Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE)

Amniotic Fluid
Embolism (AFE)
羊水栓塞
Definition of AFE
 AFE is a rare obstetric
emergency in which amniotic
fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other
debris enter the maternal
circulation, causing
cardiorespiratory collapse.
Epidemiology 流行病学
 The incidence of clinically detectable
AFE is low
 estimated to be 1 in 20,000 to 80,000
live births.
 Maternal mortality approaches 80%.
 5%- 10% of maternal mortality in the
United States is due to AFE.
 Of patients with AFE, 50% die within
the first hour of onset of symptoms.
 Of survivors of the initial
cardiorespiratory phase, 50% develop
 Current data suggest that the
process is more similar to
anaphylaxis than to embolism
 term anaphylactoid 过敏反应
syndrome of pregnancy has been
suggested
Major causes and factors
 occurs in obstetric terms or during
labor
 multiparous woman with a large
baby
 a short tumultuous labor
 use of uterine stimulants
 occurred during abortion
 amnioinfusion 羊膜腔内灌注
 Amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术
 caesarian section
 placenta accreta
 ruptured uterus
pathology
 Amniotic fluid and fetal cells
enter the maternal circulation,
possibly triggering an
anaphylactic reaction to fetal
antigens.
 (1) Clinical symptoms result from
mast cell degranulation with the
release of histamine and
tryptase,
 (2) Clinical symptoms result from
 . Progression usually occurs in 2
phases.
 phase I:
 pulmonary artery vasospasm
with pulmonary hypertension
and elevated right ventricular
pressure cause hypoxia.
 Hypoxia causes myocardial
capillary damage and pulmonary
capillary damage, left heart
failure, and acute respiratory
distress syndrome.
 Women who survive these
events may enter phase II.
 This is a hemorrhagic phase
characterized by massive
hemorrhage with uterine atony
and DIC disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
 however, fatal consumptive
coagulopathy may be the initial
presentation.
Presentation
 The clinical presentation of AFE
is generally dramatic
 in the late stages , acutely

dyspnea and hypotension with
rapid progression to
cardiopulmonary arrest
 In 40% of cases, followed by

some degree of consumptive
coagulopathy,
 Hypotension: Blood pressure may
drop significantly with loss of
diastolic measurement.
 Dyspnea: Labored breathing and
tachypnea may occur.
 Seizure: The patient may experience
tonic-clonic seizures.
 Cough: This is usually a manifestation
of dyspnea.
 Cyanosis: As hypoxia/hypoxemia
progresses, circumoral and peripheral
cyanosis and changes in mucous
membranes may manifest.
 Pulmonary edema: identified on
chest radiograph.
 Cardiac arrest
 Uterine atony:
 Fetal bradycardia: In response to
the hypoxic
 Uterine atony usually results in
excessive bleeding after delivery.
Differentials
 Anaphylaxis 过敏性反应
 Aortic Dissection( 动脉瘤）
 Cholesterol Embolism
 Myocardial Infarction 心肌梗塞
 Pulmonary Embolism
 Septic Shock
Lab Studies
 Arterial blood gas (ABG) levels:
Expect changes consistent with
hypoxia/hypoxemia
.
 Decreased pH levels
 Decreased PO2 partial pressure of oxygen
levels
 Increased PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide
levels
 Hemoglobin and hematocrit
/Thrombocytopenia is rare/
platelets /
 Prothrombin time (PT)
 Activated partial thromboplastin
time (aPTT)
 fibrinogen (Fg)
 Blood type and screen
 Chest radiograph
 A 12-lead ECG
Treatment
 Administer oxygen to maintain
normal saturation.
 Initiate cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) if the patient
arrests.
 Treat hypotension with
crystalloid and blood products.
 Consider pulmonary artery
catheterization in patients who
are hemodynamically unstable.
 Treat coagulopathy with fresh
frozen plasma(FFP) for a
prolonged aPTT, cryoprecipitate
for a fibrinogen level less than
100 mg/dL, and transfuse
platelets for platelet counts less
than 20,000/mL.
 Continuously monitor the fetus.
 Delivery quickly (forceps)
 Surgical Care: Perform emergent
cesarean delivery in arrested
mothers who are unresponsive
to resuscitation.
 hemorrhage was controlled with
bilateral uterine artery
embolization.
Uterine Rupture
 is one of the most feared
complications of pregnancy
 the fetus, placenta, and a lot of

blood extruding into the
mother's abdomen
 from a weak spot in the uterine

wall or uterus scar
epidemiology
 the risk of uterine rupture was 1 per
625 women who chose repeat
cesarean without labor,
 1 per 192 women who went into labor
and tried for VBAC,
 1 per 129 for those who had their
labor induced without prostaglandins
(usually with Pitocin)
 1 per 41 when prostaglandin
medications were used for induction
 When the uterus did rupture, 1 in 18
Causes and factors
 previous surgery on the uterus
 Prior classical cesareans, where
the incision is near the top of the
uterus
 prior removal of fibroid tumors
 any other uterine surgery that
went through the full depth of
the muscular portion of the
uterus,
 multiple (three or more) prior
low transverse cesareans
 having had more than five full-
term pregnancies
 having an overdistended uterus
(as with twins or other
multiples),
 abnormal positions of the baby
such as transverse lie
 the use of Pitocin and other
labor-inducing medications like
prostaglandins
presentation
 Most uterine ruptures occur
without symptoms and do not
cause problems for the mother
or fetus.
 This mild type is only noticed

when surgery is required for
other reasons.
 In the most severe form , the
laceration is large or cuts across
the uterine blood vessels
 the mother may hemorrhage and
require a blood transfusion
 the uterus may not be
repairable and must be
surgically removed
(hysterectomy)
 Many women will be advised not
to get pregnant again, due to
the risk of repeated rupture
 the baby may not survive
Signs of uterine rupture
 severe, localized pain
 abnormalities of the fetal heart
rate
 vaginal bleeding
 the vaginal examination may
show that the baby is not as low
in the birth canal as he had been
earlier.
Preventing and
Treatment
 Some uterine ruptures occur before
labor and are considered
unpreventable.
 Sudden severe abdominal pain in
later pregnancy should be reported
 Women with risk factors ( prior
classical cesareans, deep fibroid
excisions, and other major uterine
surgeries )should not attempt labor
 should be scheduled for cesarean
usually between 36 and 39 weeks'
 If trying for vaginal birth after low
transverse cesarean(VBAC), fetal
monitoring is important
 When uterine rupture is

diagnosed during labor, an
emergency cesarean is performed.
 Usually the baby's life can be

saved.

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Amniotic Fluid

 in the late stages , acutely

 In 40% of cases, followed by

 the fetus, placenta, and a lot of

 from a weak spot in the uterine

 This mild type is only noticed

 When uterine rupture is

 Usually the baby's life can be

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