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    3.4 LandSurveying

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    Hundeejireenya
    Land Surveying is the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface. Topographic surveys gather data on the location of natural and man-made features. Geodetic Surveys take into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields of the earth.

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    3.4 LandSurveying

    Uploaded by

    Hundeejireenya
    101 views37 pages
    Land Surveying is the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface. Topographic surveys gather data on the location of natural and man-made features. Geodetic Surveys take into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields of the earth.

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    Land Surveying is the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface. Topographic surveys gather data on the location of natural and man-made features. Geodetic Surveys take into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields of the earth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    101 views37 pages

    3.4 LandSurveying

    Uploaded by

    Hundeejireenya
    Land Surveying is the science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface. Topographic surveys gather data on the location of natural and man-made features. Geodetic Surveys take into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields of the earth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    Land Surveying

    Definition of Surveying in the State of Tennessee (T.C.A. 62-18-102)


    Any service of work, the adequate performance of which involves the application of special knowledge of the principles of mathematics, the related physical and applied sciences, and the relevant requirements of law for adequate evidence to the act of measuring and locating lines, angles, elevations, natural and man-made features for the purpose of determining areas and volumes, for the monumenting of property boundaries, and for the platting and layout of lands and subdivisions thereof, including the topography, drainage, alignment and grades of streets, and for the preparation and perpetuation of maps, records, plats, field notes, records and property descriptions that represent these surveys.

    Famous Land Surveyors


    George Washington
    Surveyor General in Virginia, 1749

    Thomas Jefferson
    County Surveyor for Albemarle County, VA, 1773

    Lewis and Clark


    Expedition to explore and survey the west

    Daniel Boone
    Resolved Kentucky land disputes

    Abraham Lincoln
    Surveyor in Illinois when elected to state legislature

    Land Surveying
    The science of determining the relative positions of points on the Earths surface. Geodetic Surveys Plane Surveys

    Geodetic Survey
    Takes into account the true size, shape, and gravity fields of the Earth
    The geoid is the equipotential surface of the Earths gravity field which best fits global mean sea level

    Provides significant precision Establishes highly accurate control networks


    Images courtesy NOAA http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/gravity_surveys/

    Plane Survey
    Assumes the Earths surface to be a plane (flat) More common than geodetic surveys Precise enough for small-scale surveys in a limited area, such as a construction site Used to determine legal boundaries, construction surveys, and small-area topographic or control surveys
    iStockphoto.com

    Geodetic vs. Plane Survey


    Plumb Line
    Geodetic Survey Line of equal elevation Plane Survey Line of equal elevation

    Rod

    Rod Horizontal Plane Earths surface

    Geoid or other Datum

    Types of Surveys
    Control Survey Topographic Survey Property Survey Site Survey Construction Survey

    Control Survey
    Establish precise horizontal and vertical positions of points that serve as a reference for other surveys

    Photos Courtesy NOAA Courtesy Department of Public Works, Seminole County, FL

    Topographic Survey
    Gathers data on the location of natural and manmade features, contours, and ground elevation to create a topographic map

    Courtesy USGS

    Property Survey
    (or Boundary Survey)

    Establishes property lines for a lot Used to create a plat

    Site Survey
    (Plot Survey or Lot Survey)
    Combination of a property survey and topographic survey May be required to receive a construction permit

    Construction Survey
    Locates points and elevations that can be used to establish correct locations and elevations for engineering and architectural projects

    Courtesy Isle of Palms, SC Recreation Department

    National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)


    Common set of reference points for all surveys
    Horizontal Datum = Collection of points of known latitude and longitude Vertical Datum = Collection of points of known elevation Benchmark (BM) = Permanent mark that establishes a point of known elevation
    Wikimedia.org Courtesy NOAA http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geod esy/geo05_horizdatum.html

    Reference System Data


    Information on datum points available at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgibin/datasheet.prl

    Example Data Sheet

    Optical Equipment
    Requires a visual line-of-sight

    iStockphoto.com

    iStockphoto.co m

    A theodolite measures vertical and horizontal angles

    A total station is an electronic/optical surveying instrument

    Optical Equipment
    Automatic (Auto) Level Commonly used on building sites Internal compensator can automatically level the instrument

    Kennedy

    Measures difference in elevation between the line of sight and a point

    Kennedy

    Other Equipment

    iStockphoto.com

    Professional Tape Measure


    Kennedy

    Kennedy

    Courtesy USGS http://gallery.usgs.gov/photos/07_22_20 09_j51Qi76Hgb_07_22_2009_13

    Kennedy

    Field Book

    Leveling Rod

    Tripod

    GPS Technology
    Global Positioning System
    A global navigation satellite system Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense A constellation of satellites that broadcast radio signals Receivers intercept several satellite signals in order to determine precise location

    Courtesy NASA

    Widimedia.com

    GPS

    Kennedy

    iStockphoto.com

    Telescope
    Mirror

    Auto Level
    Sight

    Bulls Eye Level Horizontal Tangent Knob Horizontal Angle Rotation Ring

    Diopter Adjustment Ring

    Eyepiece

    Leveling Screws
    Kennedy

    Reading the Rod


    Vertical crosshair Stadia hairs

    Beveled hatch marks

    Horizontal crosshair

    View through the telescope

    Reading the Rod

    Upper Stadia Reading = 5.30 ft

    Rod Reading = 5.25 ft


    Lower Stadia Reading = 5.20 ft

    Stadia Readings
    Estimate distance between rod and instrument Rod intercept is the difference between stadia readings

    Estimated distance
    Stadia multiplier typically = 100
    Indicated on inside of instrument case or in Instructional Manual

    Stadia Readings
    Upper Stadia Reading = 5.30 ft

    Lower Stadia Reading = 5.20 ft Rod Intercept = 0.10 ft

    Stadia Reading

    Upper Stadia = 5.13 ft

    Rod Reading = 5.06 ft


    Lower Stadia = 4.99 ft

    Read the Rod

    Differential Leveling
    The establishment of differences in elevation between two or more points with respect to a datum
    Instrument Rod Rod

    BM

    Point of Unknown Elevation

    Differential Leveling

    Elev. 350.00 ft

    Differential Leveling
    Start with point of known elevation
    7.59 ft
    Rod reading 7.59 ft (BS) 357.59 ft (HI)

    Sight to rod on BM
    Backsight (BS)

    Height of Instrument (HI)


    HI = BM elev + BS HI = 350.00 + 7.59 = 357.59 ft

    357.59 ft

    Benchmark (BM) Point of Reference (POR)

    Field Notes
    AUTO LEVEL READINGS
    STADIA

    PT
    BM

    (+) BS
    7.59

    HI
    357.59

    (-) FS

    ELEV
    350.00

    TOP/BOT STADIA
    7.85 / 7.33

    DIST /Angle
    52 ft

    Differential Leveling
    Without moving the tripod, Sight to rod on point of unknown elevation Foresight (FS) Identify elevation of point
    Elev = HI - FS Elev = 357.59 2.36 = 355.23 ft
    Rod reading 2.36 ft (FS) 2.36 ft Elev. 355.23 ft Point of Interest

    Field Notes
    AUTO LEVEL READINGS
    STADIA

    PT
    BM PT- A

    (+) BS
    7.59

    HI
    357.59

    (-) FS

    ELEV
    350.00

    TOP/BOT STADIA
    7.85 / 7.33

    DIST /Angle
    52 ft 35 ft

    x
    2.36

    355.23

    2.54 / 2.19

    Differential Leveling
    2.36 ft (FS) 7.59 ft (BS)

    Field Notes
    AUTO LEVEL READINGS
    STADIA

    PT
    BM
    PT-A

    (+) BS
    7.59

    HI
    357.59

    (-) FS

    ELEV
    350.00
    355.23

    TOP/BOT STADIA
    7.85 / 7.33
    2.54 / 2.19

    DIST /Angle
    52 ft
    35 ft 47 ft 60 ft

    x
    2.36

    PT- B PT-C

    4.17 12.91

    353.42 344.68

    4.40 / 3.93 13.21 / 12.61

    Image Sources
    Sanford, F. (2006). Seminole County geodetic control points. Seminole County, Florida: Department of Public Works. United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Photo Library http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/cgs/marks1.html Istockphoto.com

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