1

Molecules and Compounds

Read Chapter 3. Study all examples and complete all exercises. Complete all bold numbered problems.

Chapter 3 Outline
Molecular Formula Molar Mass Empirical and Molecular Formula Nomenclature

Compounds & Molecules

Buckyball, C60

NaCl, salt

Compounds & Molecules

COMPOUNDS are a combination of 2 or
more elements in definite ratios by mass. The character of each element is lost when forming a compound.

MOLECULES are the smallest unit of a

compound that retains the characteristics of the compound.

MOLECULAR FORMULAS
Formula for glycine is C2H5NO2

In one molecule there are 2 C atoms 5 H atoms 1 N atom 2 O atoms

WRITING FORMULAS
Formula

HOCH2CH2OH
to show atom ordering
or in the form of a structural

formula

Molecular Modeling

Molecular Modeling
H H O H N C C O H H
Drawing of glycine

Ball & stick

Space-filling

Resources for Molecular Modeling

Oxford Molecular/CAChe Scientific
software on Saunders General

Chemistry CD-ROM
Rasmol and Chime on the Internet

See http://www.saundercollege.com

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ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS MOLECULES

Allotrope of C

Buckyball, C60

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IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

IONS are atoms or groups of atoms
with a positive or negative charge. Taking away an electron from an atom gives a CATION

with a positive

charge.
Adding an electron to an atom gives an

ANION with a negative charge.

Formation of Cations & Anions

13

Formation of Cations & Anions

14

Mg --> Mg2+ + 2 eA cation forms when an atom loses one or more electrons.

F + e- --> FAn anion forms when an atom gains one or more electrons

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PREDICTING ION CHARGES

MONATOMIC IONS
In general

metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations

nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions

Li1+ F1LiF

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Figure 3.7

Also

Sn4+ Pb4+

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METALS
M ---> n e- + Mn+ where n = periodic group Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Transition metals --> M2+ or M3+ are most common

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NONMETALS
NONMETAL + n e- ------> Xn-

where n = 8 - Group number

C4N3O2Fcarbide nitride oxide fluoride
Bromine

POLYATOMIC IONS
Groups of atoms with a charge.

19

(See back of periodic chart)

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Some Common Polyatomic Ions

HNO3 nitric acid

NO3nitrate ion

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Some Common Polyatomic Ions

NH4+ ammonium ion

One of the few common polyatomic cations

Some Common Polyatomic Ions

CO32carbonate ion

22

HCO3bicarbonate ion hydrogen carbonate

Some Common Polyatomic Ions

PO43phosphate ion

23

CH3CO2acetate ion

Some Common Polyatomic Ions

SO42Sulfate ion

24

SO32Sulfite ion

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Some Common Polyatomic Ions

NO3Nitrate ion

NO2Nitrite ion

COMPOUNDS FORMED FROM IONS

26

CATION + ANION COMPOUND

Na+ + Cl-

NaCl

A neutral compound requires equal number of + and - charges.

IONIC COMPOUNDS
ammonium chloride, NH4Cl

27

NH4+
Cl-

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Some Ionic Compounds

Ca2+ + 2 FCaF2 Calcium fluoride Mg2+ + 2 NO3Mg(NO3)2 Calcium Fluoride 3 Fe2+ + 2 PO43Iron(II) phosphate Fe3(PO4)2

Magnesium nitrate

Sample Questions
Predict the charges for the ions formed from:
Se P Ga Sr

29

Give the formula for each ion in Al2(SO4)3 Give the formula for the ionic compound that forms between
Na and S Ga and O Ba and N
Answers

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Properties of Ionic Compounds

Forming NaCl from Na and Cl2 A metal atom can transfer an electron to a nonmetal. The resulting cation and anion are attracted to each other by

electrostatic forces.
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Electrostatic Forces

31

The oppositely charged ions in ionic compounds are attracted to one another by ELECTROSTATIC FORCES. These forces are governed by

COULOMBS LAW.

Electrostatic Forces
COULOMBS LAW
Force of attraction =

32

(charge on+)(charge on-)

(distance between ions)2

As ion charge increases, the attractive force _______________. As the distance between ions increases, the attractive force ________________.

This idea is important and will come up many times in future discussions!

Importance of Coulombs Law

33

NaCl, Na+ and Cl-, m.p. 801 oC

MgO, Mg2+ and O2m.p. 2800 oC

AlN, Al3+ and N3- m.p. 2900 oC

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Names of Compounds
Rules for nomenclature are found in section 3.5 STUDY them carefully!!

We will be studying nomenclature in the laboratory in Experiment MA.

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Counting Atoms
Mg burns in air (O2) to produce white magnesium oxide, MgO. How can we figure out how much oxide is produced from a given mass of Mg?

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Counting Atoms
Chemistry is a quantitative science we need a counting unit. The MOLE 1 mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12.0 g of 12C.

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Particles in a Mole
Avogadros Number

6.02 x 1023
Amedeo Avogadro 1776-1856
There is Avogadros number of particles in a mole of any substance.

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Mole in Chemistry is NOT:

An informer / spy

Dark spot on Cindy Crawfords upper lip

Rodent that burrows in the ground A tunneling machine Wave break Spicy Mexican sauce

A mole is a convenient measuring tool.

Pair Baseballs 2 baseballs 2 Pineapples 2 Calculators 2 Planets Dozen 12 baseballs 12 Pineapples 12 Calculators 12 Planets
Bakers Dozen

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Ream 500 baseballs 500 Pineapples 500 Calculators 500 Planets

13 baseballs

Pineapples

13 Pineapples

Calculators
Planets

13 Calculators
13 Planets

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Mole = mol = 23 6.022 10 particles

Mole Baseballs Pineapples Calculators Planets 6.022 1023 baseballs 6.022 1023 Pineapples 6.022 1023 Calculators 6.022 1023 Planets

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Just as
1 doz eggs = 12 eggs or 1 mol of eggs = 6.022 1023 eggs A mole is a Number 1 mol of H = 6.022 1023 atoms of H 1 mol of O = 6.022 1023 atoms of O

1 mol of Al = 6.022 1023 atoms of Al

1 mol of Cr = 6.022 1023 atoms of Cr

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In chemistry, the mol is more then just a number

1 mol amu = 1.00 g

1 12 24 1amu mass C 1.661 10 g 12

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1 mol amu = 1.00 g

Proof:

1 mol = 6.022 1023

amu = 1.661 10-24 g 1 mol amu = (6.022 1023) (1.661 10-24g) = 1.00 g

Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of C 12.00 g of 12C is its

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MOLAR MASS
Taking into account all of the isotopes of C, the molar mass of C is 12.011 g/mol

Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of C 12.00 g of 12C is its MOLAR MASS Taking into account all of the isotopes of C, the molar mass of C is 12.011 g/mol

45

Find molar mass from periodic table

13 Al

atomic number
symbol atomic weight

26.9815

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PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg? 0.200 g

1 mole 24.3 g = 0.00823 mole

How many atoms in this piece of Mg?

0.00823 mole

6.02 x 1023 atom

1 mole = 4.95 x 1021 atom

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MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLAR MASS

Molecular weight is the sum
of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule.

Molar mass = molecular weight

in grams

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What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O?

1 mol contains
2 mol C (12.0 g C/1 mol) = 24.0 g C 6 mol H (1.0 g H/1 mol) = 6.0 g H 1 mol O (16.0 g O/1 mol) = 16.0 g O TOTAL = molar mass = 46.0 g/mol

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Tylenol

Formula = C8H9NO2
Molar mass = 151.0 g/mol

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How many moles of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?

21.3 g

1 mole 46.0 g

0.463 mole

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How many molecules of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?

0.463 mole

6.02 x 1023 molecule

1 mole = 2.79 x 1023 molecule

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How many atoms of C are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
2.79 x 1023 molecule

2 atom C
1 molecule = 5.58 x 1023 atom C

Sample problems

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

A pure compound always consists of the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight. Therefore, we can express molecular composition as PERCENT BY

53

WEIGHT Ethanol, C2H6O 52.2% C, 13% H, 34.8% O

Percent Composition
Consider some of the family of nitrogen-oxygen compounds: NO2, nitrogen dioxide and closely related, NO, nitrogen monoxide (or nitric oxide)

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Structure of NO2

Chemistry of NO, nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide)

Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O? Wt . % N = 14.0 g N 46.0 g NO 2 100% = 30.4 %

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( 16 . 0 g O per mole ) 2 x 1 00 % = 69 . 6 % Wt. % O = 46 . 0 g

Percent Composition
What are the weight percentages of N and O in NO?
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 30.0 g NO
Wt. % O = 16.0 g O 30.0 g NO

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100% = 46.7 %

100% = 53.3%

Percent Composition Samples Problems

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1. Calculate the percent composition of H2O. 2.0 g H Wt. % H = 100% = 11 % 18.0 g H2O gO 16.0 Wt. %O = 18.0 g H2O 100% = 88.9%

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Percent Composition Samples Problems

2. Calculate the percent O in NaOH. 16.0 g O Wt. %O 100% 40.0% 40.0 g NaOH

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Percent Composition Samples Problems

3. Calculate the percent O and the percent water in CuSO4.5H2O.
gO 144.0 Wt. % O = 100% = 57.69 % 249.6 g CuSO4 5H2O

90.0 g H2O 1 00 % = 36.1 % Wt. % H2O = 249.6 g CuSO4.5H2O

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Determining Formulas
In chemical analysis we determine the % by weight of each element in a given amount of pure compound and
derive the EMPIRICAL or

SIMPLEST formula.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

B
81.10 g 1 mole

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H
18.90 g 1 mole

10.8 g
7.51 mole B 7.51 mole B 1.00 mole B 2.00 mole B

1.0 g
19 mole H 7.51 mole B 2.5 mole H 5.0 mole H

B2H5

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A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?
Is the molecular formula B2H5, B4H10, B6H15, B8H20, etc.?

B2H6

B2H6 is one example of this class of compounds.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula? We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the
MOLAR MASS.
Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol. Compare with the mass of B2H5 , 26.66 g/unit

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Find the ratio of these masses.

2 units of B2 H 5 53 .3 g/mol = 26.66 g/unit of B2 H 5 1 mol

Molecular formula = B4H10

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Determine the formula of a compound of Sn and I using the following data.

Reaction of Sn and I2 is done using excess Sn.
Mass of Sn in the beginning = 1.056 g

Mass of iodine (I2) used = 1.947 g

Mass of Sn remaining = 0.601 g

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Tin and Iodine Compound

Find the mass of Sn that combined with 1.947 g I2.
Mass of Sn initially = Mass of Sn used = 1.056 g 0.455 g

Mass of Sn recovered = 0.601 g

Tin and Iodine Compound

Sn
0.455 g 1 mole

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I
1.947 g 1 mole

118.7 g
0.0383 mole Sn 0.0383 mole Sn 1.00 mole Sn

126.9 g
0.1534 mole I 0.0383 mole Sn 4.01 mole I

SnI4

More Problems
2. Calculate the formula for the iron sulfide that forms when 53.73g Fe react with 46.27 g of sulfur. Fe S 53.73 g 1 mole 46.27 g 1 mole 55.8 g
0.963 0.963 1.00 2.00

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32.1 g
1.44 0.963 1.50 3.00

Fe2S3

More Problems
Calculate the empirical formula a compound containing 90.7% Pb and 9.33% O. Pb 1 mole 90.7 g 207.2 g
0.438 0.438

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O
9.33 g 1 mole

16.0 g
0.583 0.438

1.00
3.00

1.33
3.99

Pb3O4

More Problems
Calculate the empirical formula for a compound containing 36.5% Na, 25.4% S and 38.1% O.
Na 36.5 g 1 mole 23.0 g 1.59 0.791 2.01 S 25.4 g 1 mole 32.1 g 0.791 0.791 1.00 O

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38.1 g 1 mole 16.0 g 2.38 0.791 3.01

Na2SO3

More Problems
Calculate the empirical and molecular formulas for nicotine, 74.0% C, 8.7% H and 17.3% N, with a molar mass of 160 g/mole. C H N
74.0 g 1 mole 8.7 g 1 mole 17.3 g 1 mole

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12.0 g
6.17 1.24 4.98

1.0 g
8.7 1.24 7.0

14.0 g
1.24 1.24 1.00

Empirical formula

C5H7N

More Problems
7. Calculate the empirical and molecular formulas for nicotine, 74.0% C, 8.7% H and 17.3% N, with a molar mass of 160 g/mole.
Empirical formula 160 81 Molecular formula C10H14N2

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C5H7N
=2

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Practice Problems
Names/Formulas

FeO
Pb(C2H3O2)2

magnesium bromide
sodium chromate

calcium phosphate
ammonium carbonate

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Practice Problems
(NH4)2S
As2O3
SO2

silicon disulfide
As2S5

dinitrogen monoxide

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Practice Problems
As2S3 dinitrogen pentoxide silicon tetrabromide

diphosphorus pentoxide
HBrO3 H3PO4(aq) H2CO3

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Practice Problems
Calculations 1. 26 g H2 is how many moles H2? 2. 4.25 x 1021 molecules NH3 is how many grams NH3? 3. 1.5 x 102 formula units KClO3 is how many moles KClO3 4. 0.0042 mole Fe2O3 is how many formula units Fe2O3? 5. 2.15 moles MgSO4.7H2O is how many g MgSO4.7H2O?

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Practice Problems
6. 25 molecules HBr is how many mole HBr? 7. .00002 g Sn is how many atoms Sn? 8. 7.25 mole H2S is how many g H2S? 9. 5.2 g Sr(OH)2is how many formula units Sr(OH)2? 10. How many moles of CCl4 will contain 2.4 g of chlorine?

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Practice Problems
11. 19 g of HNO3 contains how many

a) molecules of HNO3? b) grams of O? 12. Calculate the percent composition of NaCl. 13. Calculate the empirical and molecular formulas for a compound containing 43.7g P and 56.3g O, with a molar mass of 140 g/mole.

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Practice Problems Answers

Iron(II) oxide, ferrous oxide lead(II) acetate, plumbous acetate MgBr2 Na2CrO4 Ca3(PO4)2 (NH4)2CO3 ammonium sulfide diarsenic trioxide sulfur dioxide SiS2 As2S5 N2O diarsenic trisulfide N2O5 SiBr4 P2O5 bromic acid phosphoric acid carbonic acid

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Practice Problems Answers

1. 13 mole 2. 0.120 g 3. 2.5 x 10-22 mole 4. 2.5 x 1021 atom 5. 530. g 6. 4.2 x 10-23 mole 7. 1 x 1017 atom 8. 247 g 9. 2.6 x 1022 formula units 10. 0.017 mole 11. a) 1.8 x 1023 molecule b) 14 g 12. 39.3%, 60.7% 13. C5H7N 14. P2O5

Sample Questions
Predict the charges for the ions formed from:
Se P -2 -3 Ga Sr +3 +2 Al3+ SO42-

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Give the formula for each ion in Al2(SO4)3 Give the formula for the ionic compound that forms between
Na and S Ga and O Ba and N Na2S Ga2O3 Ba3N2

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Sample Problems
1. 2.5 mole S = ? atom S
2.5 mole
6.02 x 1023 atom 1 mole

= 1.5 x 1024 atom S

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Sample Problems
2. 2.1 mole Zn = ? g Zn
2.1 mole
65.4 g 1 mole = 140 g Zn

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Sample Problems
3. 1.42 g Mg = ? atom Mg
1.42 g
1 mole 24.3 g

6.02 x 1023 atom

1 mole

3.55 x 1022 atom

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Sample Problems
4. 125.2 g O2 = ? mole O2
125.2 g
1 mole 32.0 g = 3.91 mole O2

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Sample Problems
1. 1.5 mole H2O = ? g H2O
1.5 mole
18.0 g 1 mole = 27 g H20

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Sample Problems
2. 1.50 mole CCl4 = ? molecules CCl4
1.5 mole
6.02 x 1023 molecule 1 mole

= 9.03 x 1023 molecule

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Sample Problems
3. 1.25 mole CaCl2 = ? formula units CaCl2
1.25 mole
6.02 x 1023 formula unit 1 mole

= 7.52 x 1023 formula unit

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Sample Problems
4. 2.5 g K = ? g KOH
2.5 g K 1 mole K
39.1 g K

1 mole KOH 56.1 g KOH

1 mole K 1 mole KOH

= 3.6 g KOH

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Sample Problems
5. 34.5 g CaCO3 = ? g O
34.5gCaCO3 1 moleCaCO3 3 moleO
16.0 gO 100.1gCaCO3 1 moleCaCO3 1 moleO

16.5

g O