as
A = diag[a11 a22… ann]
9. Scalar Matrix A square matrix in which every non-diagonal element is zero
and all diagonal elements are equal, is called scalar matrix. i.e., in scalar
matrix
10. Unit/Identity Matrix A square matrix, in which every non-diagonal element is
 zero andevery diagonal element is 1, is called, unit matrix or an identity matrix.

11. Upper Triangular Matrix A square matrix A = a[ij]n x n is called a upper triangular
matrix,if a[ij], = 0, ∀ i > j.
12. Lower Triangular Matrix A square matrix A = a[ij]n x n is called a lower triangular
matrix,if a[ij], = 0, ∀ i < j.
13. Submatrix A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by deleting any
number ofrows or columns or both is called a submatrix of the given matrix.

14. Equal Matrices Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if both having
same orderand corresponding elements of the matrices are equal.

15. Singular Matrix A square matrix A is said to be singular matrix, if

determinant of A denoted by det (A) or |A| is zero, i.e., |A|= 0, otherwise it
is a non-singular matrix.

Algebra of Matrices

1. Addition of Matrices

Let A and B be two matrices each of order m x n. Then, the sum of matrices A + B is
definedonly if matrices A and B are of same order.

If A = [aij]m x n , A = [aij]m x n

Then, A + B = [aij + bij]m x n

Properties of Addition of Matrices If A, B and C are three matrices of order m x n, then

1. Commutative Law A + B = B + A
2. Associative Law (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
3. Existence of Additive Identity A zero matrix (0) of order m x n (same as of
A), isadditive identity, if
A+0=A=0+A
4. Existence of Additive Inverse If A is a square matrix, then the matrix (- A) is
calledadditive inverse, if
𝐴 + ( – 𝐴) = 0 = (− 𝐴) + 𝐴

Subtraction of Matrices

Let A and B be two matrices of the same order, then subtraction of matrices, A – B, is
definedas
A – B = [aij – bij]n x n,

where A = [aij]m x n, B = [bij]m x n

2. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar

Let A = [aij]m x n be a matrix and k be any scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by
multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted
by kA, given as

kA= [kaij]m x n

Properties of Scalar Multiplication If A and B are matrices of order m x n, then

1. 𝑘(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵
2. (k1 + k2)A = k1A + k2A
3. k1k2A = k1(k2A) = k2(k1A)
4. (- k)A = – (kA) = k( – A)

3. Multiplication of Matrices

Let A = [aij]m x n and B = [bij]n x p are two matrices such that the number of columns of A
is equal to the number of rows of B, then multiplication of A and B is denoted by AB.

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices

1. Commutative Law Generally AB ≠ BA

2. Associative Law (AB)C = A(BC)
3. Distributive Law A(B + C) = AB + AC
4. AB = 0, does not necessarily imply that A = 0 or B = 0 or both A and B = 0

Positive Integral Powers of a Square Matrix

Let A be a square matrix. Then, we can define

1. 𝐴𝑛 + 1 = 𝐴𝑛 . 𝐴, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
2. 𝐴𝑚 . 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚+𝑛
3. (𝐴𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝐴𝑚𝑛 , ∀ 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

Transpose of a Matrix
Let A = [aij]m x n, be a matrix of order m x n. Then, the n x m matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is denoted by
A’ or AT.
A’ = AT = [aij]n x m

Properties of Transpose

1. (𝐴’)’ = 𝐴
2. (𝐴 + 𝐵)’ = 𝐴’ + 𝐵’
3. (𝐴𝐵)’ = 𝐵’𝐴’
4. (𝑘𝐴)’ = 𝑘𝐴’
5. (𝐴𝑛 )’ = (𝐴’)𝑛
6. (𝐴𝐵𝐶)’ = 𝐶’ 𝐵’ 𝐴’

Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

If a matrix 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 then the matrix A is known as symmetric matrix.

If a matrix 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 then the matrix A is known as skew-symmetric matrix

Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

.
1. If A is a square matrix, then
(a) 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is symmetric.
(b) 𝐴 — 𝐴𝑇 is skew-symmetric matrix.
2. If A and B are two symmetric (or skew-symmetric) matrices of same order, then
𝐴 + 𝐵 is also symmetric (or skew-symmetric).
3. If A is symmetric (or skew-symmetric), then kA (k is a scalar) is also
symmetric for skew-symmetric matrix.
4. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then the product AB is
symmetric,iff 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵.
5. Every square matrix can be expressed uniquely as the sum of a symmetric and
a skew-symmetric matrix.
6. The matrix 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝐵 is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is
symmetric orskew-symmetric matrix.
7. All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
8. All positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-
symmetric and positive even integral powers of a skew-symmetric are
symmetric matrix.
9. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
(a) 𝐴𝐵 – 𝐵𝐴 is a skew-symmetric and
 (b) 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 is symmetric.
10. For a square matrix 𝐴, 𝐴𝐴𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 are symmetric matrix

ADJOINT AND INVERSE MATRICES

1. For every square matrix A we have
𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴. 𝐴 = |𝐴|. 𝐼
2. If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order then 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵
3. For any square matrix A, prove that (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)′ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴′
4. If A is a non singular square matrix of order n then prove that |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
5. If A is a non singular square matrix of order n then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |𝐴|𝑛−2𝐴.
6. If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴 ≠ 0. then 𝐴−1 = 1/|𝐴|. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
7. All non singular matrix are invertable and all invertable are non singular.
8. (𝐴𝐵 )−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1𝐴 = 𝐼

PROBLEM
𝑥−𝑦 𝑧 −1 4
1. If [2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑤 ] = [ ] find the value of x+y.
0 5
𝑎 + 4 3𝑏 2𝑎 + 2 𝑏 + 2
2. If [ ]=[ ], write the value of a-2b.
8 −6 8 𝑎 − 8𝑏
𝑥−𝑦 4 8 𝑤
3. If [ ]=[ ], write the value of x+y+z.
𝑧+6 𝑥+𝑦 0 6
4. Find the order of the matrix A such that
2 −1 −1 −8
[ 1 0 ] 𝐴 = [ 1 −2] also find the value A.
−3 4 9 22

−3 2
5. If 𝐴 = [ ] find the value of k so that 𝐴2 + 𝐼 = 𝑘𝐴.
1 −1
1 2 0 0
6. For what value of x is 1 2 1 (2 0 1) (2) = 𝑂
( )
1 0 2 𝑥
1 2 3
7. If 𝐴 = [3 −2 1], then shown that 𝐴3 −23A-40I=O.
4 2 1
3 −3
8. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴2 = 𝜇𝐴. Find the value of 𝜇.
−3 3

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

9. Simplify :cos 𝑥 [ ] + sin 𝑥 [ ]
− sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

cos 𝑎 sin 𝑎
10. If 𝐴𝑎 = ( ), then prove the following
− sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎
cos 𝑛𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑎
a. (𝐴𝑎 )𝑛 = ( )
− sin 𝑛𝑎 cos 𝑛𝑎
b. 𝐴𝑎 𝐴𝑏 = 𝐴𝑎+𝑏 = 𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑎
 3 −4 1 + 2𝑘 −4𝑘
11. If 𝐴 = ( ) then 𝐴𝑘 = ( )
1 −1 𝑘 1 − 2𝑘
𝑎
0 − tan
2
12. If 𝐴 = ( 𝑎 ) then prove that
tan 0
2
cos 𝑎 − sin 𝑎
𝐼2 + 𝐴 = (𝐼2 − 𝐴) ( )
sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎
1 3 2
3 2
13. Compute 𝐴 − 2𝐴 + 3𝐴 − 𝐼 where I is a unit matrix and 𝐴 = (2 0 3)\
1 −1 1
1 2 2
14. Compute 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 where I is a unit matrix and 𝐴 = (2 1 2)
2 2 1
cos 𝑎 − sin 𝑎 0
15. Let 𝑓 (𝑎) = ( sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎 0) then prove that 𝑓(𝑎). 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏).
0 0 1
16. Find the adjoints of the following
−1 −2 3
a. [−2 2 1]
4 −5 2
1 2 3
b. [0 1 2]
0 0 1
1 2 3
c. [1 3 4]
1 4 3
2 1 0
d. [ 0 −3 1]
−1 −1 3
−1 −2 −2
17. If 𝐴 = [ 2 1 −2] show that
2 −2 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 3𝐴𝑇 .
18. For what values of x, the matrix
3−𝑥 2 2
[ 2 4−𝑥 1 ] is singular.
−2 −4 −1 − 𝑥
0 3
19. If A= [ ] and 𝐴−1 = 𝑎(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴). Then find the value of a.
2 0
20. Let A be a square matrix. Then
a. 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is a symmetric
b. 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is a skew-symmetric
c. 𝐴. 𝐴𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑇 . 𝐴 are symmetric matrix
21. Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a
symmetric and a skew-symmetric.
22. If A and B are symmetric, then AB is symmetric iff AB=BA.
23. Show that the 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝐵 is symmetric or skew-symmetric according to A is symmetric
or skew-symmetric.
24. Let A and B be symmetric of the same order. Then show that
a. A+B is a symmetric
b. AB-BA is a skew- symmetric
c. AB+BA is a symmetric
25. Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric.
3 2 3
a. [4 5 3]
2 4 5
3 −2 −4
b. [ 3 −2 −5]
−1 1 2
3 −4
c. [ ]
1 −1
3 2 7
26. Let A= [ 1 4 3]. Find matrices X and Y such the X+Y=A, where X is a
−2 5 8
symmetric and Y is a skew-symmetric.
5 2 𝑥
27. If [𝑦 𝑧 −3] is a symmetric matrix, find x,y,z and t
4 𝑡 −7
2 3 1
28. If 𝐴 = [ ] show that 𝐴−1 = 𝐴
5 −2 19
1 tan 𝑥
29. If 𝐴 = [ ] show that
− tan 𝑥 1
cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 = [ ]
sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
2 −3
30. Show that 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 17 = 0. Hence find 𝐴−1
3 4
3 1
31. For the matrix 𝐴 = [ ], find x and y so that 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐼 = 𝑦𝐴. Hence find 𝐴−1
7 5
3 2
32. For the matrix 𝐴 = [ ], find a and b so that 𝐴2 + 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐼 = 0. Hence find 𝐴−1
1 1
1 2 2
33. Show that 𝐴 = [2 1 2] satisfies the equation 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 𝑂 and hence find
2 2 1
𝐴−1
3 −2
34. For the matrix 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝜇 so that 𝐴2 = 𝜇𝐴 − 2𝐼 Hence find 𝐴−1
4 −2
5 3
35. Show that 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 7 = 0 thus , find 𝐴−1
−1 −2
6 5
36. Show that 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies the equation 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 = 0 thus , find 𝐴−1
7 6
 DETERMINANTS
Introduction
A determinant is a special number that can be calculated from a square matrix. It
helps us understand certain properties of the matrix and is widely used in
mathematics, especially in solving systems of linear equations.
For a matrix to have a determinant, it must be square, meaning it has the same
number of rows and columns. The determinant of a matrix is often written as det(A)
or ∣A∣, where A is the matrix.
Importance of Determinants:
1. Solving Equations: Determinants are used in finding solutions to systems of linear
equations using methods like Cramer's Rule.
2. Invertibility: A matrix has an inverse only if its determinant is non-zero. If the
determinant is zero, the matrix is called singular and cannot be inverted.
3. Geometrical Meaning: In geometry, the determinant helps to find the area or
volume of shapes formed by vectors, and it can also tell us if the vectors are linearly
independent.
Properties of determinants
1. If rows be changed into columns and columns into rows, the determinant remains
unaltered.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2|
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
2. If any two rows or columns are interchanged, the resulting determinant is the
negative of the original determinant.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎3
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |=− | 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐2 𝑐1 𝑐3
3. If two rows or column in a determinant are identical, then the determinant is equal
to zero.
𝑎1 𝑎1 𝑎3
| 𝑏1 𝑏1 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑐3
4. If all the elements of any rows or columns be multiplied by a non-zero real number
k, then the value of the new determinant is k times the value of the original
determinant.
𝑘𝑎1 𝑘𝑎2 𝑘𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 𝑘 | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
|𝑘 𝑏1 𝑘𝑏2 𝑘𝑏3 | = 𝑘 | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑘𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑘𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑘𝑎3
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = |𝑘𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = |𝑏1 𝑘𝑏2 𝑏3 | = |𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑘𝑏3 |
𝑘𝑐1 𝑘𝑐2 𝑘𝑐3 𝑘𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑘𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑘𝑐3
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
= 𝑘 | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
5. If each entry in a row or column of determinant is written as the sum of two or more
terms, then the determinant can be written as the sum of two or more determinant.
𝑎1 + 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑎3
| 𝑏1 + 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | + | 𝑥 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 + 𝑥 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑥 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑜𝑟

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑥 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑎3
|𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑥 𝑏3 | = | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | + |𝑏1 𝑥 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑥 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑐3
𝑜𝑟
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 + 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥
|𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 + 𝑥 | = | 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 | + |𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑥|
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 + 𝑥 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥
PROBLEMS
1. WITHOUT EXPANDING THE DETERMINANT, PROVE THAT
𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥
A. | 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 |=0
1 1 1
1
𝑎 𝑏𝑐
𝑎
|1
B. |𝑏 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 || = 0
1
𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
C. |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2)
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
−𝑎2 𝑏𝑎 𝑐𝑎
D. | 𝑎𝑏 −𝑏2 𝑐𝑏 | = 4𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 2
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
E. | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 | = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )3
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
1 1 1
2
F. |𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 2| = (𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝛽 − 𝛾)(𝛾 − 𝛼)(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼)
2

𝛼 3 𝛽3 𝛾 3
𝑎2 𝑎2 − (𝑏 − 𝑐 )2 𝑏𝑐
G. |𝑏2 𝑏2 − (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 𝑐𝑎 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2)
𝑐 2 𝑐 2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 𝑎𝑏
 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
H. |𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦| = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1+𝑎 1 1
1 1 1
I. | 1 1+𝑏 1 | = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
1 1 1+𝑐
(𝑏 + 𝑐 )2 𝑎2 𝑎2
J. | 𝑏2 (𝑐 + 𝑎) 2 𝑏2 | = 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )3
𝑐2 𝑐2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2