1.

Primary data: The data collected directly through personal experiences, interviews, direct
observations, physical testing etc.
2. Secondary data : Secondary data is the information which has been collected in the past by
someone else but used by the investigator for his own purpose

3. Measures of Central Tendencies :

(i) Average (or) Arithmetic Mean
(ii) Mode
(iii) Median
Sumof observations
4. Arithmetic Mean =
Number of observations

5. Arithmetic Mean' of given data always lies between

the highest and lowest observations of the
data.
6. Range = Maximum value - Minimum value
The observation which occurs most frequently in the given data is called 'Mode' of the data.
8. Data having only one mode is known as 'Unimodal Data'

9. Data having two modes is known as 'Bimodal Data'.

10. The middle most value of the data, when the observations are arranged in either ascending or
descending order is called 'Median'

11. If the number of observations (n) is odd then median = observation.

12. If number of observations(n) is even then the median

13. A bar graph: A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights being
proportional to the respective values.
14. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the
comparison of the data
15. 'Pie chart' is the visual representation of the numerical data by sectors of the circle such that
angle of each sector (area of sector) is proportional to value of the data that it represents.
16. Frequency gives the number of times that a particular entry occurs.
— Valueof the item 360 0
Angle of sector Sumofthe values of all items x
I.A Pictograph: Pictorial representation of data using symbols
= 100 cars 4— One symbol stands for 100 cars

July = 250 denotes of 100

August = 300

September

(i) How many cars were produced in the month of July?

sol: 250
(ii) In which month was maximum number of cars produced?
sol:September (400 cars)
2. A bar graph: A display of information using bars of uniform width, their heights being proportional

to

o 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

Academic years

(i) What is the informaåon given by the bar graph?

sol: The information given by the bar graph is the number of students in class VIII in various academic
years .
(ii) In which year is the increase in the number of students maximum?
sol: 2004-05
(iii) In which year is the number of students maximum?
sol: 2007-08
(iv) State whether true or false: 'The number of students during 2005-06 is twice that of 2003-04".
Sol: False. The number of students during 2005-06=250 and during 2003-04=100
3. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph showing two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful for the
comparison of the data.
into sectors. The size of each sector is proportional to the activity or information it represents. A
circle graph is also called a pie chart.
TRY THESE
1. Each of the following pie charts (Fig 5.5) gives you a different piece of information about your
class.
Find the fraction of the circle representing each of these information.

Girls or Bow Transpori school

sol:
50 1
(i)Girls = 50%
100 2
50 1
Boys = 50%
100
100 - 2
40 2
(ii) Walk =

20 1
Cycle = 20%
100 - 5
40
Bus or car = 40%
100
(iii) Love mathematics = 85%
100 20
Hate mathematics - — 15%
100 - 20
2. Answer the following questions based on the pie chart Informative given (Fig 5.6 ).
10%
(i) Which type of programmes are viewed the most? New
sol.• Entertain ment
(ii) Which two types of programmes have number of viewers
Sp E ertainment
 25
equal to those watching sports channels?
sol: Informative and News Viewers watc g different types
Of channels on TV
4.2.1 Drawing pie charts
Represent the following data in pie chart.
Flavours Percentage of students Preferring the
flavours
Chocolate 50%
Vanilla 25%
Other flavours 25%
sol:
Flavours Percentage of students In fractions Fraction of 360 0
Preferring the flavours
Chocolate 50% 50 1 1 x 360 0 = 180 0
2
100 2
Vanilla 25% 25 1 1 x 360 0 = 900
4

100 4
Other 25% 25 1 1 x 360 0 = 900
flavours 4

100 4
Example 1: Adjoining pie chart (Fig 4.4) gives the expenditure (in percentage) on various items and
savings of a family during a month.
House rent
r r
(i) On which item, the expenditure was maximum?
sol: On food
(ii) Expenditure on which item is equal to the total savings of the family? Others
Sol: On Education (15%)
(iii) If the monthly savings of the family is 3000, what is the monthly
10"/o

expenditure on clothes?
Sol: 15% represents

10% represents x 10
15
The monthly expenditure on clothes*2000
Example 2: On a particular day, the sales (in rupees) of different items of a baker's shop are given below.
Draw a pie chart for this data.
ordinary bread : 320 fruit
bread 80 cakes and
pastries : 160 biscuits 120
others 40
Total : 720
Sol:
Item Sales (in Central Angle
Ordinary Bread 320 160 x 360 = 160
0
.2
Biscuits 120 60 x 360 - 60 0
.2

Cakes and pastries 160 80 x 36-0 = 80 0

.2

Fruit Bread 80 40 x = 400

.2

Others 40 20 x 360 = 20 0
.2

Total 720
Draw a pie chart of the data given below. The time spent by a child during a day.

Ordinary Bread

1600
 Biscuits
60
Others
00
800
Fruit Bread

Cakes and pastries

Draw a pie chart of the data given below. The time spent by a child during a day
Sleep — 8 hours; School — 6 hours ; Home work — 4 hours ;Play — 4 hours ;Others 2 hours
Vlll CLASS-MATHEMATICS 4.DATA HANDLING NCERT:2024-25

Type of spent Time spent In Fraction Central Angle

by a child

Sleep 8 8 8 15 8x 15 5 = 120 0
—x 360-2
24
School 6 6 6 6 x 15 0 = 900
0
24 —x 360
24
Home work 4 4 4 4x 150 - 60 0
0
24 —x 360
24
Play 4 4 4 4x 15 0 - 60 0
0
24 —x 360
24
Others 2 2 2
24 —x 360 0 - 2 x 15 0 - 30 0
24
Total 24

THINK DISCUSS AND WRITE'

Which form of graph would be appropriate to display the following data.
1. Production of food grains of a state
Sol: Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
 Bar Production 60 50 70 55 80 85
(in lakh
tons

graph is appropriate to display the given data

Favourite food Number of people

North Indian 30

45
South Indian 40
40

35
30
o Chinese 25
25
o Others 25
b 20
Total
15 120
10
5

North South Chinese Others

Indian Indian
Favourite food
3. The daily income of a group of a factory workers.
Daily Income (in Rupees) Number of workers (in a factory)
RA
 Light

surveyed? Folk
100
75-100 45

100-125 35

125-150 55

150-175 30
175-200 50

200-225 125
225-250 140
Total 480
EXERCISE 4.1
1. A survey was made to find the type of music that a certain group
of young people liked in a city. Adjoining pie chart shows the
findings of this survey. From this pie chart answer the following:
(i) If 20 people liked classical music, how many young people were

Sol: Number young people were surveyed=20 x — = 200

 10

(ii) Which type of music is liked by the maximum number of people?

Sol: The maximum number of people liked the Light music(40%)
(iii) If a cassette company were to make 1000 CD's, how many of each type would they
make?
Sol: Total number of CD's=1000
10
Number of classical music CD's=10% of 1000 = x 1000 = 100
100
 20
Number of semi classical music CD's=20% of 1000 —x 1000 = 200
100
30
Number of folk music CD's=30% of 1000 = -— x 1000 = 300
100
40
Number of light music CD's=40% of 1000 —x 1000 = 400
100

2. A group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favourite season from the three seasons rainy,
No.
winter and summer. of
votes
(i) Which season got the most votes?
Sumner 90
Sol: Rainy (120)
120
(ii) Find the central angle of each sector.
Sol:
Winter 150
Season No. of votes Central angle
Summer 90 90
— x 360 0 = 900
360
Rainy 120 120
—x 360
360
- 120
0

Winter 150 150 x 360 0

360
1500

Total 360

(iii) Draw a pie chart to show this information.

3. Draw a pie chart showing the following informaåon. The table shows the colours preferred by
a group of people.
Colours Number of eo le
Bule 18
Green 9
Red

Total 36
sol:
Colours Number of Fraction Central angle
people
Blue 18 18 18 10 = 18 x 10 0 =
36 —x 3-60-2
180 0
Green 9 9 9 9 x 10 0 = 900
36 —x 360 0
36
Red 6 6 6 6 x 10 0 - 60 0
36 —x 360 0
36
Yellow 3 3 3 3 x 10 0 - 30 0
36 —x 360 0
36

Total 36
4. The adjoining pie chart gives the marks scored in an examination by a
student in Hindi, English, Mathemaåcs, Social Science and Science. If the total
marks obtained by the students were 540, answer the following questions.
(i) In which subject did the student score 105 marks?
(Hint: for 540 marks, the central angle = 360 0 . So, for 105 marks, what is the
Hindi
central angle?)

sol: For 105 marks the central angle—105 x 360 0 700

540
Marks obtained in Hindi=105
(ii) How many more marks were obtained by the student in Mathematics than in Hindi?
90 sol: Marks
obtained in Mathematics ——x 540 = 135
360
Marks obtained in Mathematics more than Hindi=135-105=30
(iii) Examine whether the sum of the marks obtained in Social Science and Mathematics is more
than that in Science and Hindi.
Sol: Central angle of Social Science and
Central angle of Science and Hindi
So, Sum of the marks obtained in Social Science and Mathematics is more than that in Science and

Hindi.
5. The number of students in a hostel, speaking different languages is given below. Display the data in

a pie chart.
Language Hindi English Marathi Tamil Bengali Total
Number of student 40 12 9 7 4 72

sol:
Language Number of student Fraction Central angle
Hindi 40 40
72 —x 360 0 = 200 0
72
English 12 12 12
72 —x 360 0 - 60 0
72
Marathi 9 9 9 450
0
72 —x 360
72
Tamil 7 7 7 350
0
72 —x 360
72
Bengali 4 40 4
72 —x 360 0 = 20 0
72
Total 72

c
Chance and Probability
1. There are certain experiments whose outcomes have an equal chance of occurring.
2. A random experiment is one whose outcome cannot be predicted exactly in advance.
3. When a coin is tossed Head or Tail are the two outcomes of this experiment.
4. One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event.
5. Probability of an event = Number of outcomes that make an event/Total number of outcomes
of the experiment , when the outcomes are equally likely

TRY THESE
1. If you try to start a scooter, what are the possible outcomes?
sol: The scooter starts or does not starts.
2. When a die is thrown, what are the six possible outcomes?
sol: and 6.
3. When you spin the wheel shown, what are the possible outcomes? List them.
Sol: When you spin the wheel the possible outcomes are A,B and C
4. You have a bag with five identical balls of different colours and you are to pull out (draw) a ball
without looking at it; list the outcomes you would get.
Sol: The required outcomes are R,B,G,W and Y

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE

In throwing a die:
1. Does the first player have a greater chance of getting a six?
Sol: No, the first player does not have a greater chance of getting a six.
2. Would the player who played after him have a lesser chance of getting a six?
sol: No, the player who played after him does not have a lesser chance of getting a six
3. Suppose the second player got a six. Does it mean that the third player would not have a chance
of getting a six?
sol: No,

Equally likely outcomes:

Equally likely implies that the all of the outcomes of a random experiment are the same chance of
occurring.
1. When a coin is tossed Head and Tail are equally likely out comes.
2. When a die is tossed 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 are equally likely outcomes.
Event
Each outcome of an experiment or a collection of outcomes make an event.
Ex: In the experiment of tossing a coin, getting a Head is an event and getting a Tail is also an event.
Example 3: A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. (The balls are identical in all respects other than
colour). A ball is drawn from the bag without looking
into the bag. What is probability of getting a red ball? Is
it more or less than getting a yellow ball?
sol:Red balls=4, Yellow balls=2
Total outcomes=4+2=6
6 3
Favourable
The probability of getting a red ball —
Total possible
Favourable
The probability of getting a yellow ball —
Total possible
The probability of getting a red ball is more than that of getting a yellow ball.
TRY THESE
Suppose you spin the wheel
(i) List the number of outcomes of getting a green sector and not getting a green
R G
sector on this wheel sol: Number of outcomes getting a green sector=5
Number of outcomes not getting a green sector=3

(ii) Find the probability of getting a green sector.

Favourable outcomes 5 G G

Sol: Probability of getting a green sector —

Total number of outcomes of the experiment 8

(iii) Find the probability of not getting a green sector
3
Sol: The probability of not getting a green sector —
8
Chance and probability related to real life
1. To find characteristics of a large group by using a small part of the group.
2. Metrological Department predicts weather by observing trends from the data over many years
in the past.

EXERCISE 4.2
1. List the outcomes you can see in these experiments.
(a) Spinning a wheel
Sol: On spinning the wheel the outcomes are A,B,C and D
(b) Find the Probability of the pointer stopping on D.
 1 sol: The Probability of the pointer stopping on
D=— 5
(c) Tossing two coins together sol: When two coins are tossed together, the
outcomes are and TT (Where H- Head and T- Tail)
2. When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an event of getting
(i) (a) a prime number sol: Outcomes for
prime number are 2,3 and 5
(b) not a prime number.
sol: Outcomes for not a prime number are 1,4 and 6
(ii) (a) a number greater than 5
Sol: Outcomes for a number greater than 5 is 6
(b) a number not greater than 5.
sol: outcomes for a number not greater than 5 are 1,2,3,4 and 5.

3. Find
(b) Probability of getting an ace from a well
shuffled deck of 52 playing cards?
sol: Number ace cards in deck=4
4 1
Probability of getting an ace
52 13

(c) Probability of getting a red apple sol:

Total number of apples=7
Number of red apples=4
Number of red apples 4
Probability of getting a red apple —
Total number of apples 7
4. Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten separate slips (one number on one slip), kept in a box and mixed
well. One slip is chosen from the box without looking into it. What is the probability of
(i) Getång a number 6?
Sample space=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) , Total all possible outcomes=10
1
Probability of getting a number 6
10
(ii) Getting a number less than 6?
 5 1
probability of getting a number less than 6
10 - 2 (iii) Getting a number greater than 6?
4 2
Probabili
ty of getting a number greater than 6 (iv) Getting a
I-digit number?
9
Probability of getting a 1 — digit number —
10
5. If you have a spinning wheel with 3 green sectors, 1 blue sector and 1 red sector, what
is the probability of getting a green sector? What is the probability of getting a non blue
sector?
sol: Green sectors=3, blue sectors=l, red sectors=l
Total number of sectors=3+ 1+1=5
Number of green sectors 3
Probability of getting a green sector —
Total number of sectors
Number of non blue sectors 4
Probability of getting a non blue sector —
Total number of sectors
6. When a die is thrown find the probabilities of the events of getting
Sol: When a die is thrown sample space={1,2,3,4,5,6)
i) (a) a prime number sol: Outcomes for prime
number are 2,3 and 5
Number of primenumbers 3 1
Probability of getting a prime number —
Total number of outcomes 6 2
(b) Not a prime number.
sol: Outcomes for not a prime number are 1,4 and 6
Number of non primenumbers 3 1
Probability of getting not a prime number —
Total number of outcomes 6 2
(ii) (a) a number greater than 5
sol: Outcomes for a number greater than 5 is 6
1
Probability of getting a number greater than 5 6

Page 19
(b) a number not greater than 5.
Sol: outcomes for a number not greater than 5 are 1,2,3,4 and 5.
5
Probability of getting a number not greater than 5
6

Page 20