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    Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis

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    Ishan Lakhwani
    Cell division occurs through either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and contains copies of each chromosome. Meiosis produces gametes (eggs or sperm) that are haploid with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells, each with a random assortment of one chromosome from each homologous pair. This ensures genetic variation in the offspring.

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    Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis

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    Ishan Lakhwani
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    Cell division occurs through either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and contains copies of each chromosome. Meiosis produces gametes (eggs or sperm) that are haploid with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells, each with a random assortment of one chromosome from each homologous pair. This ensures genetic variation in the offspring.

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    Cell division occurs through either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and contains copies of each chromosome. Meiosis produces gametes (eggs or sperm) that are haploid with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells, each with a random assortment of one chromosome from each homologous pair. This ensures genetic variation in the offspring.

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    53 views38 pages

    Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    Ishan Lakhwani
    Cell division occurs through either mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and contains copies of each chromosome. Meiosis produces gametes (eggs or sperm) that are haploid with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells, each with a random assortment of one chromosome from each homologous pair. This ensures genetic variation in the offspring.

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    MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

    CELL DIVISION

    Cell Cycle

    2 distinct phases

    S Chromosome duplication

    Interphase
    G2

    Mitotic

    What's the most important event of interphase?

    What is significant about DNA in the S and G2 phases? All chromosomes are duplicated
    That means: two copies of each chromosome

    What are the copies called?


    Sister chromatids Do they contain identical genes? Yes, but What about meiosis?

    Some terminology

    Chromatin
    Homologous chromosomes

    Chromatid
    Double-chromatid chromosomes Single-chromatid chromosomes

    When do each of these occur?

    THE STEPS OF MITOSIS


    Interphase
    (actually, this is not part of mitosis itself)

    Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

    Interphase
    Onion root tip

    Mitosis

    Whitefish blastula

    Nuclear envelop intact Chromosomes duplicated but not apparent

    DNA loose, uncondensed, called chromatin


    2 nucleoli visible in onion root tip Nucleoli not visible in whitefish blastula

    Prophase
    Onion root tip Whitefish blastula

    Mitosis

    Double-chromatid chromosomes evident Chromatin becomes super-coiled & compact Nuclear envelop breaks down Centrioles migrate toward poles of cell forming the spindle Nucleoli disappear in onion root tip

    Double-chromatid chromosomes

    Metaphase
    Onion root tip

    Mitosis

    Whitefish blastula

    Double-chromatid chromosomes line up on equatorial plate of cell

    The spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the centromeres

    Anaphase
    Onion root tip

    Mitosis

    Whitefish blastula

    Spindle fibers pull chromatids apart Centromeres are pulled apart Groups of single-chromatid chromosomes move opposite poles of the cell

    Telophase
    Onion root tip

    Mitosis

    Whitefish blastula

    Groups of single-chromatid chromosomes reach poles of cell Nuclear envelop begins to reform

    2 new daughter cells formed


    Cytokinesis begins with appearance of cell plate Cytokinesis begins with appearance of cleavage furrow

    Nucleoli reform

    Returning to Interphase
    Onion root tip Whitefish blastula

    Mitosis

    Cytokinesis completes Chromosomes disappear as interphase chromatin reforms 2 new daughter cells enter G1 phase of the cell cycle

    A SUMMARY OF MITOSIS

    Mitosis Questions
    1. What does diploid mean? 2. We have __ total chromosomes. 3. In the term 2n, what does n stand for in us? In a gypsy moth? 4. Why does mitosis occur? Major functions? 5. In what cells (general term) does mitosis occur?

    Mitosis Questions
    6. What are chromatids? 7. What happens in Anaphase to result in each new cell receiving duplicate parental DNA? 8. In a species whose diploid number is 224, what would its sperm/eggs contain?

    Why is this duplication of parental DNA necessary?

    Something to do with passing on genetic information?

    Why undergo mitosis at all?

    Something to do with cells getting damaged, old, lost? Something to do with the organism growing, infant to adult?

    What are typical body cells called?

    SOMATIC CELLS
    These cells divide continuously The new cells receive an exact copy of all the parent cells:

    DNA
    What is the process of somatic cell duplication called?

    Mitosis

    What are these somatic cells?


    Diploid or 2n
    What does this mean?
    They contain the full number of chromosomes

    in pairs

    How many in humans?


    46 23 pairs

    Mitosis occurs only in somatic cells


    What about sex cells?
    Called gametes Eggs and sperm Produced in ovaries or testes

    Gametes are not diploid (2n) Instead, they are haploid (n)

    Our haploid (n) number is 23


    So our eggs and sperm have how many chromosomes? Half the number Why?

    Fertilization is the union of an egg and a sperm


    If the egg and sperm were both diploid, what would the fertilized egg (zygote) be?

    It would be a genetic mess!


    Instead, gametes are haploid (n).

    Egg and sperm both have exactly half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells

    At fertilization, n + n = 23; 23 + 23 = 46!

    Note how mitosis and meiosis differ:

    Number of divisions? Number of chromosomes? Number of products?

    Meiosis !

    Somehow somatic cells (2n) in our ovaries or testes must produce gametes (n)

    Meiosis is the cell division process that enables the transformation from 2n to n

    How is meiosis more complicated than mitosis?


    Gametes must contain precisely half the diploid number of chromosomes
    They must contain one of each homologous pair of chromosomes

    Remember karyotypes?
    Each chromosome has a partner
    They come in pairs One from mom One from dad

    Human Karyotype

    Which pair of chromosomes in us in not homologous?


    Its the 23rd pair in males, the XY pair

    Remember what homologous means?

    All our other pairs of chromosomes are homologous

    How many divisions does meiosis have?

    What are the divisions called?

    1. One pair of homologues to start 2. DNA is replicated 3. Meiosis 1 = 2n ---> n

    4. Meiosis 2 = chromatids separate into 4 products

    In males, how many progeny are produced?

    Typically 4 viable sperm are produced following each Meiosis 2

    In females, how many progeny are produced?

    Just one viable ovum (egg) is produced, plus 3 small polar bodies

    Crossing over
    When does it occur?
    Only during Prophase of Meiosis 1 Homologous chromosomes get together in temporary tetrads
    Overlap (cross over) and trade their DNA

    Why is this a good thing to do, generally?

    Meiosis Summary
    1. Meiosis 1
    a. DNA replication takes place b. A parent cell produces two daughter cells each with one member of each original pair of homologous chromosomes (to create haploid daughter cells) c. Crossing over may occur

    Meiosis Summary
    2. Meiosis 2
    a. There is no more DNA replication b. The chromatids of each chromosome separate and each daughter cell divides c. At the end of Meiosis 2, there are 4 daughter cells from each parent cell. Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

    Meiosis Questions
    1. The cells produced in meiosis are _____ (haploid or diploid?) 2. Sex cells are called ________. _____ are produced by males, ____ by females. 3. Whats crossing over and why is it important?

    Meiosis Questions
    4. In what meiotic stage does crossing over occur? 5. Why are sex cells n, not 2n?

    6. If a species diploid number is 50, what is n?

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