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    High-Gain Differential Amplifier Design

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    Bodhayan Prasad
    This document discusses the design of high-gain differential amplifiers. It describes using cascading and cascode configurations to increase gain. Folded cascode and two-stage amplifier designs are introduced to achieve both high gain and wide output swing. Common-mode feedback is also discussed as a method to set the biasing of cascode circuits for high gain differential amplifiers.

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    High-Gain Differential Amplifier Design

    Uploaded by

    Bodhayan Prasad
    249 views21 pages
    This document discusses the design of high-gain differential amplifiers. It describes using cascading and cascode configurations to increase gain. Folded cascode and two-stage amplifier designs are introduced to achieve both high gain and wide output swing. Common-mode feedback is also discussed as a method to set the biasing of cascode circuits for high gain differential amplifiers.

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    High-Gain Differential Amplifier Design

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    This document discusses the design of high-gain differential amplifiers. It describes using cascading and cascode configurations to increase gain. Folded cascode and two-stage amplifier designs are introduced to achieve both high gain and wide output swing. Common-mode feedback is also discussed as a method to set the biasing of cascode circuits for high gain differential amplifiers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    249 views21 pages

    High-Gain Differential Amplifier Design

    Uploaded by

    Bodhayan Prasad
    This document discusses the design of high-gain differential amplifiers. It describes using cascading and cascode configurations to increase gain. Folded cascode and two-stage amplifier designs are introduced to achieve both high gain and wide output swing. Common-mode feedback is also discussed as a method to set the biasing of cascode circuits for high gain differential amplifiers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Lecture 13 High-Gain Differential Amplifier Design

    Woodward Yang School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University woody@eecs.harvard.edu

    Overview
    Background This lecture investigates different topologies (and their characteristics) that can be used to implement differential amplifiers with extremely high gain. We will again be using cascoding.

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Review of Amplifier Characteristics


    Lets review some of the characteristics of the different (singleended) amplifier topologies that weve looked at so far. We will augment this table when we look at the frequency response characteristics of these amplifiers
    Amplifier Type Rin High Rout High Av High Ai High

    Commonsource/emitter
    Commongate/base Commondrain/collector

    Low

    High

    High

    High

    Low

    <1

    High

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Multi-Stage Amplifiers (Cascading)


    We can cascade different types of amplifiers to get desired overall characteristics. Often want: High input impedance High gain Low output impedance Mix and match cascades of different types of amplifiers to get desired result

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Common-Emitter Emitter-Follower Cascade


    A common configuration (for discrete BJT amplifier design) is a common-emitter emitter-follower (common-collector) cascade CE stage has high voltage gain and high input impedance CC stage has low output impedance to drive various load conditions CC stage also presents a high impedance load to the CE amplifier which enables high voltage gain for the CE stage

    RC Rs Cin R1
    Q1 Q2

    vO Cout CE RE2 RLD

    vS

    R2 REB

    REA

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Common-Source Source-Follower Cascade


    Similarly, cascade a common-source amplifier with a sourcefollower.
    RD
    M2

    Rs

    M1

    vO Cout

    vS IS1 CS

    IS2

    RLD

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Building Op Amps
    Op amps are an important component of modern CMOS ICs. They used to designed as general purpose amplifiers that can meet a variety of requirements. The main target was extremely high gain (>1e5), high input impedance and low output impedance (like an ideal amplifier). This was done (to some extent) at the expense of different aspects of performance (e.g., speed, output voltage range, power, etc.). Designs these days are much more tailored to have (good enough) performance w.r.t. the specific needs of particular applications. Within an IC, often use Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA). Some performance parameters of op amps Gain and Bandwidth
    Want as large as possible Maximize w.r.t. power supply (but supply shrinking in modern processes) Combat non-linearity with feedback Can minimize by trading off other parameters Strong dependence on current source output resistance

    Output Swing

    Linearity

    Noise and Offset


    Supply Rejection

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Simple One-Stage Op Amps


    Two differential pair amplifiers that we have already seen can be used as op amps. The low-frequency, small-signal gain of both is gmN(roN||roP). The capacitive loads (CL) usually determine their bandwidth.

    Vb Vout CL Vin CL Vin Vout CL

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Cascoded Amplifier
    Use cascoding to increase load resistance Cascode both the active loads and the differential pair Higher effective load resistance Higher ro for the differential pair Reduces Miller effect (will see later) However, there are some limitations Reduced output swing (must keep all devices in saturation) What is the output dynamic range?

    M7

    M8

    M5

    M6

    Vbias
    M3 M4

    vo

    M1

    M2

    vid

    How might one increase the output swing range for vo?
    9

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    Use High-Swing Cascodes


    We can use the high-swing cascode circuit as a load to achieve higher output range in a single-ended output telescopic amp

    Vb2 Vout Vb CL Vb1 CL Vout

    Vin

    Vin

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    10

    Cascode Op Amps
    Amplifiers that use cascoding are often called telescopic cascode amps. While gain increases, the output range of these devices are limited.
    Vb3 Vb2 Vout Vb CL CL Vb1 Vout CL

    Vin

    Vin

    Connecting in unity-gain feedback configuration results in significant reduction of output range


    ES154 - Lecture 13 11

    DC Biasing for High-Gain Amplifiers


    One of the challenges of using cascodes for high gain is appropriately setting the DC biasing for the circuit. Lets look at an example
    ILOAD VBP

    VBPC IREF VBNC

    vOUT

    ILOAD vd VBN ITAIL

    What is the raitio of ILOAD vs. ITAIL?


    ES154 - Lecture 13 12

    DC Biasing Contd
    Strategy for setting up DC bias All transistors should be saturation Set VBNC so that differential input pair in saturation
    Want to set it to the edge with sufficient saturation margin (~300mV)

    Set VBP so that ILOAD = ITAIL/2 Set VBPC so that pMOS currnet source loads are close to edge of saturation Need to set VBP and VBPC carefully to keep devices in saturation and the DC common mode of the output nodes to be in the middle of the output swing range
    This can be challenging to do due to the high output resistance at the output.

    Would be nice if there was a way to automatically set the biasing


    ES154 - Lecture 13 13

    Common-Mode Feedback Biasing


    Use an amplifier to set the pMOS current source with respect to some desired output common-mode voltage (VREF).

    ILOAD

    VBP VREF VBPC IREF VBNC

    vOUT

    vd VBN ITAIL

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    14

    CM FB Biasing
    Heres how it works: Use large resistors to find the average (common-mode) output voltage An amplifier compares VREF to VOUT,CM and sets VBP such that VOUT,CM = VREF

    Lets understand how it works What happens to VBP if VREF increases?


    What happens to VBP if VOUT,CM increases?

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    15

    Folded Cascode Circuit


    In order to alleviate some of the drawbacks of telescopic op amps (limited output range), a folded cascode can be used M1 is common-source transconductance amp and M2 is common-gate transimpedance amp Advantage is M2 no longer stacks on top of M1 Possible for either pMOS or nMOS cascodes The output resistance for cascode and folded cascode are roughly equivalent (gmro2)

    Vout Vb Vin
    M2 M1

    Vin

    M1 M2

    Vout Vb

    Vin Vb

    M1 M2

    Vout

    Vin

    M1

    M2

    Vb Vout

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    16

    Folded Cascode Amplifier


    Turn a differential telescopic cascode amplifier into a folded cascode amplifier

    Vout Vb Vin Vb

    Vout

    Vin

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    17

    Full circuit Implementation of Folded Cascode Amplifier

    Vbp2 IREF1 Vout Vbn2 IREF2

    Vin

    IREF3

    Reference current sources are set: I REF 3 I REF 2 I REF1 2 A version with nMOS differential pair inputs also possible (flip upside down) What sets output common mode? Depends on relative output resistances looking up and down Can vary with process and reference current mismatches
    ES154 - Lecture 13 18

    Gain of a Folded-Cascode Amplifier


    Calculate gain using the differential half-circuit. Gain can be calculated as GmRout where Gm is the shortcircuit transconductance of the overall circuit and Rout is the output resistance. Short out Vout to ground and solve for Iout/Vin = Gm Solve for the output resistance

    Vbp1 Vbp2 Vin


    M1

    M5 M4

    ro45 Vout

    Vbn2 Vbn1

    M3 M2

    -gm3Vx -Vx ro3

    Vout ro45

    gm1Vin Vin ro1||ro2

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    19

    Common-Mode Feedback
    Use feedback to set the output common mode of a folded cascode amplifier, called common-mode feedback Sense the average (common-mode) voltage at the output, compare to a desired reference voltage (Vref), and use it to set the current source
    IREF1 IREF2 Vout Vin Vb
    CM Sense

    IREF2

    IFB

    Vref

    For Vin=0, feedback sets IFB=IREF2+IREF1/2 and common-mode voltage = Vref


    ES154 - Lecture 13 20

    Two-Stage Op Amps
    In order to implement amplifiers with high gain and high swing, we must resort to two-stage amplifier designs High-Gain High-Swing First stage used to generate high gain Vin Vout Stage Stage Second stage to generate high swing Use any high-gain first stage and high-swing second stage two simple examples (differential and single-ended output amplifiers)

    Vbp

    Vbp

    Vout1

    Vin

    Vout2

    Vin

    Vout

    Vbn

    ES154 - Lecture 13

    21

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