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W3-4 Introduction To Cell Division

Here are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis based on the information provided: Mitosis: - One nuclear division - No synapsis or crossing over - Produces two daughter cells - Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell - Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell - Involves somatic cells - Phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Meiosis: - Two nuclear divisions - Synapsis and crossing over occurs - Produces four daughter cells - Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell - Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell

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89 views46 pages

W3-4 Introduction To Cell Division

Here are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis based on the information provided: Mitosis: - One nuclear division - No synapsis or crossing over - Produces two daughter cells - Daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell - Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell - Involves somatic cells - Phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Meiosis: - Two nuclear divisions - Synapsis and crossing over occurs - Produces four daughter cells - Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell - Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell

Uploaded by

Maricel Yamat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Cell Division

All Living Things are Made of Cells


Cell Division
• All cells come from other living cells.

• You (and other living things) grow because your cells


get bigger and your number of cells gets larger.
– A single cell divides into two cells.
– Two cells divide into four, etc.

• Cells must also divide because old cells die and need
new cells to replace them!
Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
• Cell cycle – regular sequence of growth and division
that cells undergo.

• Divided into three main stages:


– Interphase – cell grows into its mature size, makes a copy
of its DNA, and prepares for division.
– Mitosis/Meiosis – one copy of the DNA is distributed into
each of its daughter cells
– Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm divides and organelles are
distributed into the two new cells
A. Interphase

– G1
–S
– G2

• Interphase is
the stage that
the cell is in
for most of its
life!
A1. G1 – Growth Phase
• Cell doubles in size
• Cell produces all of the structures it needs to
carry out its functions

• Think of this phase as the cell just living its


normal life.
A2. G0 – dormancy

• The G0
phase is a
period in
the cell
cycle in
which cells 
exist in a
quiescence or
senescence.
A3. S – DNA Replication
• Cell makes a copy of its DNA (replication)
• This happens because the new cell needs all of
the directions for its function and survival.

• Think of this phase as placing the DNA on a


copy machine.
A4. G2 – Preparation
• Cell prepares to divide
• Cell produces structures needed for cell
division

• Think of this phase as the cell double checking


everything it needs to divide.
B. Mitosis
• During mitosis, the cells’ copied genetic
material separates and the cell prepares to
split into two cells

• This allows the cell’s genetic material to pass


into the new cells
– The resulting daughter cells are genetically
identical!!
Where Do I Find DNA?
• Chromosomes are in the
nucleus of every cell.

• Chromosomes are made


up of DNA.

• Genes are pieces of DNA


that contain the instructions
for building a protein.
Chromosome Structure
Mitosis

• Remember PMAT!

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
Four Stages of
Mitosis

• Remember PMAT!

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
B1. Prophase

• Chromosomes are
condensed
• Spindle fibers form
in the cytoplasm
• Spindle fibers
attach to sister
chromatids
B2. Metaphase

• The sister chromatids


are pulled to the
center of the cell
• Chromosomes are
aligned
• They line up in the
middle of the cell
B3. Anaphase

• Spindle fibers
begin to
shorten
• The sister
chromatids are
separated.
B4. Telophase
• The sister chromatids
arrive at the opposite
poles of the cell and
begin to unravel
• New nucleus begins
to form
• formation of cleavage
furrow and nuclear
envelop.
C. Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis is the division of the
cytoplasm

• Results in two separate daughter cells


with identical nuclei
Cytokinesis
In animal cells, it is accomplished by using microfilaments to “pinch” the cytoplasm.

In plants, a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei.


Real-Life Cells Dividing!
Meiosis
Meiosis - the process of cell division
that produces haploid gametes (half
the number of chromosomes: humans:
23)
Discovery of Meiosis
• In 1882, British cytologist Pierre-
Joseph van Beneden found
different numbers of chromosomes
in different cells.

• Specifically, he observed that


gametes (sperm & egg) contain half
the number of chromosomes
compared to somatic cells
(nonreproductive cells).
Fertilization
• Van Beneden then proposed that an egg and a
sperm fuse to produce a zygote .

• The zygote contains two copies of each


chromosome (one copy from the sperm and one
copy from the egg). These are called homologous
chromosomes.

• Fertilization is the name for the fusion of gametes.


Reduction Division
• Since the sperm and the egg contain only half the
number of chromosomes, they cannot be formed from
mitosis.

• Meiosis - the process of cell division that produces


gametes with half the number of chromosomes as
somatic cells
– Cell undergoes 2 rounds of cell division:
• Meiosis 1
• Meiosis 2

• Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells.


Unique Features of Meiosis
Feature #1 – Synapsis

Following chromosome
replication, the
homologous
chromosomes pair all
along their length. This
process is called synapsis.
Unique Features of Meiosis
Feature #2 – Crossing Over

While the homologous


chromosomes are joined,
crossing over occurs.
Crossing over is the exchange
of genetic material from
homologous chromosomes.

This causes genetic variations.


Unique Features of Meiosis
Feature #3 – Reduction
Division

The chromosomes are not


copied in between the two
divisions. At the end of
meiosis, each cell contains
one half the genetic
material. (haploid or “n”)
Meiosis I
• Preceded by Interphase- chromosomes are
replicated to form sister chromatids
• Sister chromatids are genetically identical and
joined at centromere
• Single centrosome replicates, forming 2
centrosomes
Prophase I
• Individual chromosomes first become visible
– homologous chromosomes become closely associated in
synapsis
– crossing over occurs
• Crossing over is a complex series of events in which
DNA segments are exchanged between nonsister or
sister chromatids.
Metaphase I
• The homologous chromosomes line up in the
center of the cell and are still held together
Anaphase I
• Spindle fibers shorten
• The homologous chromosomes are separated
(the sister chromatids are still paired)

• Independent assortment – random


chromosomes move to each pole; some may be
maternal and some may be paternal
Telophase I
• The nuclear membrane reforms around each
daughter nucleus
• Each new cell now contains two sister
chromatids that are NOT identical due to
crossing over
At the end of Meiosis I…
• You have made 2 cells

• Each cell contains a haploid number of chromosomes – 1 copy


of each chromosome
(for humans, each haploid cell has 23 chromosomes)

• No DNA replication occurs between Meiosis I and Meiosis I

• Meiosis II resembles normal, mitotic division


Prophase II
• Nuclear membrane breaks down again
Metaphase II
• The chromosomes line up in the middle of the
cell.
Anaphase II
• The spindle fibers shorten and the sister
chromatids move to opposite poles.
Telophase II
• Nuclear envelope re-forms around the four
sets of daughter chromosomes.
At the end of Meiosis II…
• At the end of Meiosis II, there are 4 haploid
cells. (only 1 copy of each chromosome)
– (for humans, each haploid cell has 23
chromosomes)

• No two of these haploid cells are alike due to


crossing over.
– This is why you and your siblings are genetically
unique!
Thank you ☺
Let’s Check Your Understanding!
Mitosis Meiosis
1. How many nuclear divisions are
required to complete this cell
division?

2. Do chromosomes synapse and


cross over?

3. How many daughter cells are


produced?

4. How many chromosomes are


produced?

5. Are the daughter cells identical or


genetically different from the
parent?

6. What kind of cells is involved in


this cell division?

7. What are the phases of cell


divisions happen in this cell
division?

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